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Objective: We aimed to identify the crucial genes involved in dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) senescence and evaluate the impact of melatonin on DPSC senescence. Methods: Western blotting, SA‐β‐Gal staining and ALP staining were used to evaluate the senescence and differentiation potential of DPSCs. The optimal concentration of melatonin was determined using the CCK‐8 assay. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in DPSC senescence were obtained via bioinformatics analysis, followed by RT–qPCR. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function studies were conducted to explore the role of MMP3 in DPSC in vitro expansion and in response to melatonin. GSEA was employed to analyse MMP3‐related pathways in cellular senescence. Results: Treatment with 0.1 μM melatonin attenuated cellular senescence and differentiation potential suppression in DPSCs due to long‐term in vitro expansion. MMP3 was a crucial gene in senescence, as confirmed by bioinformatics analysis, RT–qPCR and Western blotting. Furthermore, gain‐ and loss‐of‐function studies revealed that MMP3 played a regulatory role in cellular senescence. Rescue assays showed that overexpression of MMP3 reversed the effect of melatonin on senescence. GSEA revealed that the MMP3‐dependent anti‐senescence effect of melatonin was associated with the IL6‐JAK‐STAT3, TNF‐α‐Signalling‐VIA‐NF‐κB, COMPLEMENT, NOTCH Signalling and PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR pathways. Conclusion: Melatonin attenuated DPSC senescence caused by long‐term expansion by inhibiting MMP3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the upstream regulators and specific mechanisms of metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) in the odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Methodology: Human dental pulp stem cells were isolated and cultured, followed by conducting loss‐ or gain‐of‐function experiments on ATF4 and loss experiments on MALAT1 to elucidate their respective biological functions in odontoblastic differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and RNA immunoprecipitation were performed to uncover the interaction between ATF4‐MALAT1 and MALAT1‐JMJD3, respectively. The odontoblastic differentiation was estimated by the mRNA and protein of DSPP and DMP1, as well as alkaline phosphatase staining. Results: Expression of MALAT1 was upregulated in the hDPSCs cultured in an odontoblastic medium, and MALAT1 downregulation suppressed the odontoblastic differentiation of the hDPSCs. Subsequent experiments confirmed that ATF4 promoted odontoblastic differentiation and induced MALAT1 expression by binding to the MALAT1 promoter region. Further experiments revealed that nuclear MALAT1 interacted with JMJD3. MALAT1 knockdown decreased the JMJD3 protein level and demethylase activity, and it enhanced H3K27me3 occupancy of the promoter region of DSPP and DMP1, resulting in the inhibition of DSPP and DMP1 transcription. Importantly, JMJD3 overexpression significantly attenuated the inhibition of odontoblastic differentiation induced by MALAT1 knockdown. Conclusions: ATF4‐regulated MALAT1 plays a positive regulatory role in odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs through JMJD3‐mediated H3K27me3 modifications of the DSPP and DMP1 promoters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]