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There is a need for mental health interventions for youth in the United States. Youth mentoring programs have proven to be successful in helping in a variety of aspects. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain insight into the lived experiences of participants in a therapeutic youth mentoring program. In addition to being paired 1:1 with a mentor, all of the youth had access to individual counseling with counselors-in-training throughout the program. The participants in this study were 14 youth, ages 11--15, who were considered "at-promise youth" if they were not reaching their full potential in the school setting and might be vulnerable to school dropout, substance use/misuse, and/or criminal behavior. All participants were interviewed at the beginning and end of a 12-week therapeutic mentoring program. Five themes emerged from the data: life stressors, self-awareness, trusting others, adaptability and resiliency, and hope for the future. Researchers observed an increase in participants' self-esteem, self-efficacy, and problemsolving and coping skills. Implications for counselors, particularly those interested in adding a therapeutic component to traditional mentoring programs, are discussed along with suggestions for future research.

Accurately measuring college students' capacities for social perspective taking (SPT), an ability to see others' points of view and incorporate them into one's own worldview, is challenging, forcing researchers and practitioners to rely on assorted approaches to self-assessments. Little has been published about how various self-assessments of SPT may differ. Using data from a homegrown, precollege, first-year student survey (FYSS) and the 2018 Multi-Institutional Study of Leadership (MSL) with a retroactive SPT measure, this study found no statistically significant differences between two different approaches for measuring SPT among first-year students when treated as a scale, but statistically significant differences for two of the three SPT measures when treated as single-item questions.

Consciousness requires subjective experience in the "now." Establishing "now," however, necessitates temporal processing. In the current article, we review one method of altering consciousness, anaesthetic drug administration, and its effects on perceived duration. We searched PubMed, PsycInfo, and ScienceDirect databases, and article reference sections, for combinations of anaesthetic drugs and time perception tasks, finding a total of 36 articles which met our inclusion criteria. We categorised these articles with regard to whether they altered the felt passage of time, short or long interval timing, or were motor timing tasks. We found that various drugs alter the perceived passage of time; ketamine makes time subjectively slow down while GABAergic drugs make time subjectively speed up. At a short interval there is little established evidence of a shift in time perception, though temporal estimates appear more variable. Similarly, when asked to use time to optimise responses (i.e., in motor timing tasks), various anaesthetic agents make timing more variable. Longer durations are estimated as lasting longer than their objective duration, though there is some variation across articles in this regard. We conclude by proposing further experiments to examine time perception under altered states of consciousness and ask whether it is possible to perceive the passage of time of events which do not necessarily reach the level of conscious perception. The variety of methods used raises the need for more systematic investigations of time perception under anaesthesia. We encourage future investigations into the overlap of consciousness and time perception to advance both fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Allograft dysfunction within the first week posttransplant is an uncommon but known complication following liver transplantation. Seventh‐Day Syndrome (7DS) is a rare complication of allograft dysfunction following liver transplantation characterized by the rapid clinical deterioration of a formerly well‐functioning allograft within the first week posttransplant. The etiology of 7DS is unknown, and treatment options remain limited. While cases of graft survival have been reported, the risk of mortality remains exceedingly high without urgent retransplantation. Methods: Patient data was retrospectively analyzed and a literature review performed. Results: We present a unique case of split liver transplantation into two pediatric recipients in which one recipient developed rapidly progressive graft failure approximately 1 week postoperatively requiring urgent retransplantation while the other recipient had an unremarkable postoperative course. Upon clinical manifestation of progressive graft failure, the patient was treated with thymoglobulin, rituximab, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis. Despite this, the patient's clinical status continued to decline and she underwent retransplantation 11 days following her initial liver transplant. Conclusion: Seventh‐Day Syndrome is a rare complication following liver transplantation that is associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Our case adds to the limited literature on 7DS in children and is the first to report a comparative posttransplant clinical course in two recipients who received split grafts from the same donor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents go through a critical process of identity formation. This time in their life can be confusing and having a mentor to provide support and guidance has proven to be helpful and may increase self-esteem, self-efficacy, problem-solving and coping skills in youth. In this qualitative narrative study, at-promise youth from historically oppressed communities (ages 12 to 15) who participated in a 12-week therapeutic youth mentoring program, were interviewed utilizing a creative method called photo-elicitation. Photo-elicitation and semi-structured questions facilitated the narrative interview process allowing the youth to share experiences surrounding identity formation through photographs. Significant findings are presented in narrative form utilizing participant quotes to capture the emotion, language, and perspective of the participants' perceptions of self and identity. Implications for mental health professionals working with adolescents during a time of self-exploration and identity formation, and recommendations for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infertility and subfertility represent major problems in domestic animals and humans, and the majority of embryonic loss occurs during the first month of gestation that involves pregnancy recognition and conceptus implantation. The critical genes and physiological pathways in the endometrium that mediate pregnancy establishment and success are not well understood. In study one, predominantly Angus heifers were classified based on fertility using serial embryo transfer to select animals with intrinsic differences in pregnancy loss. In each of the four rounds, a single in vitro-produced, high-quality embryo was transferred into heifers on Day 7 postestrus and pregnancy was determined on Days 28 and 42 by ultrasound and then terminated. Heifers were classified based on pregnancy success as high fertile (HF), subfertile (SF), or infertile (IF). In study two, fertility-classified heifers were resynchronized and bred with semen from a single high-fertility bull. Blood samples were collected every other day from Days 0 to 36 postmating. Pregnancy rate was determined on Day 28 by ultrasound and was higher in HF (70.4%) than in heifers with low fertility (36.8%; SF and IF). Progesterone concentrations in serum during the first 20 days postestrus were not different in nonpregnant heifers and also not different in pregnant heifers among fertility groups. In study three, a single in vivo-produced embryo was transferred into fertility-classified heifers on Day 7 postestrus. The uteri were flushed on Day 14 to recover embryos, and endometrial biopsies were obtained from the ipsilateral uterine horn. Embryo recovery rate and conceptus length and area were not different among the heifer groups. RNA was sequenced from the Day 14 endometrial biopsies of pregnant HF, SF, and IF heifers (n = 5 per group) and analyzed by edgeR-robust analysis. There were 26 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the HF compared to SF endometrium, 12 DEGs for SF compared to IF endometrium, and three DEGs between the HF and IF endometrium. Several of the DEG-encoded proteins are involved in immune responses and are expressed in B cells. Results indicate that preimplantation conceptus survival and growth to Day 14 is not compromised in SF and IF heifers. Thus, the observed difference in capacity for pregnancy success in these fertility-classified heifers is manifest between Days 14 and 28 when pregnancy recognition signaling and conceptus elongation and implantation must occur for the establishment of pregnancy.

This article provides an analysis of important considerations for documentation for school counselors. Although the American School Counseling Association (ASCA) does not provide a national protocol for documentation of school counseling services, the ASCA Ethical guidelines provide insight into ethical record keeping which protects student confidentiality and aids school counselors in organizing contact data for reporting purposes. This article outlines the various regulatory mandates for student records as well as best practices for school counselors for organizing, maintaining, and destroying counseling records. The relationship between effective record keeping and school counselor accountability is also discussed.

We examine participants' ability to accurately produce durations online, and their subjective ratings of performance. Given the push tso move students online, it is necessary to transition to online experiments. However, this comes comes certain challenges. Therefore, we performed a duration production task in which participants produced, then rated the accuracy of these productions. Generally, results support the capacity for duration production to be moved online. Further, participants are at least partially aware of the accuracy of their productions, though their estimates varied. However, a caveat to this is that duration productions were slightly longer than the target duration.

The Campus Connections (CC) therapeutic youth mentoring program provides multiply marginalized youth with access to resources (e.g., highly trained undergraduate student mentors, therapeutic interventions) to thrive. In this study, the researchers investigated the distinctive encounter that mentors and their mentees within the CC program experienced as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The qualitative data collected from the mentors’ weekly written reflections, and semi structured interviews were coded using Grounded Theory Method (GTM). Findings describe an adaptive process with three connecting themes of: Initial stress response of mentors, transition to online programming, and the mentorship process. The findings have important implications for youth mentoring programs using virtual platforms.

In cognitive neuroscience research, computational models of event-related potentials (ERP) can provide a means of developing explanatory hypotheses for the observed waveforms. However, researchers trained in cognitive neurosciences may face technical challenges in implementing these models. This paper provides a tutorial on developing recurrent neural network (RNN) models of ERP waveforms in order to facilitate broader use of computational models in ERP research. To exemplify the RNN model usage, the P3 component evoked by target and non-target visual events, measured at channel Pz, is examined. Input representations of experimental events and corresponding ERP labels are used to optimize the RNN in a supervised learning paradigm. Linking one input representation with multiple ERP waveform labels, then optimizing the RNN to minimize mean-squared-error loss, causes the RNN output to approximate the grand-average ERP waveform. Behavior of the RNN can then be evaluated as a model of the computational principles underlying ERP generation. Aside from fitting such a model, the current tutorial will also demonstrate how to classify hidden units of the RNN by their temporal responses and characterize them using principal component analysis. Statistical hypothesis testing can also be applied to these data. This paper focuses on presenting the modelling approach and subsequent analysis of model outputs in a how-to format, using publicly available data and shared code. While relatively less emphasis is placed on specific interpretations of P3 response generation, the results initiate some interesting discussion points.

Dogs have been companions on college campuses and with military personnel in a variety of therapeutic ways. Although research has been con-ducted regarding college students' perceptions of therapy dog programs, research specifically examining military-affiliated students' experiences with therapy dogs is limited. In this study, a therapy dog, registered with Alliance of Therapy Dogs (ATD), was introduced into a classroom with military-affiliated students over the course of one semester. All participants were Field-Grade Officers in a branch of the United States Military and were also recent graduates of a Department of Defense-approved (DOD) Civilian Institution (CI) graduate educational program. Participants shared that the presence of a therapy dog in the classroom positively impacted their mental health and wellbeing. Four themes emerged from the individual and group interviews with participants: Relational Connections, Emotional and Social Support, Positive Change in Climate, and Basic Needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine whether Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists or Sodium Glucose Transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors result in greater A1c reduction, weight loss, and reduction of insulin requirements in veterans using multiple daily doses of insulin. Methods: This retrospective, single-site, cohort study included patients of VA Eastern Kansas Health Care System with a diagnosis of Type II Diabetes utilizing multiple daily dose insulin and an SGLT-2 inhibitor or GLP-1 agonist. SAS Enterprise Guide was utilized to complete a multivariate analysis of variance to evaluate all outcomes. Key Findings: 150 patients met selection criteria. The GLP-1 group averaged a.65% reduction in A1c compared to a 1.05% reduction in the SGLT-2 group (P =.1397). The Basal insulin dose was reduced by 5.5 units in the GLP-1 group vs 2.45 units in the SGLT-2 group (P =.3132), and 7.12 units vs 8.14 units respectively for short-acting insulin (P =.8170). The resulting weight reduction was 4.1 Kg in the GLP-1 group compared to 3.6 Kg in the SGLT-2 group (P =.6993). Conclusion: The results suggest there is not a statistically significant difference in changes to A1c, insulin requirements, or weight after 1 year of treatment with an SGLT-2 vs GLP-1 in patients using multiple daily insulin injections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The in vitro pharmacology of baricitinib, upadacitinib, and tofacitinib was evaluated to understand differences among these JAK inhibitors (JAKis) at the cellular level. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors were incubated with different JAKis, levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (pSTAT) were measured following cytokine stimulation, and half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated in phenotypically gated leukocyte subpopulations. Therapeutic dose relevance of the in vitro analysis was assessed using calculated mean concentration-time profiles over 24 h obtained from JAKi-treated subjects. Time above IC50 and average daily percent inhibition of pSTAT formation were calculated for each JAKi, cytokine, and cell type. Results Distinct JAKis displayed different in vitro pharmacologic profiles. For example, tofacitinib and upadacitinib were the most potent inhibitors of the JAK1/3-dependent cytokines tested (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-4, IL-15, and IL-21) with lower IC50 values and increased time above IC50 translating to a greater overall inhibition of STAT signaling during the dosing interval. All JAKis tested inhibited JAK1/2-dependent cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and interferon [IFN]-γ), the JAK1/tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2)-dependent cytokines IL-10 and IFN-α, the JAK2/2-dependent cytokines IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and the JAK2/TYK2-dependent cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), but often to significantly differing degrees. Conclusions Different JAKis modulated distinct cytokine pathways to varying degrees, and no agent potently or continuously inhibited an individual cytokine signaling pathway throughout the dosing interval. Notably, baricitinib inhibited JAK1/3 signaling to a lesser extent than upadacitinib and tofacitinib, while upadacitinib, baricitinib, and tofacitinib inhibited the signaling of JAK2/2-dependent cytokines, including GM-CSF and IL-3, as well as the signaling of the JAK2/TYK2-dependent cytokine G-CSF.

Abstract Background Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and biliary atresia (BA) are common causes of cholestasis in infancy. The diagnosis of BA is time sensitive due to an inverse correlation between age at intervention (hepatic portoenterostomy - HPE) and survival without liver transplantation. Clinical, laboratory, and histologic features of BA and parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC) are similar, creating a diagnostic dilemma for cholestatic infants on parenteral nutrition. There is limited published information about the natural history of PNAC including time to resolution, or diagnostic tests that distinguish BA from other etiologies of cholestasis. Case presentation We present a case of a child diagnosed with BA whose cholestasis began while receiving TPN. His clinical course was notable for transient resolution of his cholestasis after stopping parenteral nutrition and ultimate intraoperative diagnosis. Conclusions Clinicians who care for patients who frequently receive TPN should be aware that clinical, laboratory, imaging, and biopsy findings can be similar between BA and PNAC.