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This research investigates how shopping on a weekday or a weekend moderates the impact of music on supermarket sales. Contrary to the intuitive beliefs of interviewed store managers, a meta-analysis, two field studies, and a controlled experimental study indicate that playing pleasant music (vs. no music) in supermarkets on weekdays enhances sales, an effect not found on weekends. Theorizing and interviews with shoppers suggest a potential reason for this week-part difference: Shoppers are more mentally depleted on weekdays (vs. weekends). A final study demonstrates and tests mental depletion as the driving factor for how shoppers are affected by music during different week parts. When consumers are depleted (e.g., on weekdays) music increases affect, which mediates the impact of music on sales. The results of the studies further indicate that week part plays a significant role in determining the impact of in-store music on sales. This article concludes with a discussion of the substantive and theoretical importance of incorporating the impact of week parts to predict in-store marketing effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The number of people with dementia and the burden on families to care for them are increasing. As a result, families are affected in their use of time to carry out daily activities. This study compared family caregivers of dementia patients (dementia family) and non-family caregivers of dementia patients (non-dementia family), reflecting their characteristics on weekdays and weekends. Methods: There were 92 participants each in the groups dementia family and non-dementia family. Each group was divided into 121 people on weekdays and 71 people on weekends. Time usage was measured by occupational area. The variables assessed were “lack of time,” “tiredness,” “life satisfaction,” and “leisure satisfaction.” Variables including “house chores sharing” and “role division” were also assessed. The time usage of the Korea National Statistical Office’s 2019 “time use survey” was reclassified based on the occupational areas of the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework-Fourth Edition, and time usage and satisfaction were analyzed. Frequency analysis and independent t-test were used for statistical processing. Results: On weekdays, the dementia family showed less time usage in the “leisure” area for men and “social participation” area for women than the non-dementia family. On weekends, dementia family showed less time usage in the “activities of daily living” (ADLs) area than the non-dementia family and women in dementia family showed less time usage in “ADLs” area compared to women in the non-dementia family. Satisfaction was found to be higher in terms of “lack of time” and “tiredness” on weekdays and “tiredness” on weekends in dementia family than in the non-dementia family. Conclusions: Time usage and satisfaction of dementia family and non-dementia family showed differences during weekdays and weekends. These results suggest that for family caregivers of dementia patients, it is necessary to improve the efficient use of time and satisfaction during weekdays and holidays.

Objective changes in people's lifestyles at different times of the day lead to changes in metro travel with respect to space and mode. Distinguishing the spatiotemporal heterogeneity characteristics of subway passenger flows at different times of the day can help guide urban functional renewal and intensive growth. Taking Shenzhen as a case study, this study examines the spatiotemporal dynamic fluctuation characteristics of subway passenger flow in terms of volume, direction, connection, and structure on weekdays, weekends, and holidays through spatiotemporal data mining and geospatial analysis from the network, station, and OD(Origin and Destination) perspectives. The results indicate the following: (1) From an overall perspective, three different types of subway passenger flow patterns exist on weekdays, holidays, and weekends: bimodal, flat peak, and small bimodal and flat peak composite patterns, respectively. Weekday subway ridership is significantly higher compared with weekends and holidays. The proportion of short-distance short-time and long-distance long-time trips increases slightly on holidays and weekends, conforming to the beta distribution. By contrast, commuter traffic remains the focus of the current subway operating system service. (2) From the station perspective, Shenzhen has only a few stations with significant differences in weekday and non-weekday patronage and sharing rates. Weekday passenger traffic is highly concentrated in residential and employment-oriented stations. Non-weekday passenger traffic is concentrated in transportation hubs and integrated stations. The high mix of land use around stations helps disperse passenger traffic and resist disturbance at different times. (3) From the OD perspective, OD passenger flow on the subway network has a power law distribution and significant hierarchical differentiation. On weekdays, subway OD passenger flow forms groups with business offices, higher education institutions, and popular business districts. On weekends, the intensity of subway OD passenger flow linkages shows varying degrees of attenuation, and the OD linkage for short-distance travel is more intense. On holidays, subway OD passenger flows form spatial linkage groups with external transportation hubs, popular scenic spots, and commercial centers as the core stations. The center of the metro topological network and that of passenger flow under different time periods are all characterized by spatial coupling. The diversification of travel on weekends and holidays, as well as the high-density mixed-development pattern in urban centers, has weakened the dependence of passenger flows on specific routes, showing a tendency to transition from the linear and multi-block on weekdays to the linear and whole block structure on holidays. This study is expected to provide a reference for the fine operation and organization of subways and the improvement of the quality of urban activity spaces.

This article reveals social varieties of eating out through a comparison of the metropolises of Santiago (Chile) and Paris (France). Building on recent scholarship, we move beyond dichotomies of work vs. leisure and domesticity vs. commodification by generating a typology that integrates spatial, social, and temporal dimensions. Operationally, the spatial dimension corresponds to eating places, the social dimension to commensality (eating with others), and the temporal dimension to meal synchronization (eating on a socially shared schedule). Furthermore, we seek to document sociodemographic correlates of eating out and to advance comparative scholarship in food studies by including the Global South. We use representative, population-based survey data with information on weekday meal patterns and conduct latent class analyses. First, we describe differences between Santiago and Paris regarding places, commensality, and synchronization. Second, we map out varieties of eating in and eating out. Third, we identify three sociodemographic factors as significant, strong predictors of weekday eating out in both metropolises: young age, employment, and higher education. Our findings point to a twofold diversity of practice: (1) conventional and occasional, familial and friendly, and distinguishing older people; (2) driven by convenience, shared with a wider variety of people, and distinguishing younger people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The web publishing strategy of media organizations is a very important factor in their success. The aim of the strategy is to cover their audience’s news article consumption needs, but is this valid? In order to address this question, this paper compares data from two studies, namely a study that explored the publishing patterns of the top 22 Greek media websites and a second study that focused on web news article consumption habits. The results indicate that there are various deviations between the compared data, and thus the study concludes that Greek media organization publishing strategy is not aligned with the audience consumption needs. The identified discrepancies have to do with the published news articles after 14:00 during weekdays as well as the news articles that are available during weekends. Additionally, it seems that media organizations publish a very limited number of articles on specific thematic categories that the audience is interested in reading. Specific actions were also proposed in order to alleviate those deviations and thus improve the readability of the media organizations.

The web publishing strategy of media organizations is a very important factor in their success. The aim of the strategy is to cover their audience's news article consumption needs, but is this valid? In order to address this question, this paper compares data from two studies, namely a study that explored the publishing patterns of the top 22 Greek media websites and a second study that focused on web news article consumption habits. The results indicate that there are various deviations between the compared data, and thus the study concludes that Greek media organization publishing strategy is not aligned with the audience consumption needs. The identified discrepancies have to do with the published news articles after 14:00 during weekdays as well as the news articles that are available during weekends. Additionally, it seems that media organizations publish a very limited number of articles on specific thematic categories that the audience is interested in reading. Specific actions were also proposed in order to alleviate those deviations and thus improve the readability of the media organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and transportation infrastructure, the flows of people between cities have become the cornerstone of shaping regional integration. Although research studies about the movement of people have aroused widespread interest in academia, research about the temporal and spatial dynamics of daily mobility between cities is sparse, which is called the temporal heterogeneity of mobility between cities. This research aims to study the temporal and spatial changes (Heterogeneity) of population mobility between cities, using big data obtained through China Unicom, in terms of mapping the spatial network of population mobility and complex network analysis, from which the following findings emerge: (1) On weekends, the gap between cities in the number of floating population flow and the capacity of transferring population has become smaller, indicating that there is better coordination between cities on weekends. (2) There are huge differences in population flow between cities, which reflects the imbalance of urban development, population is more concentrated in cities with higher level of development. (3) The heterogeneity of population flow between cities at weekdays and weekends is closely related to the city's hierarchy, which can help us study the hierarchical structure of China's cities from a dynamic perspective. The paper emphasizes the importance of researching heterogeneity issues, clarifies the difference between the heterogeneity of weekdays and weekends and the heterogeneity involved in previous population research fields in terms of population flow and deficiencies in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The association between medication error incidence and time (day shift vs night shift) have not been extensively studied in Saudi Arabia, this study aimed to answer this question: is there a relationship between medication error incidence and time of the day (day shifts vs night shifts) on weekdays and weekends?. Objective: To identify whether medication errors and their sub-categories are significantly different between day shifts, night shifts, during weekdays and weekends. Methods: A retrospective analysis of medication errors reported by health-care practitioners from January 2018 to December 2019 through the Electronic-Occurrence Variance Reporting System (E-OVR) of a university teaching hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Statistical analysis was used to determine the differences between the medication errors and their sub-categories and day and night shifts during weekdays (from Sunday to Thursday) and weekends (Friday and Saturday). Results: A total of 2626 medication errors were reported over 2 years from January 2018 to December 2019. The most prevalent sub-category of medication errors was prescribing errors (55%), while the least common sub-category of medication errors was administration errors (0.6%). There was a statistically significant difference between medication errors and day of the week. Medication errors that happened on weekdays were greater than at weekends (P = 0.01). During weekends, medication errors were more likely to occur at the night shift compared to the day shift (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Timing of medication errors incidence is an important factor to be considered for improving the medication use process and improving patient safety. Further researches are needed that focus on intervention to reduce these errors, especially during night shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The background that underlies each committed suicide varies among people and constitutes a complex structure of psychological, behavioural and biological risk factors that may be triggered by external conditions. Recent studies have shed new light on the association of suicides with particular days and periods of year, in an attempt to resolve the inconsistencies met in literature regarding this relationship. The aim of this study is to look into any time-related patterns on suicides in Greece and to do so we analyzed the frequency of suicides over a period of 13 years (2000-2012) in terms of day of the week, month, major celebration and season. A seasonal ARIMA model revealed the association between suicide frequency and month of year, with a peak to be reached in May and July and increased numbers of suicides to be reported during spring and summer months. Monday was the most frequent day of suicide occurrence whereas Sunday was the least one. A season pattern of suicides was validated. The increase of suicide occurrences on Mondays could be explained by the “broken-promise effect” which has been described as the consequence of frustrated expectations of the weekend. Suicide peaks in spring and summer may be explained partially by biological factors (e.g. serotonergic alterations) as well as the experience of depressed people perceiving the social and emotional contrast to other people that enjoy outdoor activities at that period.

There are uncertainties on the influence of the days of diagnosis in a week (weekends versus weekdays) on clinical outcomes in patients with acute venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The COMMAND VTE registry is a multicenter cohort study enrolling 3027 consecutive patients with acute symptomatic VTE. The current study population consisted of 337 patients diagnosed on weekends and 2690 patients diagnosed on weekdays. We compared the clinical characteristics, management strategies and 30-day outcomes between the 2 groups. The patients diagnosed on weekends more often presented with PE (72% vs. 55%, P < 0.001), and with more severe hemodynamic condition for PE patients. The patients diagnosed on weekends more often received initial parenteral anticoagulation therapy and thrombolysis than those diagnosed on weekdays. The cumulative 30-day incidence of all-cause death was not significantly different between the two groups among PE patients (diagnosis on weekends: 6.2% vs. diagnosis on weekdays: 6.5%, P = 0.87), as well as among DVT patients (0.0% vs. 1.5%, P = 0.24). The most frequent cause of deaths was fatal PE in both groups among PE patients. The risks for recurrent VTE and major bleeding at 30-day were not significantly different between the 2 groups among PE patients, nor among DVT only patients. In conclusion, the VTE patients diagnosed on weekends presented more often with PE, and with more severe condition for PE patients. Nevertheless, the risk for 30-day mortality was not significantly different between patients diagnosed on weekends and on weekdays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A largely unexplored application of "Big Data" in urban contexts is using human mobility data to study temporal heterogeneity in intercity travel networks. Hence, this paper explores China's intercity travel patterns and their dynamics, with a comparison between weekdays and holidays, to contribute to our understanding of these phenomena. Using passenger travel data inferred from Tencent Location Big Data during weekdays (April 11–15, 2016) and National Golden Week (October 1–7, 2016), we compare the spatial patterns of Chinese intercity travel on weekdays and during Golden Week. The results show that the average daily intercity travel during Golden Week is significantly higher than that during weekdays, but the travel distance and degree of network clustering are significantly lower. This indicates temporal heterogeneity in mapping the intercity travel network. On weekdays, the three major cities of Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou take prominent core positions, while cities that are tourism destinations or transportation hubs are more attractive during Golden Week. The reasons behind these findings can be explained by geographical proximity, administrative division (proximity of cultural and policy systems), travel distance, and travel purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify the levels of physical activity level during the weekdays and weekend both female and male employees. Method: A total of 58 volunteer employees participated in this study of which 20 were male (Mage 32.50 ± 8.82) and 38 were female (Mage 34.24 ± 6.25). Anthropometric measurements were performed after an overnight fast for each participant. After anthropometric measurements, daily physical activity levels were measured continuously with the Sense Wear Armband (BodyMedia, USA) monitor, worn on the dominant arm triceps muscle on free-living individuals for a during of seven days. Whether the number of steps, physical activity level (PAL) and inactivity time change depending on the days of the week and the gender was calculated in repetitive measurements with one-way analysis of variance. For globosity variance validity, Mauchly’s test was used. For the variables which cannot be replaced for globosity variance, Greenhouse-Geisser test was used. Results: According to daily step numbers, women are slight active and men are active (9479±3468; 11338±3297 step/day respectively) (p>0.05). Daily mean PAL is on sedentary/light level both for women and men (1.55±0.19; 1.61±0.28 kcal·kg-1·hr-1 respectively) (p>0.05). According to days of the week, a statistical difference was found between the daily step numbers in men and women (p0.05). While PAL value was the highest in weekdays and lowest on Sunday for both genders, the day with the longest inactivity time was found to be Sunday. Women`s daily mean inactivity time was founder to be longer than men (1264±69; 1205±107 min·day-1 respectively) (p>0.05). Conclusion: Both men and women take more than 10000 steps only in weekdays. PAL of both women and men in weekdays and weekend is at sedentary/light activity level. The most active days for both genders are in weekdays, while Sunday is the least active day.

Background: The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is a global concern. Although childhood obesity has grown as a result of a complex array of interactions among multiple behavioural, biological, and environmental factors, excessive screen time (ST) and low levels of physical activity (PA) are often discussed as causal factors. Therefore, it is beneficial to identify risky family behavioural patterns contributing to the increasing prevalence of obesity even in pre-schoolers. Objective: The main aim of the study was to assess whether parental obesity and parent-child behavioural patterns (PA and ST) affect the odds of overweight/obesity in 4-to-7-year-old preschool children. Methods: We analysed seven-day PA and ST behaviour among families with pre-schoolers that included 194 preschool children (88 girls and 106 boys) and their parents (165 mothers and 111 fathers). PA was monitored by means of unsealed Yamax pedometers for at least eight hours a day over seven consecutive days during spring (April/May) and autumn (September/October) of 2015. ST was recorded by parents on family log book sheets. To assess the odds of parents' obesity and PA/ST variables in relation to child overweight/obesity, a logistic regression (backward method) was used. Results: Most children (n = 157) reported normal weight (87 boys, 70 girls), 37 children were overweight or obese (19 boys, 18 girls). Children's excessive ST (> 1 hour/day) (OR: 5.65/33.19 on weekdays/weekends), mothers' obesity (OR: 13.80/28.84 on weekdays/weekends), mothers' excessive ST (> 2 hours/ day) (OR: 32.46 at weekends), and children's male gender (OR: 38.69 at weekends) were significantly (p < .05) associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity in the preschool children. Conclusions: Uncovering parent-child behavioural patterns provides insight into the lifestyle of families with pre-schoolers and is a source of valuable information for designing and implementing family-based intervention programmes aimed at reducing obesity. Especially, weekends provide a suitable space for the implementation of joint family programmes aimed at reducing sedentary behaviour.

Background: Studies have shown that patients admitted to hospitals on weekends and after-hours experience worse outcome than those admitted on weekdays and daytime hours. Although admissions of patients to intensive care units (ICUs) occur 24 hours a day, not all critical care units maintain the same level of staffing during nighttime, weekends, and holidays. This raises concerns in view of evidence showing that the organizational structure of an ICU influences the outcome of critically ill patients. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of day and time of admission to ICU on patients’ outcome. Methods: A single-center, prospective, observational study was conducted among all consecutive admissions to ICU in a community teaching hospital during a 4-month period. Results: A total of 282 patients were admitted during the study period. Their mean age was 59.5 years (median 59, range 17–96), and the majority were male (157, 55.7%). Mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE)-II score was 18.9 (median 33, range 1–45), and mean ICU length of stay was 3.1 days (median 2, range 1–19). Of the patients, 104 patients (36.9%) were admitted during weekends and 178 (63.1%) during weekdays. A total of 122 patients (43.3%) were admitted after-hours, constituting 68.5% of all admissions during weekdays. Fifty-six patients (19.9%) were admitted during daytime hours, representing 31.5% of all weekday admissions. Forty-five patients (15.9%) died in ICU. Compared to patients admitted on weekends, those admitted on weekdays had increased ICU mortality (operating room (OR)=0.437; 95% confidence interval=0.2054–0.9196; p=0.0293). Conclusion: Admissions to ICU during weekends were not independently associated with increased mortality. A linear relationship between weekdays and after-hours admissions to ICU with mortality was observed at our institution.

Background: Prevalence of over nutrition in adolescents has increased every year in the world. Over nutrition in adolescents can impact on metabolic syndrome, mental health problems, and decreased academic achievement. Over nutrition caused by various factors including food intake. During weekends some people use more time to relax and not control their food intake. Increasing food intake on weekends contributed to cause an increasing body weight at the weekends. Objective: To analyze the differences energy and macro nutrient intake during weekdays and weekends in adolescents. Method: The design of this study was cross sectional on students of senior high school aged 16-18 years withtotalsample was 82 people. Data wereobtained using a recall questionnaire to determine food intake and anthropometric measurements of weight and height to determine the nutritional status. Results: In boys and girls there is an increasing of energy and macro nutrients intake on weekends compared to weekdays. A total of 46 students were gain their body weight on the weekend.In girls energy intake increased 35.04 kcal, carbohydrate 11.82 grams, fat 0.03 grams and protein 3.15 grams. Whereas in boys energy intake increased 34.33 kcal, carbohydrate 11.02 grams, fat 10.25 grams and protein 2.85 grams. The average weight gain in girls was 0.35 kg and 0.31 in boys.Adolescent with the increased of energy intake on weekend risked higher 4.133 to gain the body weight on weekend day Conclusion: To prevent weight gain and over nutrition, adolescents better to pay attention of their food intake on weekends both in terms of quantity and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

College cannabis users report using more cannabis during the weekend than on weekdays, yet little attention has been paid to the role of weekend and weekday-specific motives for use. The present investigation evaluated the impact of weekend and weekday-specific cannabis motives on cannabis use and related problems among current (past-3 month) cannabis using undergraduates (N = 276). Participants reported more cannabis use motives during the weekend than weekday. Enhancement and social motives were greater than coping, conformity, and expansion motives during weekends. Enhancement and conformity motives were indirectly related to problems via cannabis use frequency for both weekdays and weekends. Yet social, coping, and expansion motives were indirectly related to problems via cannabis use frequency for only weekdays. Findings support the differential impact of weekend and weekday-specific motives on cannabis use and related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of different publishing patterns during a day has been employed for many decades in the broadcasting industry. These patterns are close related with dayparts, which are defined as sequential time blocks on comparable days during which the audience size is homogeneous, as is the group depiction using the specific medium. During the first decade of the World Wide Web, Internet media strategy was focused on total web reach, demographics and affinity of content without particular attention to how the nature of the audience changes by time of day. This paper studies the variation of publishing patterns of the top 22 Greek media websites. More than 550 thousand articles were indexed in a period of four and a half months. The study identified distinct WWW time periods that exhibit specific publishing characteristics. Specifically, different categories of news articles present different publishing patterns during weekdays and weekends. The results appear to be in agreement with findings of previous studies.

Abstract Background This study focuses on the comparison of weekday/weekend parent-child behavioural patterns (step count (SC) and screen time (ST)) and answers the question of whether achieving the recommendations for daily SC (10,000) in parents also helps their preschool children achieve the recommended daily SC (11,500). Methods The participants (278 parents aged 30–45 and their 194 children aged 4–7) were randomly recruited from 10 Czech public kindergartens. The participants recorded SC (pedometer Yamax Digiwalker SW-200) and ST duration (proxy-report) for seven consecutive days (≥8 h/day) during September–October 2014 and April–May 2015. Differences between weekdays/weekends SC or ST were tested using a paired t-test. The odds of achieving the recommended daily SC for children were estimated using general logistic regression separately for weekdays and weekends. Results Only the mothers were found to have a significantly lower SC at weekends than on weekdays. All of the participants showed significantly more ST at weekends than on weekdays (daughters: 78.6 vs. 45.7 min/day, p

Abstract Background To explore the time trends (2005–2015) of pedometer-determined weekday and weekend physical activity (PA) and obesity prevalence in 4–7-year-old Czech preschool children and changes in proportion of kindergarten vs. leisure-time PA. Methods The study compared data of two cross-sectional cohorts of preschool children (2005: 92 boys and 84 girls; 2015: 105 boys and 87 girls) in the Czech Republic, using the same measurements and procedures in both cases. PA was monitored by the Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 pedometer for at least eight continuous hours a day over seven consecutive days. Body weight and height were measured using calibrated Tanita scales and anthropometry. The analysis of variance was conducted to examine the gender and cohort effect on step counts. The t-test was used to examine the difference in step counts in kindergarten (or leisure-time) between non-obese and obese children, and the chi-square test compared the prevalence of obesity between 2005 and 2015. Results The steps/day (mean ± standard deviation) of preschoolers was significantly higher (p

Ever increasing building growth in urban areas is limited by land availability. Lack of space in this area lead to build high rise building rather landed building. In this type of building, parking area is built in the basement and or upperground inside the building. Within this enclosed space, indoor air quality might a problem. This study focus to compare emerged pollutants between basement parking area and upperground parking area in supermarket building. The dust sampler, the impinger and the CO monitor were used to measure TSP, NO2 and CO concentrations respectively in these areas during supermarket operations. In the basement area, in particular, the TSP concentrations tend to exceeds 300 µg/m3 mainly at weekend period. While for NO2 and CO concentrations still meet the air quality standard. Based on these findings it seems the main source of pollutants was derived from dust resuspension. Thus, the mitigation measures to reduce this dust resuspension should be emphasized in order to prevent air quality deterioration in the basement parking area.

Background: Day-to-day walking variability appears not to be random and may fluctuate by day of week or type of day (workdays/non-workdays). The day-of-the-week variability is less clear in period of life transition between the ages of 50-70 years. Moreover, it is unclear whether the variability is related to age or BMI.Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the weekdays-weekends patterns and the day-to-day variability in step patterns in men and women of different age and BMI groups. Methods: During the years 2009-2012, 1,170 individuals (532 men and 638 women) aged 50-70 years participated in a seven-day monitoring using a Yamax Digiwalker SW-700 pedometer. Results: Using ANOVA of repeated measures, it was found that steps/day varied across the day of the week in both men and women in younger age groups (≤ 64 years) (p ≤ .04), whereas in older age group (65-70 years), no significant systematic variability by day of the week was found. Existence of variability by day of the week with significant drop in steps/day on weekend days, especially on Sunday, was confirmed in normal weight, overweight and obese Czech men and women. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study contributes to the evidence with the findings about the existing the day-of-the-week variability of step counts per day in the population aged 50 to 64 years and about the absence of significant variability in seniors (≥ 65 years). Sunday was the least active day in different age and BMI groups aged 50 to 70 years of Czech population. Researchers and practitioners should take the results of this study into consideration when preparing for data collection of habitual physical activity in senior population and in the development of walking interventions and weight reduction programmes designed for this age group.

BACKGROUND: It is documented that parents have an essential influence on the physical activity (PA) of their children. More physically active parents bring up more physically active children in comparison with children of less physically active parents. However, the relationship between parents-child PA is not exactly quantified and little is known about whether the parents' PA helps their children achieve the currently recommended daily step count (SC) on weekdays and at weekends. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine and quantify the relationship between parents' behaviour (SC and screen time [ST]) and children's SC on weekdays and at weekends. This study also investigates whether parents' level of SC helps children achieve the step count recommendations. METHODS: The participants (388 parents aged 35-45 and their 485 children aged 9-12) were randomly recruited from 21 Czech government-funded primary schools. The participants recorded their SC (The Yamax Digiwalker SW-200) and their ST duration for seven consecutive days (≥ 10 hours/day) during April-May and September-October of 2013. The associations between the parents' behaviour (SC and ST) and children's SC were estimated using general linear regression. Logistic regression (enter method) was used to examine the odds of achievement of the recommendations of 11,000 SC/day for girls and 13,000 SC/day for boys. RESULTS: Each 1,000 SC increase in the mothers' (fathers') SC/weekday was significantly (p < .05) associated with an extra 261 SC/day in their daughters and 413 (244) SC/day in their sons. Each 1,000 SC increase in mothers' (fathers') SC/weekend day was significantly (p < .05) associated with an extra 523 (386) SC/day in their daughters and 508 (435) SC/day in their sons. A reduction in the mothers' ST by 30 minutes per weekend day was significantly (p < .05) associated with an extra 494 SC/day in their daughters and 467 SC/day in their sons. The children of the mothers and fathers who met the weekend recommendation of 10,000 steps were 5.48 (95% CI: 1.65-18.19; p < .01) and 3.60 times, respectively (95% CI: 1.21-10.74; p < .05) more likely to achieve the weekend recommendation than the children of less active parents. The children of the mothers who reached the weekday recommendation of 10,000 steps were 4.94 times (95% CI: 1.45-16.82; p < .05) more likely to fulfil the SC recommendation on weekdays than the children of less active mothers. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a quantifiable relationship between the parent-child SC/day and mothers' ST and children's SC on the weekends. A replacement of at least 30 minutes of time that parents (especially mothers) and children spend together in sedentary pursuits with joint physical activity may result in increased weekend physical activity by a perceptible 500 steps/day.

Background: One of the main reasons for recent scientific interest in screen-based behaviour (SB) is the relationship between SB and risk of being overweight or obese. The primary mechanism for overweight and obesity is an imbalance of energy intake versus energy expenditure and one reason for the interest in SB is its association with reduced energy expenditure relative to other activities. Objective: The aim of this study is to provide a basic overview of the level and structure of SB in Czech adolescents on the basis of age and gender while taking into account the differences between weekday and weekend screen based activities. Methods: Data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in May-June 2010 in the Czech Republic were used. The sample consisted of 4365 Czech pupils (48.5% boys; age 11, n = 1406; age 13, n = 1446; age 15, n = 1513). Binomial logistic regression and Chi-square test of independence were used to provide basic comparison on the basis of gender and age groups. Results: The prevalence of SB rise with growing age with the most visible increase in prevalence is between ages 11 and age 13. SB is significantly more prevalent among adolescent boys compared with adolescent girls. Czech adolescents are more likely to not meet the recommendation of 2 hours for watching TV at weekends compared to weekdays. Playing computer games is more common among boys contrary to chatting online, which is more common among girls. The overall patterns of playing computer games and chatting online during weekends were similar to those at weekdays but increased. Conclusions: Most children in the Czech Republic do not meet the limit for total SB time of 4 or fewer hours while the prevalence of SB rises with growing age and at weekends. Interventions and strategies aiming at reducing SB in children focusing on the family and school environment in the Czech Republic are required.

The increasing number of patients each year visiting to the Green Zone in Emergency Department of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (EDHUSM) requires a reasonable projection and proper planning of resources in order to meet the growing demand of the patients. Proper planning and the repercussions are required to be conducted for the present and the future in order to assist the management to improve the patients flow and services in Green Zone EDHUSM during weekdays, weekends and public holidays. Since the system in the Emergency Department is very complex, a computer simulation model is essential in order to understand the structure and behaviour of the system. Therefore, System Dynamics simulation is used to predict the number of patients that will visit and the resources required to match the demand and supply during weekdays, weekends and public holidays in the Green Zone at the present and for the future for the next five and ten years. The results show at the present, there are resources gaps of three doctors and three nurses on weekdays, while six doctors and six nurses on weekends as well as on public holidays. Therefore, adding new staff are really important in order to improve the patients flow in Green Zone EDHUSM and vital for achievement of the department’s KPI. The result garnered from this research will assist the management to make a sound decision within their stipulated budget to improve the quality of services rendered and further enhance the performance of EDHUSM’s Green Zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the associations between these factors in a random sample of Czech families with preschool and school-aged children. A nationally representative sample comprised 185 families with preschool children and 649 families with school-aged children (dyads; both parents and child n = 365, mother and child n = 730, and father and child n = 469). The participants wore Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 pedometers at least four weekdays and both weekend days and completed family logbooks (anthropometric parameters, daily step counts (SC), and screen time (ST)). When a parent (fathers at weekends and mothers both on weekdays and at weekends) achieved 10,000 SC per day, their children were also significantly (OR = 2.93-6.06, 95% CI = 2.02-9.26) more likely to meet the daily SC recommendation. On the contrary, the involvement of fathers in organized leisure-time PA reduced their children's odds of meeting the SC recommendation on weekdays (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.31-0.89) and at weekends (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.24-0.72). The excessive ST of parents at weekends reduced the odds of their children meeting the SC recommendation (mother-child dyads: OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.26-0.72; father-child dyads: OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.37-1.06). High levels of parents’ PA contribute to the achievement of the recommended daily PA in children on weekdays and at weekends. Excessive weekend ST of parents reduces their odds of their children achieving the recommended daily PA; however, the influence of parents’ PA on their children’s achieving the recommended daily PA is stronger than the inhibitory effect of ST.  [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is a global concern. Although childhood obesity has grown as a result of a complex array of interactions among multiple behavioural, biological, and environmental factors, excessive screen time (ST) and low levels of physical activity (PA) are often discussed as causal factors. Therefore, it is beneficial to identify risky family behavioural patterns contributing to the increasing prevalence of obesity even in pre-schoolers. Objective: The main aim of the study was to assess whether parental obesity and parent-child behavioural patterns (PA and ST) affect the odds of overweight/obesity in 4-to-7-year-old preschool children. Methods: We analysed seven-day PA and ST behaviour among families with pre-schoolers that included 194 preschool children (88 girls and 106 boys) and their parents (165 mothers and 111 fathers). PA was monitored by means of unsealed Yamax pedometers for at least eight hours a day over seven consecutive days during spring (April/May) and autumn (September/October) of 2015. ST was recorded by parents on family log book sheets. To assess the odds of parents' obesity and PA/ST variables in relation to child overweight/obesity, a logistic regression (backward method) was used. Results: Most children (n = 157) reported normal weight (87 boys, 70 girls), 37 children were overweight or obese (19 boys, 18 girls). Children's excessive ST (> 1 hour/day) (OR: 5.65/33.19 on weekdays/weekends), mothers' obesity (OR: 13.80/28.84 on weekdays/weekends), mothers' excessive ST (> 2 hours/ day) (OR: 32.46 at weekends), and children's male gender (OR: 38.69 at weekends) were significantly (p < .05) associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity in the preschool children. Conclusions: Uncovering parent-child behavioural patterns provides insight into the lifestyle of families with pre-schoolers and is a source of valuable information for designing and implementing family-based intervention programmes aimed at reducing obesity. Especially, weekends provide a suitable space for the implementation of joint family programmes aimed at reducing sedentary behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: We aimed to explore the associations of sleep patterns during weekdays and weekends with glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We examined the association between indices of glycemic control [glycated hemoglobin (HbA) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG)] and sleep parameters (sleep duration, bedtime, and differences of sleep duration during weekdays and weekends) from adults with type 2 diabetes recruited in a prospective cohort enrolling from hospital medical clinics. Restricted cubic spline regression was used to examine the relationships between the glycemic indices and sleep parameters. Results: Excluding shift workers, a total of 3508 patients enrolled between July 2010 and July 2014 were included in this analysis. Mean age was 53.9 [standard deviation (SD) 8.7] years, and mean disease duration of diabetes was 8.3 (SD 7.1) years. Fifty-nine percentage were men. Mean sleep duration during weekdays and difference of sleep durations between weekdays and weekends were 7.7 (SD 1.3) hours and 0.6 (SD 1.2) hours, respectively. Mean HbA and FPG were 7.6 (1.5) % and 7.6 (2.5) mmol/L, respectively. Using restricted cubic spline regressions with successive adjustments of potential confounders, sleep duration difference between weekdays and weekends remained significantly associated with both HbA and FPG in a curvilinear manner. Sleep duration of about 1 h more during weekends when compared to weekdays was associated with beneficial effect in HbA (−0.13 %, 95 % confidence interval −0.24 to −0.02). Conclusions: In type 2 diabetes, regular sleeping habit with modest sleep compensation during weekends has positive impact on glycemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify the levels of physical activity level during the weekdays and weekend both female and male employees. Method: A total of 58 volunteer employees participated in this study of which 20 were male (Mage 32.50 ± 8.82) and 38 were female (Mage 34.24 ± 6.25). Anthropometric measurements were performed after an overnight fast for each participant. After anthropometric measurements, daily physical activity levels were measured continuously with the Sense Wear Armband (BodyMedia, USA) monitor, worn on the dominant arm triceps muscle on free-living individuals for a during of seven days. Whether the number of steps, physical activity level (PAL) and inactivity time change depending on the days of the week and the gender was calculated in repetitive measurements with one-way analysis of variance. For globosity variance validity, Mauchly's test was used. For the variables which cannot be replaced for globosity variance, Greenhouse-Geisser test was used. Results: According to daily step numbers, women are slight active and men are active (9479±3468; 11338±3297 step/day respectively) (p>0.05). Daily mean PAL is on sedentary/light level both for women and men (1.55±0.19; 1.61±0.28 kcal·kg-1·hr-1 respectively) (p>0.05). According to days of the week, a statistical difference was found between the daily step numbers in men and women (p<0.05). While there was a statistically significant difference in PAL averages among women (p<0.05), there was no statistical difference in men (p>0.05). While PAL value was the highest in weekdays and lowest on Sunday for both genders, the day with the longest inactivity time was found to be Sunday. Women's daily mean inactivity time was founder to be longer than men (1264±69; 1205±107 min·day-1 respectively) (p>0.05). Conclusion: Both men and women take more than 10000 steps only in weekdays. PAL of both women and men in weekdays and weekend is at sedentary/light activity level. The most active days for both genders are in weekdays, while Sunday is the least active day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is an ongoing debate if weekend admissions of critically ill patients are associated with higher mortality rates. The current review aimed to specifically assess this effect in sepsis and septic shock patients by comparing mortality rates with weekend versus weekday admissions., Methods: PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were searched up to 20th February 2023 with an additional search of Google Scholar for gray literature., Results: Nine studies were eligible. Meta-analysis of all nine studies with data from 1,134,417 patients demonstrated that sepsis or septic shock patients admitted on weekends don't have higher mortality as compared to those admitted on weekdays (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.09; p = 0.05; I 2  = 93%). On subgroup analysis based on sample size (>2000 or <2000 patients) and timing of mortality, we noted no difference in the significance of the results. However, there was a small significant increased risk of mortality with weekend admission noted in studies on the Asian population and including septic shock patients., Conclusion: Weekend admission does not have an adverse impact on mortality rates of sepsis and septic shock patients. Results must be interpreted with caution owing to high interstudy heterogeneity and variation in confounders adjusted by individual studies.

Objective Amid the global spread of antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial stewardship should be further promoted in the clinical setting. Our previous study suggested an intra-week disproportion of discontinuation of broad-spectrum antibiotics. We therefore explored the generalization of this prescription trend by investigating the use of all intravenous antibiotics. Methods A retrospective, observational study. Patients Between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020, we collected data on the initiation and discontinuation of intravenous antimicrobials on each day of the week and on days after holidays at Okayama University Hospital, Japan. We compared the monthly antimicrobial prescription initiation and discontinuation using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test with Bonferroni correction as a post-hoc procedure. Results Data from 15,293 hospitalized cases were analyzed. The initiation of antimicrobials differed slightly among days of the week, although this trend was clinically insignificant. Compared with the initiations, antimicrobial discontinuations were disproportionately biased among the weekdays, tending to occur on Mondays (p<0.001) about twice as often as on other days. Similarly, antimicrobials were unevenly discontinued on the day after holidays compared to other days (p<0.001), with an approximately 2-fold difference. The use of antimicrobials in the hospital was thus unequally terminated on weekdays. Conclusion To further promote antimicrobial stewardship, clinicians should be aware of the influence of behavioral, environmental, and social factors on antimicrobial prescription, which is seemingly beyond medical indications.

Background: Studies have shown that patients admitted to hospitals on weekends and after-hours experience worse outcome than those admitted on weekdays and daytime hours. Although admissions of patients to intensive care units (ICUs) occur 24 hours a day, not all critical care units maintain the same level of staffing during nighttime, weekends, and holidays. This raises concerns in view of evidence showing that the organizational structure of an ICU influences the outcome of critically ill patients. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of day and time of admission to ICU on patients' outcome. Methods: A single-center, prospective, observational study was conducted among all consecutive admissions to ICU in a community teaching hospital during a 4-month period. Results: A total of 282 patients were admitted during the study period. Their mean age was 59.5 years (median 59, range 17-96), and the majority were male (157, 55.7%). Mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE)-II score was 18.9 (median 33, range 1-45), and mean ICU length of stay was 3.1 days (median 2, range 1-19). Of the patients, 104 patients (36.9%) were admitted during weekends and 178 (63.1%) during weekdays. A total of 122 patients (43.3%) were admitted after-hours, constituting 68.5% of all admissions during weekdays. Fifty-six patients (19.9%) were admitted during daytime hours, representing 31.5% of all weekday admissions. Forty-five patients (15.9%) died in ICU. Compared to patients admitted on weekends, those admitted on weekdays had increased ICU mortality (operating room (OR)=0.437; 95% confidence interval-0.2054-0.9196; p-0.0293). Conclusion: Admissions to ICU during weekends were not independently associated with increased mortality. A linear relationship between weekdays and after-hours admissions to ICU with mortality was observed at our institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restricted sugar intake is an important part of a healthy lifestyle and may contribute to the prevention of diet-related diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate whether declared sugar restriction is reflected in actual sucrose intake and diet quality of young non-dieting women, with differentiation between the weekend and weekdays. A convenient sample of 192 non-dieting women aged 20–30 years old was recruited. The sample was divided into two groups based on each woman’s declaration: “restricting sugar” (RS, n = 76) and “not restricting sugar” (nRS, n = 116). Comparisons between groups were made separately for seven days of the week, five weekdays and two weekend days without and with an adjustment for 2000 kcal of energy. Relative differences (RD, in %) in mean diet nutritional values between groups were calculated, where RD (%) = (RS − nRS) × 100/nRS, and were verified with a two-tailed t-test. In the seven-day diet of the RS group, in comparison to the nRS group, a lower daily intake of sucrose (by 22%) and MUFA (by 8%) and a higher content of most nutrients (by 7–38%) was found. No significant differences were observed in energy intake between RS and nRS women over the course of seven days, including weekdays and the weekend. Daily intake for the weekend, in comparison to weekdays, in RC and nRC women was higher with respect to energy (by 530 and 512 kcal, i.e., 37% and 34%, respectively), sucrose (44% and 23%, respectively), and most nutrients (by 17–98% and 16–42%, respectively). However, after the adjustment for 2000 kcal of energy, the daily intake of most nutrients in the weekend was lower (by 6–30% and 3–27%, in RS and nRS groups, respectively), than during weekdays. The intention to restrict sucrose has improved diet quality by decreasing sucrose intake and increasing the content of most nutrients, but had no effect on energy intake throughout the week. The quality of the women’s diet during the weekend was compromised, regardless of restricting or not restricting sugar. Encouragement to restrict sugar intake throughout the week and control the food intake during the weekend may be an effective strategy for young women to maintain a healthy diet.

The main purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between food and sociability. Although this is a theme often approached in Anthropology, the true role of food in this relationship is seldom made explicit. Based on three different empirical researches, the article identifies the kind of sociability that is established in each meal in accordance with the day of the week, indicating for each case the degree of relevance assumed by food itself. Following the daily sequence of the different meals - breakfast, lunch and dinner -, the data presented allows for the discussion of the definition of sociability as developed by Simmel and its application to the context of Brazilian society.Neste artigo procurei aprofundar a relação entre comida e sociabilidade. Embora este seja um tema sempre invocado pela antropologia, o papel da comida e do alimento nesta relação quase nunca é explicitado. Baseado em três diferentes pesquisas empíricas, este trabalho procura indicar o tipo de sociabilidade que se estabelece em cada refeição de acordo com o dia da semana, precisando para cada uma delas qual o grau de protagonismo que a comida desempenha. Organizado em seções de acordo com as três refeições - café da manhã, almoço e jantar - os dados abrem espaço para uma discussão da definição de sociabilidade proposta por Simmel e como ela se aplica no contexto brasileiro.

Objective: The main aim of study was to determine the family variables increasing odds for overweight/obesity in 4-7-years old preschool children on weekdays and at weekends during a seven-day monitoring of physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) in families with pre-schoolers. Methods: The cross-sectional study analysing seven-day PA and sedentary behaviours among families with pre-schoolers was conducted in 10 kindergartens in 194 preschool children (88 girls and 107 boys) and their parents (164 mothers and 110 fathers) during spring and autumn 2015. PA was monitored by unsealed pedometer (Yamax Digiwalker SW-200) for at least 8 hours a day over 7 consecutive days. ST was recorded by parents on the family record sheet with accuracy of 10 minutes. For assessing the odds of parent's obesity, PA/ST variables in relation to child overweight/ obesity, we used logistic regression (backward method). Results: Significantly higher ST (p < 0.01) at weekends than on weekdays was recorded in normal weight and overweight/ obese pre-schoolers, as well as in non-obese and obese mothers, and non-obese fathers. Children's excessive ST (> 1 hour/day) (OR: 5.65/33.19 on weekdays/weekend days, p < 0.05), mothers' obesity (OR: 13.80/28.84 on weekdays/weekend days, p < 0.05), mothers' excessive ST (2 hours/day) (OR: 32.46 on weekend days, p < 0.05) and male gender in children (OR: 38.69 on weekend days, p < 0.05) was significantly associated with higher odds for being overweight/obese in preschool children. Conclusions: Mother's obesity and excessive screen time in pre-schoolers significantly increase the odds of their overweight/ obesity. At the weekends, excessive mother's ST and male gender in children are also associated with higher odds of being overweight/obese in pre-schoolers. Weekends provide a suitable space for the implementation of joint family programs aimed at reducing sedentary behaviour, which is a significant factor associated with incidence of overweight/ obesity in pre-schoolers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study focuses on the comparison of weekday/weekend parent-child behavioural patterns (step count (SC) and screen time (ST)) and answers the question of whether achieving the recommendations for daily SC (10,000) in parents also helps their preschool children achieve the recommended daily SC (11,500).Methods: The participants (278 parents aged 30-45 and their 194 children aged 4-7) were randomly recruited from 10 Czech public kindergartens. The participants recorded SC (pedometer Yamax Digiwalker SW-200) and ST duration (proxy-report) for seven consecutive days (≥8 h/day) during September-October 2014 and April-May 2015. Differences between weekdays/weekends SC or ST were tested using a paired t-test. The odds of achieving the recommended daily SC for children were estimated using general logistic regression separately for weekdays and weekends.Results: Only the mothers were found to have a significantly lower SC at weekends than on weekdays. All of the participants showed significantly more ST at weekends than on weekdays (daughters: 78.6 vs. 45.7 min/day, p < 0.001; sons: 78.8 vs. 55.8 min/day; mothers: 93.0 vs. 68.3 min/day; and fathers: 116.6 vs. 87.5 min/day). Daughters and sons were significantly more likely to achieve daily SC recommendation if a) the SC on weekdays during the daily routine in kindergarten exceeded the median of kindergarten SC or b) at weekends if their mother (OR: 9.67, 95 % CI: 3.57-26.23) exceeded 10,000 steps a day.Conclusions: Especially at weekends, preschoolers have higher odds of meeting the recommended 11,500 steps per day when their mother reaches 10,000 steps per day and this is independent of the amount of parents' ST. Moreover, physical activity in kindergarten helps preschool children meet the 11,500 recommended steps per day on weekdays. Therefore, interventions to promote physical activity in preschoolers should focus on kindergartens and encourage involvement of their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To explore the time trends (2005-2015) of pedometer-determined weekday and weekend physical activity (PA) and obesity prevalence in 4-7-year-old Czech preschool children and changes in proportion of kindergarten vs. leisure-time PA.Methods: The study compared data of two cross-sectional cohorts of preschool children (2005: 92 boys and 84 girls; 2015: 105 boys and 87 girls) in the Czech Republic, using the same measurements and procedures in both cases. PA was monitored by the Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 pedometer for at least eight continuous hours a day over seven consecutive days. Body weight and height were measured using calibrated Tanita scales and anthropometry. The analysis of variance was conducted to examine the gender and cohort effect on step counts. The t-test was used to examine the difference in step counts in kindergarten (or leisure-time) between non-obese and obese children, and the chi-square test compared the prevalence of obesity between 2005 and 2015.Results: The steps/day (mean ± standard deviation) of preschoolers was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 2015 (11,739 ± 4,229 steps/day) than in 2005 (10,922 ± 3,181 steps/day); and (p < 0.001) in boys (11,939 ± 3,855 steps/day) than in girls (10,668 ± 3,587 steps/day). In 2015, girls, but not boys, had a significantly (p < 0.01) greater step count on weekdays than in 2005, but not at weekends. A decline of leisure-time step counts on weekdays between 2005 and 2015 in girls (6,8652005 vs. 6,0592015, p < 0.01) and boys (7,8612005 vs. 6,4362015, p < 0.001) is compensated for by the increase of step counts in kindergarten (girls: 3,0582005 vs. 5,3302015, and boys: 4,0032005 vs. 5,9992015, p < 0.001). The prevalence of obesity was not significantly different either in 2005 or 2015 among preschool girls (7.14 % 2005 vs. 9.20 % 2015) or boys (6.52 % 2005 vs. 9.52 % 2015).Conclusion: The steps/day of preschoolers was higher in 2015 than in 2005; this higher level of PA was the result of increased PA in kindergartens over the last ten years, particularly among girls. Thus, the current PA program in kindergartens effectively compensates for the decline in PA in leisure-time of weekdays of non-obese and obese preschoolers compared to 2005 and 2015. Prevalence of obesity among Czech preschool children remains relatively stable between 2005 and 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Day-to-day walking variability appears not to be random and may fluctuate by day of week or type of day (workdays/non-workdays). The day-of-the-week variability is less clear in period of life transition between the ages of 50-70 years. Moreover, it is unclear whether the variability is related to age or BMI. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the weekdays-weekends patterns and the day-to-day variability in step patterns in men and women of different age and BMI groups. Methods: During the years 2009-2012, 1,170 individuals (532 men and 638 women) aged 50-70 years participated in a seven-day monitoring using a Yamax Digiwalker SW-700 pedometer. Results: Using ANOVA of repeated measures, it was found that steps/day varied across the day of the week in both men and women in younger age groups (≤ 64 years) (p ≤ .04), whereas in older age group (65-70 years), no significant systematic variability by day of the week was found. Existence of variability by day of the week with significant drop in steps/day on weekend days, especially on Sunday, was confirmed in normal weight, overweight and obese Czech men and women. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study contributes to the evidence with the findings about the existing the day-of-the-week variability of step counts per day in the population aged 50 to 64 years and about the absence of significant variability in seniors (≥ 65 years). Sunday was the least active day in different age and BMI groups aged 50 to 70 years of Czech population. Researchers and practitioners should take the results of this study into consideration when preparing for data collection of habitual physical activity in senior population and in the development of walking interventions and weight reduction programmes designed for this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research suggests physical activity is linked to obesity. Further, the physical activity of healthy parents and their children is associated with each other. However, this relationship has not been examined in obese parents and their obese children.Methods: The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity and sedentary time of obese, low-income, ethnic minority parents and their children on weekdays and weekend days using accelerometry. Data were obtained from eight rural sites in the middle and eastern part of North Carolina (N.C.), United States (U.S.) from 2007-2010 using a rolling enrollment. One hundred and ninety-nine obese parents (94 % female) and their obese children (54 % female) wore accelerometers simultaneously for three weekdays and one weekend day. Total physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time and proportions were determined.Results: Parents' and children's total physical activity and MVPA levels were lower on weekend days than weekdays. Total counts per minute for children on weekdays and weekend days were greater than for parents (p < 0.001). Total counts per minute were more highly correlated on weekend days than weekdays (r = 0.352, p < 0.0002 versus r = 0.165, p < 0.025). Parents' performed MVPA for 14 (SD = ±25) and 9 (SD = ±16) minutes/day on weekdays and weekend days, respectively; children performed MVPA for 37 (SD = ±25) and 31(SD = ±38) minutes/day for weekdays and weekend days, respectively. Correlations between parents and children for MVPA were higher on weekend days versus weekdays (r = 0.253 and 0.177, respectively; p < 0.015). Associations for sedentary time followed a similar trend, with r = 0.33 (p < 0.0002) for weekend days and r = 0.016 (p < 0.026) for weekdays. Associations between obese parent-child dyads on sedentary time were stronger for girls, while associations between dyads on MVPA were stronger for boys. However, formal interaction analyses were not significant (p > 0.13).Discussion: Since physical activity levels of obese parents and their obese child are somewhat related, especially on weekend days, combined parent-child obesity programs focused on reducing sedentary time could be beneficial, particularly for the child.Conclusion: In conclusion, this study of the physical activity levels of obese parents and their obese children found some relationships between the parents' and children's physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns, especially on weekend days.Trial Registration: NCT01378806 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: One of the main reasons for recent scientific interest in screen-based behaviour (SB) is the relationship between SB and risk of being overweight or obese. The primary mechanism for overweight and obesity is an imbalance of energy intake versus energy expenditure and one reason for the interest in SB is its association with reduced energy expenditure relative to other activities. Objective: The aim of this study is to provide a basic overview of the level and structure of SB in Czech adolescents on the basis of age and gender while taking into account the differences between weekday and weekend screen based activities. Methods: Data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in May-June 2010 in the Czech Republic were used. The sample consisted of 4365 Czech pupils (48.5% boys; age 11, n = 1406; age 13, n = 1446; age 15, n = 1513). Binomial logistic regression and Chi-square test of independence were used to provide basic comparison on the basis of gender and age groups. Results: The prevalence of SB rise with growing age with the most visible increase in prevalence is between ages 11 and age 13. SB is significantly more prevalent among adolescent boys compared with adolescent girls. Czech adolescents are more likely to not meet the recommendation of 2 hours for watching TV at weekends compared to weekdays. Playing computer games is more common among boys contrary to chatting online, which is more common among girls. The overall patterns of playing computer games and chatting online during weekends were similar to those at weekdays but increased. Conclusions: Most children in the Czech Republic do not meet the limit for total SB time of 4 or fewer hours while the prevalence of SB rises with growing age and at weekends. Interventions and strategies aiming at reducing SB in children focusing on the family and school environment in the Czech Republic are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reprint of the article "Differential Association of Drinking Motives With Alcohol Use on Weekdays and Weekends" by researcher Joseph Studer and others, published online on August 18, 2014 issue of the journal is presented. It mentions a study on differential association of drinking motives (DM) with alcohol use in college students. The study findings reveals coping DM in weekday rather than weekend due to work stress and worries along with impacts of sociodemographic factors.