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The aim of this study was to establish a HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of baicalin and chlorogenic acid in Gongyingqinglan Heji. After extraction with 20% methanol, Gongyingqinglan Heji was separated by C18 chromatographic column (4.6 mmx150 mm, 3.5 µm). The column temperature was set at 35 °C, the detection wavelength was 324 nm, the photo-diode array detector was used for analysis, and external standard method was used for quantification. The results showed that the linear relationship between baicalin and chlorogenic acid was good within the ranges of 20.91~209.12 mg/L and 5.12~51.20 mg/L, respectively (R²>0.999 0). The average recovery rate of baicalin was 101.09%, and the coefficient of variation was 1.15%. The average recovery rate of chlorogenic acid was 99.59%, and the coefficient of variation was 1.46%. The system adaptability test was good, and the chromatographic column had good tolerance, fully meeting the detection requirements. The study indicates that this method has strong operability, with good stability, repeatability and accuracy, and is suitable for the simultaneous determination of baicalin and chlorogenic acid content in Gongyingqinglan Heji. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to establish a method for the simultaneous determination of matrine and oxymatrine in Sanwei Quanshen Koufuye by HPLC. The test compares the detection effects of three amino-chromatographic columns (Agilent ZORBAX NH2, SHISEIDO CAPCELL PAK NH2, Waters SPHERSORB NH2). For separation effect, Agilent ZORBAX NH2 is preferred, but its running time is long. In order to save time and flow equivalent reagents, it was recommended to use SHISEIDO CAPCELL PAK NH2 column first and subselect Waters SPHERSORB NH2 column. After the absolute ethanol extraction, the amino chromatography column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm) was used as the separation column, column temperature was 35 °C, and detection wavelength was 220 nm. Diode array detector was used for analysis, and external standard method was used for quantitative determination. The results showed that matrine and oxymatrine showed a good linear relationship ranging between 30 and 300 mg/L (R>0.999 0), and the average sample recovery rate was 97.64% with RSD 1.63%. The system adaptation test and the chromatography column tolerance was good, which fully meet the detection requirements. The study indicates that the method is easy to operate, with good repeatability, stability and accuracy, and can be used for the detection of matrine and oxymatrine contents in Sanwei Quanshen Koufuye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, and endospore-forming strain, designated 53-2T was isolated from the root nodule of Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge growing on Qilian mountain, China. The strain can grow at pH 7.0-8.0, 10-50 °C and tolerate up to 11% NaCl. Optimal growth occurred at pH 7.2 and 37 °C. The result of BLASTn search based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain 53-2T, being closest related to Bacillus acidicola 105-2T, possessed remote similarity (less than 95.64%) to the species within genus Bacillus. The DNA G + C content was 37.8%. Chemotaxonomic data (major quinone is MK-7; major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, unknown phospholipid, and aminoglycophospholipid; fatty acids are anteiso-C15: 0, iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17: 0) supported the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Bacillus. On the basis of physiological, phylogenetic, and biochemical properties, strain 53-2T represents a novel species within genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus radicibacter is proposed. The type strain is 53-2T (=DSM27302T=ACCC06115T=CCNWQLS5T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the investigation of the duck circovirus (DuCV) epidemic in provinces of China. DNA was extracted from the tissue samples of diseased ducks to detect DuCV by hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results shows that there is a wide-ranging DuCV infection in duck flocks in China.

The article presents a study which examines the isolation and development of duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to detect Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) from ducks in Guandgong Province, China. It states isolation of suspected sick ducks with infectious serositis in the province which are also tested using biochemical methods. The study reveals the identification of two fragments that were amplified from detected RA strains.

A method of fast nondestructive determination of three kinds of water-soluble inorganic ions including SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ NH₄⁺ in aerosol was disscussed. The method of IC measurement values was used on the control of the three kinds of inorganic ion content. The quantitative calibration models of the inorganic ions were developed by using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with PLS algorithm and the model was evaluated. Markov distance discriminant method was used to identify and eliminate outliers, different mathematical treatments for spectra processing and different wavelength ranges were compared to determine the best model and the optimal model parameters was determined. The results showed that second derivative analysis after eliminating outliers can improve the prediction, PLS analysis can get better results for SO₄²⁻ in the range of 1220-900 cm⁻¹, for NO₃⁻ in the range of 1521-900 cm⁻¹ and for NH in the range of 1521-1220 cm⁻¹, the RMSEP were 1.736 7, 1.023 9 and 1.482 3, respectively. The foundation of real-time fast quantitative analysis of the three kinds of inorganic ion in a large number of aerosol samples was established.

The four kinds of the structure characteristics of rotary type interferometer are mainly analyzed from the classical Michelson interferometer structure in the paper. The Optical path difference between the interferometer and the rotation angle is also analyzed. By setting parameters, the four kinds of rotary type optical path difference of the interferometer are simulated based on the optical path difference formula. The rotation velcocity of the four kinds of interferometers is also simulated. By simulation and contrast of the optical path difference, the relationship is intuitively reflect by figure between the optical path difference and the rotation angle. The scope of the rotation angle is discussed within 3% of the velocity errors. It is the very good reference significance to study the structure and properties of the interferometer by analyzing and simulating the optical path difference discussed in the paper.

In order to observe two kinds of greenhouse gases, CO2 and CH4, making the biggest contribution to global warming, a ground-based Fourier transform near-infrared spectral remote sensing system was developed to record the perpendicular incidence sun spectra from February 2012 to April 2013 in Hefei continuously. The measured total transmittances in the atmosphere were obtained from perpendicular incidence sun spectra. Methods of line-by-line and low-order polynomial approximation were used to model the total atmospheric transmittances in forward model. The measured transmittance spectra were fitted iteratively using the modeled transmittance spectra in the regions of CO2 6,150-6,270 and CH4 5,970-6,170 cm(-1) in order to obtain their column concentrations. The column-average dry-air mole fractions of CO2 and CH4 were obtained with the internal standard function of O2 column concentrations. CO2 and CH4 daily average values of column-average dry-air mole fractions changed with a larger fluctuation and obvious seasonal periodicity. Their monthly average values were consistent as a whole, although there were different characteristics. Compared with the results reported by Japanese greenhouse-gas satellite in the area of Waliguan, there was a time lag corresponding to peak and trough of CO2 content and the change from peak to trough costed a longtime. CHR content showed variation tendency of unique peak and trough, higher in summer and lower in winter, compared with average values of nationwide CH4 column concentrations based on SCIAMACHY data. The variation characteristics were related to complex factors such as the balance of source and sink, meteorological and climate conditions, and required long-term observation and further study.

NECL could be used to estimate the limit of detection of the infrared passive remote sensing system. It was an important indicator of the sensitivity of the system. The theoretical equation of the NECL according to the atmospheric infrared radiation transfer model showed that NECL related to NESR, the brightness temperature of background and pollution gas, and the absorption coefficient of pollution gas. The remote sensing of SF6 was done. The limit of detection of the system at the different brightness temperature of background and pollution gas could be calculated. False color image of NECL was given from the measured data. The results show that NECL decreases rapidly by increasing the difference in brightness temperature of the background and pollution gas, the value of NECL was down to 10(-2) order of magnitude when the brightness temperature difference was equal to 30 K. False color image of NECL contributes to the discrimination of the limit of detection of the system in the complex background.

Airborne fine particulate matter PM2.5 as one of composite core pollutants of air pollution is concerned and NO as one of the main components of water-soluble ions has an important impact on precipitation and human health, so searching a method of rapid and reliable detection is an important work. According to advantages of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technology, the infrared spectrum of NO3- in NH4NO3 was compared with PM2.5 by a sampling method of making film. The result shows that their spectra are consistent with each other. A range of infrared spectra of different masses of NO3- were measured and the absorbance was fitted with mass, correlation and mass range of which are 0.994 8 and 7.82-73.78 microg, respectively. According to the corresponding relationship of mass between solution and sample film, the FTIR of the sample film was measured directly and mass concentrations of NO3- in a month (between 2012-03-20 and 2012-04-20) of Hefei area are listed and the average is 4.1713 microg x m(-3).

In the present paper, the infrared spectrum of aerosol and NH4 NO3 was analysed and compared, and the result showed that the infrared spectral features of aerosol are consistent with that of NH4 NO3. The absorption coefficient alpha and the mass absorption cross section kappa of NO3- was calculated by the transmissivity of NO3- in NH4 NO3 according to Beer-Lambert law. Then the imaginary part of the complex refractive index was calculated through alpha. The real part of the complex refractive index was derived from the K-K(Kramers-Kroning) relationship. It has important significance for further research on the scattering and absorption characteristics of the different composition of the atmospheric aerosol through analysing the results of the experiment.

The authors measured IR transmission spectra of two different concentrations of Bacillus subtilis spores by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technology. The mass extinction cross section k of Bacillus subtilis spores was calculated according to Lambert-Beer law and the imaginary part n(i) of the complex refractive index was also calculated through k. The real part n(r) of the complex refractive index was derived from the KK (Kramers-Kronig) relationship and the experimental results were also analyzed and discussed with the study of measurement and analysis method of the complex refractive index on Bacillus subtilis spores, it is of great significance to further research the absorption and scattering characteristics, and to broaden the measurement and remote sensing technology method of the biological aerosols.

An ozone monitoring system was developed by the method of open path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectrometry based on our FTIR spectrometer. In order to improve measurement precision and detection limit, the quantitative analysis was completed to get ozone concentration by combining synthetic background spectrum method which uses information from HITRAN database and instrumental line shape, and nonlinear least squares (NLLSQ) method. The measurement methods for system detection limit were discussed and the result is 1.42 nmol x mol(-1) with sixteen times averages. The authors developed continuous monitoring experiments in the suburban area of Hefei. For the day and month measurement results, the authors analyzed their variations with the generation sources. The result has shown that this system is reliable and precise and can be used as a new device and method for national ozone monitoring.

The stratosphere ozone plays the protective action role for human and the ground-level ozone is harmful to human health. Monitoring ozone with different ways and methods took an active part in understanding distribution and transformation of ozone, which was useful to controlling pollution emission. Spectra were got by multi-reflected white cell Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, inversed with nonlinear least squares (NLLSQ) method and then the concentrations of ozone were got exactly. The correlations of measured ozone concentration time series by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, open path UV differential optical absorption spectrometer and ozone analyzer of the Thermo Corporation were significant. The results showed that the measured ozone absolute concentrations with different monitoring methods and instruments had some differences, but the concentration diurnal variations were coincident and the correlations were good. Therefore, ozone concentration inversion method, based on multi-reflected cell Fourier transform infrared spectrum and not reported in domestic articles, could be used as an effective technique to measure ozone concentration.

By the method of thermostatic culture, this paper studied the effects of different application rates (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 ml x kg(-1)) of organic fish protein liquid fertilizer on the enzyme activities and microbial biomass C and N in a silt soil, and the relationships between these parameters and soil nutrient contents. Under the application of the liquid fertilizer, soil pH varied in the range of 7.07-7.31, but had no significant difference from the control. With the increasing application rate of the liquid fertilizer, the activities of soil phosphatase, urease, and protease, as well as the soil biomass C and N, all increased significantly, and the increment was 127, 190 and 196%, 39.81, 78.06 and 173.24%, 56.37, 108.29 and 199.98%, 167, 395 and 474%, and 121, 243 and 406%, respectively, compared with the control. The peak time of the soil urease and protease activities and microbial biomass C and N differed with the fertilization treatments. Soil phosphase, urease, and protease activities and microbial biomass C and N were significantly positively correlated with soil nutrient contents, suggesting that applying organic fish protein liquid fertilizer to silt soil could improve soil microbial growth and enzyme activities, and accordingly, promote the decomposition and transformation of soil organic matter and the release of soil available nutrient elements.

In the present paper, the authors used FTIR spectra measurement to analyze the volatilization of NH3 of different fertilizers. With the help of HITRAN database, using NLLS arithmetic, the authors retrieved the concentrations of NH3. The authors compared the concentrations and simply analyzed the reason why the concentrations are different. This experiment indicated that the FTIR spectra measurement used to analyze the volatilization of NH3 has many advantages, such as simple operation, high efficiency, measuring in real time and continuity, so this measurement can completely satisfy the demand of analysis in field.

The present paper introduced a FTIR scanning imaging system. This system is based on the combination of a FTIR spectrometer and a scanning mirror. So it has the advantage of FTIR spectrometer: non-contact, real-time, celerity, nicety and high sensitivity. Through scanning mirror, the authors can obtain the space information of targets. The authors used this system to measure the flames infrared emission spectra of three alcohol burners at a flat roof in our laboratory. According to Planck's law, the authors calculated the relative temperature of from each spectrum. These temperature data formed an array. The authors used matlab software to plot the infrared images of target and contrasted them with video image. They were consistent with each other very well. This experiment allowed us to obtain the temperature distribution of three alcohol burners' flames, and provide identification, visualization, and quantification of pollutant clouds.

FTIR Technique has developed rapidly since 1980s, and has become increasingly important. It has been used in a variety of fields. In order to make sure the result is of nicety, the authors should manipulate the FTIR spectrometer accurately and study its instrument response function and calibration arithmetic. Because the instrument response of the detector of FTIR spectrometer is different at different wave band, the no-calibrated spectrum was ruleless. Without calibration, we can not obtain the absolute intensity, even relative intensity. There are two calibration arithmetics: Linear calibration arithmetic corresponding linear detector and non-calibration arithmetic corresponding non-linear detector. The present paper gave the arithmetic of linear calibration and non-linear multiple point calibration. The authors measured several blackbody spectra at some different temperatures. Some of them were used for calibration and one was used to test the result of calibration The result indicated that this method of non-linear multiple point calibration was very good. The relative arbitrary between calibrated blackbody spectrum and standard blackbody spectrum was near 0.2%, while the maximum was still lower than 0.4%.

FTIR spectrometer detectors have different instrument response function in different wave band. In application, no matter absolute or relative intensity of spectrum the authors use, the authors should calibrate the instrument with standard blackbody to find the instrument response function. In the present paper, the authors study the instrument response function of detectors (InSb detector and MCT detector) in Canada MOMAN MR154 FTIR spectrometer. The authors found the law of the change in instrument response function with temperature (radiation brightness). It is important for FTIR spectrometer calibration.

Water vapor absorption, which exists in mid-infrared region, is an interferential element for infrared spectra analysis. A new method, which can be used to eliminate the water vapor interference in FTIR measurement, is presented. To calculate the high resolution absorbance of water vapor, a fast line by line method which computed with the HITRAN database (eg. line strength, self broadening, air broadening, etc) and meteorological parameters (eg. temperature, pressure, and relative humidity) was used. After convolving with Instrumental line shape (eg. divergence angle, resolution, etc), the absorbance of water vapor was then transferred from high resolution to low resolution, which matched the instrumental parameters. After the acquirement of water vapor absorbance spectrum, it will be subtracted from the measured spectrum to calculate the spectrum with the water vapor was eliminated. In the present work, analysis of measured data from open path FTIR is described. Only the absorbing character and noise was left in the spectrum after eliminating the water vapor interference. Consequently, this method has an ideal effect on water vapor elimination when there is no dryer can be used, especially in the case of open path FTIR measurement.

The present paper analyzed the molecular spectra theory detailedly and summarized the factors affecting the structure and intensity-distribution of molecular rotation-vibration spectra. The authors knew that every spectral line's relative intensity is only related to external temperature. According to this conclusion. The authors showed a new method for measuring the temperature of hot gas by FTIR spectrometry. The authors established a database for measuring the temperature-database using the database of HITRAN. The authors calibrated and validated the database using four experimental spectral data at different temperatures. After calibration, the result was very good. Compared with molecular rotation-vibration emission spectra method and maximum spectral line intensity method, this method has many advantages: simple physical-contents, easy calculation (done by a C program), high precision etc. It was a simple and applied method.

Recently, the greenhouse effect is well known and is of great worldwide concern. CO2 and CH4 are two of the main human activity-induced greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is important for environmental scientists to monitor their long-term variation. A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to monitor the concentrations of CO2 and CH4 at a specific site in Beijing. The pollution air was passed through a long open path and the absorption spectra were collected over a period of a month. Quantitative analysis was performed by means of the nonlinear least square method using synthetically generated spectra, which was than convolved with instrumental line shape function. Ambient levels of CO2 and CH4 are reported with a time resolution of five minutes for 4-10, September 2005, and some analysis is present.

In active infrared remote sensing measurements, the infrared absorption caused by the presence of trace gases in atmosphere is related to the transmittance spectra in different infrared wave band. In many cases, transmittance spectra play an important role in spectsal quantitative analysis. Thus, the selection of wave band to be optimized for the measured and simulated transmittance spectra is the key in quantitative analysis. In the present paper, the optimal measurement range of transmittance is analyzed theoretically, which causes the minimum relative error of the retrieved concentration. The cross section for the measured gas based on Lorentz line shape is derived by calculation. At the same time, the transmittance spectra calibration training set is presented. The measured and analyzed band is determined for single component CO2. The optimal measurement band is determined for multi-component measurement. The simultaneous measurement of CO, CO2 and N2O with open path FTIR spectrometer system is accomplished successfully. The measured transmittance spectra are in good agreement with the reference transmittance spectra. The root mean square error of fitting results is less than 1%.

Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas and a key molecule in tropospheric photochemistry, some more potent than CO2. The remote-sensing experiments of CH4 were carried out in the fall of 2 000 in Beijng. The 6-day records of the atmospheric CH4 concentrations were examined by means of a time-series analysis using a fast Fourier transform with a low-pass filter to elucidate the seasonal cycles and the long-term trends. The variation in the long-time trends of the CH4 concentrations in Beijing may be ascribed to the emission changes in the CH4 sources due to the human activities such as waste dumping and landfills and the emission from motor vehicles. The correlation between the CH4 and CO concentrations was analyzed.

A long open path fourier transform infrared spectroscopy system is described. The 250-meter-optical-path configuration is combined with a Fourier transform spectrometer of 1 cm(-1) resolution. With an active blackbody source, the transmittance spectrum of the atmosphere could be measured by the system. And then, it was fitted with the nonlinear least square algorithm to calculate the average concentrations of the constituents in the path. Measuring result of some gases such as CH4, CO, N2O and CO2 in polluted air was presented in the experiment part and the RMS of the residuals was <1%. The result shows that the system is stable and rapid, and can be easily aligned. It is suitable for research work on some infrared active important atmospheric constituents.

In the remote-sensing experiments of CO2 in Beijng, the authors found that the higher concentration of CO2 in autumn is caused by the CO2 emission by the traffic sector during the day time. During the day time, the concentratration of CO2 is comparatively lower because of the photochemistry and the transportation of troposphere. And the concentration of CO2 is about 410 microg x mL(-1). At night the fossil fuel power plants will be taken as a model for the source of CO2, so the concentration of CO2 is about 610 microg x mL(-1) or higher. The carbon increment from increased photosynthesis is greater than the increment in ecosystem carbon stocks. The higher the temperature, the lower the CO2 concentration. And the lower the rate of wind, the higher the concentration of CO2 also. Besides, the concentration of CO2 is affected by some other weather factors.

Radix Ranuncoli Ternati is clinically effective traditional Chinese medicine for multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Its active components and mechanism of action remain unsolved. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was employed to address this problem. Globlal proteome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis untreated and treated with Radix Ranuncoli Ternati were compared, and 22 protein spots were found to be expressed differentially. 3 protein spots which remarkably decreased in Mycobacterium tuberculosis treated with Radix Ranuncoli Ternati were subjected to matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis. The data obtained from peptide mass finger printing were used for database search. The 3 protein spots in gel were identified as cysA2 (thiosulfate sulfurtransferase), tsf (elongation factor EF-Ts) and hspX (heat shock protein X). These data provide insights into the changed global protein patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis treated with Radix Ranuncoli Ternati and may prove useful for further study in the mechanism in how Radix Ranuncoli Ternati influence the life of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The differentially expressed proteins may be potential novel antituberculosis drug targets.