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Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of neonatal lactic acidosis and thrombocytopenia induced by multi-oil fat emulsions （SMOF）， aiming to deepen clinicians’ understanding of adverse reactions to this drug. Methods Clinical data of two male neonates who suffered from lactic acidosis and/or thrombocytopenia after using intravenous SMOF for more than two weeks were analyzed. Literature review was conduced from PubMed， SinoMed， CNKI， Wanfang Data and CMAPH using the keywords of “neonate”， “multi-oil fat emulsions”， “lactic acidosis”， and “thrombocytopenia” in both Chinese and English. Clinical data of retrieved cases were collected and analyzed. Results Blood lactate， acidosis， and platelets returned to normal in two cases after terminating SMOF. Eight cases of fat overload syndrome caused by fat emulsion injection were retrieved by literature review， and one of them was treated with SMOF. All eight cases were improved after terminating intravenous fat emulsion， and four of them also received blood exchange therapy. Conclusions SMOF can cause neonatal lactic acidosis and/or thrombocytopenia. Clinicians should deepen the understanding of adverse reactions to this drug and lower the misdiagnosis and mistherapy rates.

Byline: Jiaying. Qiu, Jiajia. Gu, Shiyi. Chang, Zhenyu. Zhang, Haibo. Zhang, Tianqing. Liu, Jing. Jie, Jinhuan. Wei Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory demyelinating lesions [...]

Headache and dizziness are common physical symptoms in children and adolescents. However, no objective diagnostic biomarkers are available. Moreover, children fail to accurately understand and describe the nature of headache and dizziness. Therefore, it is likely to misdiagnose or miss the diagnosis of children with patent foramen ovale （PFO） presenting with headache and （or） dizziness as chief complaints. In this article, three children diagnosed with PFO developed headache and（or） dizziness as chief complaints. Case Ⅰ was diagnosed with migraine without aura complicated with PFO by heart color Doppler ultrasound （color ultrasound）, right echocardiography and transcranial Doppler （TCD） bubble test, who was recovered well after undergoing PFO closure. Case Ⅱ was diagnosed with PFO by right echocardiography and trans-esophageal echocardiography, and orally treated with clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate tablets. After discharge, the patient still developed dizziness without evident headache, and did not take medicine on a regular basis. Case Ⅲ was diagnosed as PFO by right echocardiography and TCD bubble test. The patient was given with aspirin on a regular basis, and relevant symptoms did not recur. For children with headache and（or） dizziness, right echocardiography and TCD bubble test contribute to prompt diagnosis of PFO and relevant abnormalities after eliminating conventional causes, which is worthy of application in clinical practice.

Rationale: Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (AR) has been a frequently utilized traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for an extended period, with its salt‐processed variant being a prevalent application form. Contemporary pharmacological investigations have demonstrated that the salt‐processed iteration exhibits a multitude of markedly augmented pharmacological properties. However, whether the pharmacodynamic material basis of this change is related to volatile substances remains unclear. The aim of this study was to develop a strategy to screen volatile pharmacodynamic substances in AR and salt‐processed AR (SAR). Methods: A comprehensive approach was developed to identify volatile pharmacodynamic compounds by integrating plant metabolomics, target network pharmacology, and molecular docking technology. Plant metabolomics using GC–MS analysis was conducted to identify volatile chemical markers distinguishing between AR and SAR. Subsequently, network pharmacology was utilized to investigate the correlation between chemical markers and associated diseases. Following this, molecular docking technology was utilized to explore the correlation between chemical markers and disease targets, resulting in the discovery of potential quality control markers. Results: Fifty volatile compounds were isolated and identified in the salt of AR and SAR. The findings from plant metabolomics analysis demonstrated a distinct differentiation, revealing 13 volatile chemical markers that distinguish between AR and SAR. A target (PPARG) associated with diabetes was identified through target network pharmacology analysis. Thirteen volatile components were subsequently chosen as potential quality markers, taking into account their hypoglycemic activity. Conclusions: The method developed provides a novel strategy for the identification of pharmacophores in AR and SAR, as well as establishing a foundation for the exploration of the volatile differential components and pharmacodynamics in various processed products of TCMs. Additionally, the findings of this study can serve as a theoretical framework for the development and utilization of volatile components in AR and its processed derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Diagnosis of urethral cavernous hemangioma (UCH) is very rare. It can be easy to misdiagnose and mistreat due to its atypical clinical manifestations and a lack of relevant knowledge. The study is to explore the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of UCH. Case presentation The first patient was a 15-year-old male, who was admitted to the hospital for more than 1 year with repeated hematuria. UCH was diagnosed by cystoscope biopsy, and cured with local injection of pingyangmycin. The second patient was a 49-year-old male, who was admitted for repeated painless gross hematuria and intermittent urethral bleeding after penile erection for more than 20 years. The case had been misdiagnosed as seminal vesiculitis, urethritis, or prostatitis, for over 20 years, until it was diagnosed as UCH by MR examination of the penis. It was treated by injection of pingyangmycin into the hemangioma’s lumen and base. A small incision in the ventral penile area was separated from the location of the hemangioma, which was injected with pingyangmycin again. A biopsy of resected tissue further confirmed the diagnosis of UCH. Conclusions UCH is an easily misdiagnosed disease. Intermittent painless hematuria is important characteristic of UCH. Local injection of pingyangmycin is a good option for treatment of UCH.