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Background Wedelia chinensis has been reported as a folk medicine for the treatment of different diseases including neurodegenerative disease. Although the plant has been studied well for diverse biological activities, the effect of this plant in neurological disorder is largely unknown. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant potential of W. chinensis. Methods The extract and fractions of the plant were evaluated for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity by modified Ellman method. The antioxidant activity was assessed in several in vitro models/assays such as reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, scavenging of 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and hydroxyl radical, and inhibition of brain lipid peroxidation. Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods were used to isolate and identify the active compound from the extract. Results Among the fractions, aqueous fraction (AQF) and ethylacetate fraction (EAF) exhibited high inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (IC50: 40.02 ± 0.16 μg/ml and 57.76 ± 0.37 μg/ml) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50: 31.79 ± 0.18 μg/ml and 48.41 ± 0.05 μg/ml). Similarly, the EAF and AQF had high content of phenolics and flavonoids and possess strong antioxidant activity in several antioxidant assays including DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging, reducing power and total antioxidant activity. They effectively inhibited the peroxidation of brain lipid in vitro with IC50 values of 45.20 ± 0.10 μg/ml and 25.53 ± 0.04 μg/ml, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between total flavonoids and antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Activity guided chromatographic separation led to the isolation of a major active compound from the EAF and its structure was elucidated as apigenin by spectral analysis. Conclusions The potential ability of W. chinensis to inhibit the cholinesterase activity and peroxidation of lipids suggest that the plant might be useful for the management of AD.

Allelochemicals released by exotic plants can affect neighboring plants. In this study, we examined the effects of leachate extracted from shoots of an invasive clonal plant (Wedelia trilobata) on its own growth and performance, and that of its native congener (W. chinensis). Leachate from W. trilobata was prepared at concentrations of 0, 50, 75, and 100% and was applied to both Wedelia species (which were grown in mono and mixed culture). We monitored the effects of the leachate on plant growth, physiological traits, and relative competition intensity (RCI) in each species. Leachate concentration significantly affected the majority of growth and physiological traits in both species. Higher leachate concentrations significantly increased most traits of W. trilobata under mono and mixed culture. In contrast, many growth and physiological parameters in W. chinensis were significantly reduced in response to higher concentrations of leachate. Growth and physiological traits were higher in W. trilobata than W. chinensis at higher leachate concentrations in both mono and mixed culture. In W. trilobata, RCI significantly increased with increasing leachate concentration. However, RCI in W. chinensis remained consistently low in response to higher leachate concentrations. Overall, the addition of leachate from invasive W. trilobata had a strong allelopathic effect on native W. chinensis under mono and mixed culture. Conversely, growth and competitive ability in W. trilobata was enhanced in response to the leachate. Thus, allelochemicals from W. trilobata promote its own performance while simultaneously suppressing that of a native congener, which has likely contributed to its invasion success.

Many plant parts have been widely used in the treatment of immune diseases in Vietnam, yet just few of them are known about their mechanism of action. The goal of this study was to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effects of in vitro inhibitory effect of crude ethanol extracts and fractions of thirteen medicinal plants on proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), interleukin-2 secretion and antioxidant activity. PBMCs were extracted from the whole blood of healthy volunteers. The effects of thirteen crude extracts in ethanol and twenty four fractionated extracts in chloroform, ethyl acetate and water on in vitro proliferation of PBMCs were evaluated using MTT test. Interleukin - 2 (IL - 2) concentrations secreted by PBMC were determined by ELISA method. The antioxidant capacity of ethanol extracts and fractionated extracts were assessed using the DPPH method. The results showed that out of thirteen crude ethanol extracts, six extracts inhibited PBMC proliferation and two extracts stimulated PBMC proliferation and five extracts had no effect on PBMC proliferation. The inhibitory extracts reduced the amount of IL-2, while the stimulant extracts while the stimulant extracts had no effect on IL-2 secretion compared to the control. The chloroform extract of Wedelia chinesis showed the strongest inhibitory activity with an IC50 concentration 16.1 µg/ml. The chloroform extract of Piper betle showed the strongest DPPH capture capacity with DPPH50 1.94 µg/ml and 2.1 times stronger than vitamin C. In conclusion, the chloroform extract of Wedelia chinensis may be considered for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Wedelia trilobata (Sphagneticola trilobata) is a plant used in this popular medicine for treating infectious, sores and swellings in some rural communities, and their extract has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and hepatoprotective effect. Cancer is a molecularly heterogeneous disease caused by environmental and, genetic factors, among others. Since the complexity of the disease leads to low response rates to the different treatments used, it is necessary to find alternative drugs aimed at its control. The objective of our study was to assess whether grandiflorenic acid (GFA) has antitumor activity on breast (MCF7), liver (HuH7.5), and lung (A549) tumor cell lines.We used cell integrity assessment methods to assess whether (GFA) would be cytotoxic for tumor cell lines at doses ranging from and the pattern of death involved in this effect.Treatment using GFA significantly inhibited cell proliferation in the three studied cells, followed by a decrease in cell size. The assessment of the death mechanisms showed the treatments increased the production of reactive oxygen species, caused exposure of phosphatidylserine, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and, decrease plasma membrane integrity, indicating mechanisms related to apoptosis. Besides, we found the formation of autophagy vacuoles in our tests.Finally, our study found the effect of GFA on breast (MCF7), lung (A549), and liver (HuH7.5) tumor cell lines induce cytotoxicity and patterns of death associated with apoptosis and autophagy, and oxidative stress generation plays a role in these two pathways of cell death. Thus, this study revealed GFA exhibits anti-cancer activity in vitro and could help future studies to improve strategies for cancer treatment with involving natural compounds.

Wedelia monantha (Vell.) Remor, Bringel & J.F.B.Pastore, comb. nov. Aster monanthus Vellozo. Flora Fluminensis (1831 [1827]: 121). Lectotype designated here: [Icon ined.] “Syng. Polyg. Superf. ASTER monanthus 121” Manuscript Sect. Of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon, PT-TT-MSLIV-2778_m0249. Icon ined. Copy in Manuscript Sect., Bibliot. Nac., Rio de Janeiro No. I-17, 04, 002; mss1198657_124 (Fig. 1). Epitype designated here:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: Cunha, Estrada Real Cunha-Paraty, 23°05’05.8”S, 44°55’29.8”W, elev. 884 m, 19 October 2021, D. Remor 301 (CTBS 6423!, Fig. 2; isoepitype UPCB!). = Wedelia subvelutina Candolle (1836: 540). Lectotype designated here:— BRAZIL. “In palustribus Prov St Paul”, 1835, Lund 865 (G00455250!). Remaining syntypes:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: H. Imp. Bras. n° 408 [probably Sellow] (barcode G0045240!). = Wedelia scandens Gardner (1845: 125), non W. scandens Clarke (1876: 136). Lectotype designated here:— BRAZIL. [Rio de Janeiro] “ Organ Mountains, in bushy places by the sides of streams”, January 1837 [cited as February in Gardner 1845], Gardner 506 (K000895455!; isolectotypes E00433333!, GH00014080!, K000895454!, NY00278026!, NY00278027!, P00710039!, P02515241!, US00385722!, W0065048!). Herbs or vines; twigs erect, cylindrical, indument sericeous to villous, internodes 27.5–98.5 mm long. Leaves opposite, green, petiole 1–1.4 mm long, blades oblong-lanceolate to narrow-ovate, 6.5–83× 12–15.5mm, apex acuminate or mucronate, margins serrate or serrulate, base cuneate or oblique, adaxial surface scabrous, abaxial glabrous, 3- veined from the base. Heads solitary, radiate, peduncle 5–6.5 mm long, sericeous or strigose; involucre 3.5–5× 6 mm, campanulate, bisseriate; phyllaries greenish, apex dull-green, foliaceous, ovate or elliptic, strigose; receptacle slightly convex, paleaceous, paleae 4.5–5 mm long, conduplicate to concave, oblanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, stramineous, 1-nerved, pubescent to sparsely pubescent. Ray florets 8–9, corolla liguliform, pistillate, yellow, tube 1–1.5 mm, limb 9.5-10 mm, oblong, apex bilobate, abaxial surface sparsely pilose. Disc florets 22–25, monocline, corolla tubulose, yellow, tube ca. 1.3 mm long, 5-lobed, lobes ca. 0.6 mm long, sparsely glandular-punctate, sparsely pilose at vascular bundles, anthers black 1–1.5 mm long, appendage deltate, black, glandular-punctate externally, style branch yellow, 1–1.2 mm long, linear, apex hispidulous. Ray cypsela obovate, 3.6–3.7 × 3.1–3.3 mm, triquetrous, compressed, apex sparsely setose, surface rugose, margin thickly winged, wings not differing in color and surface; disc cypsela not seem. Pappus coroniform, apex laciniate, pale yellow, 0.2–0.4 mm long, hispidulous. Fig. 3. Comments:—Although a description of Wedelia monantha was absent from the first edition of FF of 1829, published only in 1881, its plate was published in 1831. That plate includes elements that may be clearly recognized as analysis, according the ICN Art. 38.7, 38.8 and 38.9 (Turland et al. 2018). The pistillate ray flowers, coroniform pappus, isolated heads with a long peduncle, together with the lanceolate, with distinct petiole are diagnostic for the species illustrated in the Aster monanthus plate. This species is currently treated as W. subvelutina by Alves & Bringel Jr. (2020). However, the older name, Aster monanthus, validly published in a plate from 1831, has priority over it. Another remarkable feature of W. monantha, and also of the majority of the other species of this genus, is the trinervate leaves. Although it is not possible to clearly recognize the trinervate leaves in the plate from Vellozo (1831), the pattern of venation drawn is similar to the pattern found in some specimens from Rio de Janeiro (Glaziou 5615, Warming 663) and Minas Gerais (Nunes 186), in which the perimarginal veins are not as thick as the primary one, rather a slight perimarginal vein can be recognized, resembling a brochidodromous pattern. We believe that the age of the leaf and habitat conditions are responsible for this variation. Vellozo (1881) described the original habitat of A. monanthus as “ habitat campis apricis mediterraneis transalpinis ”, interpreted by Pastore et al. (2021) as originated in the municipality of Cunha (São Paulo state). Since the original specimens are considered lost (Carauta 1973; Bediaga & Lima 2015; Pastore et al. 2021), the only set of original material is the plates preserved in the National Archive of Torre do Tombo (Lisbon) and the National Library of Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Biblioteca Nacional (Rio de Janeiro). Therefore, an epitype has been accordingly designated on the basis of a modern specimen collected along the Estrada Real in Cunha. Although the illustration of Aster monanthus is sufficient for identification of the species by specialists, the illustrations in the Flora Fluminensis cannot be considered complete in all of the species representative features. Therefore an epitype was assigned based on a modern specimen collected along the Estrada Real in Cunha in order to provide a full detailed specimen, and so, accurately supporting application of the name according to Art. 9.9 (Turland et al. 2018). Habitat, distribution and phenology: — Wedelia monantha occurs for the most part in the Atlantic Forest domain, but also in the ecotone regions with patches of the savanna vegetation (cerrado sensu lato). It is usually found on the margin of forests, more rarely in open marshy fields. The species occurs in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Paraná (Fig. 4) flowering from October to April. Curiously, in the Checklist of the Spermatophyta of the State of São Paulo no species of the genus Wedelia is mentioned (Wanderley et al. 2011). Material examined: — BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Ouro Preto, Sujo, Saramenha, [20°17’15”S, 43°30’29”W], 13 January 1942, Magalhães 1025 (ESA, IAN); Passa Quatro, Distrito de Pinheirinhos, Estrada da fazenda São Bento, [22°23’25”S, 44°58’0”W], 28 December 1979, Nunes 186 (ALCB, CEN, RB); São Roque de Minas, Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, Cachoeira Casca D’Anta, Trilha para guarita de baixo, [20°14’43”S 46°21’57”W], 10 June 1996, Nakajima et al. 1982 (HUFU, US); Santa Rita do Sapucaí, Cerca de 4 km de Santa Rita do Sapucaí em direção a São Sebastião da Bela Vista, [22°12’27.26”S, 45°44’15.29”W], 29 January 2016, Souza et al. 40124 (CEN); Santos Dumont, Serra da Mantiqueira, Beira do córrego, [21°27’24”S, 43°33’9”W], 14 October 1979, Krieger 16737 (HUFU); Paraná: Cerro Azul, Serra da Canha, [24°49’25”S, 49°15’40”W], 03 October 1973, Hatschbach 31607 (MBM); Ibid., Rio Piedade, [24°49’25”S, 49°15’40”W], 24 April 1997, Silva et al. 1942 (MBM, US); Bocaiúva do Sul, [25°12’22”S 49°6’54”W], 27 January 2005, Barboza. et al. 1016 (MBM); Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, km 8., [22°29’46”S, 44 ° 33’48”W], 08 January 1947, Duarte & Edmundo 814 (ALCB, RB); Petrópolis, Ranche: Mauro Large, [22°30’18”S, 43°10’43”W] Warming 663 (P); S. Antonio, 23 March 1872, Glaziou 5615 (P). São Paulo: Cunha, [23°4’12”S, 44°57’36”W], 12 December 1996, Souza et al. 786 (ESA); Ibid., Estrada real após o bairro do Monjolo, saindo de Cunha, [23°7’26”S, 44°52’04”W], 07 November 2019, Pastore & Menezes 5792 (CTBS); Mogi das Cruzes, Vila São Geraldo, [23°31’22”S, 46°11’18”W], 09 November 1937, Hashimoto 65 (CEN); São José dos Campos, Ca. 8.0 km SW em linha reta da praça principal de São José dos Campos, [23°10’13”S, 45°52’48”W], s.d., Mimura 226 (NY, US); São Paulo, Parque Estadual de São Paulo, [23°32’24”S, 46°37’48”W], 04 May 1994, W. Hoehne 1377 (UEC); Idem, Campo de Congonhas, [23°32’24”S, 46°37’48”W], 13 November 1941, Hoehne 810 (UEC); Santo Antônio do Pinhal, [22°49’12”S, 45°39’36”W], 11 June 1992, Sartori et al. 26591 (UEC).

The floristic inventory carried out for Heliantheae s.l. from Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais, Brazil, revealed two new species: Dimerostemma scabrosum characterized by its leaves ovate and scabrous, heads solitary or in pairs, pappus 4-aristate in ray flowers and 2-aristate in disc flowers; and Wedelia tenuifolia characterized by its leaves narrow, heads solitary or in pairs, peduncle long, and involucre 4–5-seriate. Descriptions, illustrations, phenological and geographic data of these species are presented.

Two new species of Wedelia Jacq. are described and illustrated, and their morphological affinities with other species are discussed. Wedelia pauciflora is characterized by its solitary heads and a small number of flowers per head. Wedelia homogama is recognized by its shrubby habit, homogamous discoid heads, and purple corolla. These species were collected in Serra da Canastra National Park, São Roque de Minas, and in Rio Paranaíba; both areas are at Minas Gerais State, Brazil, occurring in “Cerrado” biome.

Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski is one of the fast-growing malignant weeds in South China. It has severely influenced local biodiversity and native plant habitat. Photosynthesis is the material basis of plant growth and development. However, there are few reports on the photosynthetic transcriptome of S. trilobata. In this study, S. trilobata had a relatively large leaf area and biomass. The gas exchange parameters per unit area of leaves, including net photosynthetic capacity (Pn), intercellular CO2 (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthetic pigment and Rubisco protein content were higher than those of the native plant Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski. On this basis, the differences in photosynthesis pathways between the two Sphagneticola species were analyzed by using the Illumina HiSeq platform. The sequencing results for S. trilobata and S. calendulacea revealed 159,366 and 177,069 unigenes, respectively. Functional annotation revealed 119,350 and 150,846 non-redundant protein database annotations (Nr), 96,637 and 115,711 Swiss-Prot annotations, 49,159 and 60,116 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotations (KEGG), and 83,712 and 97,957 Gene Ontology annotations (GO) in S. trilobata and S. calendulacea, respectively. Additionally, our analysis showed that the expression of key protease genes involved in the photosynthesis pathway, particularly CP43, CP47, PsbA and PetC, had high expression levels in leaves of S. trilobata in comparison to native species. Physiological and transcriptomic analyses suggest the high expression of photosynthetic genes ensures the high photosynthetic capacity of leaves, which is one of the inherent advantages underlying the successful invasion by S. trilobata.

Metal nanoparticles, particularly the ones synthesized by green methods are mostly favored for removal/degradation of dyes. Hence, leaf extract mediated synthesized magnetic iron nanostructures were selected for the efficient removal of methylene blue dye. The ease in the separation of magnetic nanoparticles from aquatic environments is an additional advantage. In the present study, magnetic iron oxide nanorods were synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Wedelia urticifolia and characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TEM, and PPMS. The characterization techniques revealed the monodispersed rod-shaped nanostructures of an average length of 70 nm and a width range of 15–20 nm with a weak ferromagnetism. The photocatalytic degradation ability of methylene blue dye in the aquatic environment of as-synthesized nanorods was investigated in detail. The present study demonstrated that as-synthesized nanostructures possess strong dye degradation capability and could be used for the effective degradation of dyes form water and wastewater.

Wedelia glauca (Ortega) Blake (Asteraceae), perennial herb native to the tropical regions of South America, was found naturalized in the suburbs of Palermo (Sicily). This is the first report to Italy. In Europe this plant is known from Spain and Portugal.

The Novel Defense Hypothesis predicts that introduced plants may possess novel allelochemicals which act as a defense against native generalist enemies. Here, we aim to test if the chemicals involved in allelopathy in the invasive plant Wedelia trilobata can contribute to higher resistance against generalist herbivore and pathogen enemies by comparing with its native congener W. chinensis in controlled laboratory conditions. The allelopathic effects of the leaf extract from W. trilobata on the generalist enemies were also assessed. We showed that the larvae of two moth species preferred W. chinensis over W. trilobata. The growth rate of larvae feeding on W. trilobata leaves was significantly lower than those feeding on W. chinensis leaves. When detached leaves were inoculated with phytopathogens, the infected leaf area of W. trilobata was significantly smaller than that of W. chinensis. In addition, the leaf extract of W. trilobata also effectively inhibited the growth of the larvae and the mycelial growth of the phytopathogens. Our results indicate that the defenses of invasive W. trilobata against generalist herbivore and pathogen enemies are stronger than that of its native congener, which may be attributed to the allelopathic effects. This study provides novel insights that can comprehensively link the Novel Defense, Behavioral Constraint and Enemy Release hypotheses. These combined hypotheses would explain how invasive plants escape from their natural specialist enemies, where their allelopathic chemicals may deter herbivorous insects and inhibit pathogen infection.

Understanding metabolite changes and underlying metabolic pathways that may be affected in target plants following essential oils (EOs) exposure is of great importance. In this study, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) based metabolomics approach was used to determine the metabolite changes in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) shoot and root after exposure to different concentrations of W. trilobata EO. Multivariate analyses of principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) corroborated that shoot and root of lettuce responded differently to W. trilobata EO. In EO-exposed shoot samples, an increase in the levels of malic acid, glutamine, serine, lactose and α-glucopyranose affected important metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, fructose and mannose metabolism and galactose metabolism. The findings suggest that lettuce may be up-regulating these metabolites to increase tolerance against W. trilobata EO. In EO-exposed root samples, changes in fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation, degradation, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism were linked to a decrease in lyxose, palmitic acid, octadecanoic acid, aspartic acid, phenylalanine and myo-inositol. These results indicate that W. trilobata EO could cause alterations in fatty acid compositions and lead to inhibition of roots growth. Together, these findings provide insight into the metabolic responses of lettuce upon W. trilobata EO exposure, as well as potential mechanisms of action of W. trilobata EO as bio-herbicides.

The development of long-wavelength emission carbon dots as a label-free sensing platform for the direct detection of glutathione (GSH) is still of great challenge. Herein, novel rose-red fluorescence carbon dots (wCDs) with a long-wavelength emission of 654 nm were successfully synthesized by a one-step microwave-solvothermal treatment of biomass Wedelia trilobata. The biomass-based wCDs could sensitively respond to copper ions (Cu2+) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.22 μM, which could be utilized as the fluorescence turn off-on sensor for the detection of GSH through recovering their fluorescence quenched by Cu2+. Moreover, the label-free wCDs with abundant active functional groups could be used to construct a direct quenching platform for the sensitive and selective detection of GSH by the dynamic quenching effect within 20 s without further modification, displaying a good linear range of 0-3.0 mM with a LOD of 35 μM that fits well with the GSH content in living cells (0.5-10 mM). Additionally, confocal imaging of living cells indicates that as-prepared wCDs with high photobleaching resistance and favorable biocompatibility possess the capacity for real-time monitoring of the variations of intracellular Cu2+ and GSH levels, and distinguishing cancerous cells from normal cells owing to the overexpression of GSH in cancerous cells. This study opens a new vision for developing an efficient and sensitive fluorescent sensor for the detection of GSH, and demonstrates the great prospects for wCDs in ion/molecule tracking, bioimaging and cancer diagnosis.

In the ongoing research to find new diabetes constituents from the genus Wedelia, the chemical constituent of Wedelia trilobata leaves, a Vietnamese medicinal plant species used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, was selected for detailed investigation. From a methanolic extract, two new ent-kaurane diterpenoids, wedtrilosides A and B (1 and 2), along with five known metabolites (3–7), were isolated from W. trilobata. The chemical structures of (1–7) were assigned via spectroscopic techniques (IR, 1D, 2D NMR and HR-QTOF-MS data) and chemical methods. The isolates were evaluated for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities compared to the clinical drug acarbose. Among them, compounds 4, 6, and 7 showed the most potent against α-glucosidase enzyme with IC50 values of 27.54 ± 1.12, 173.78 ± 2.37, and 190.40 ± 2.01 μg/mL. While moderate inhibitory effect against α-amylase was observed with compounds 6 and 7 (with IC50 = 181.97 ± 2.62 and 52.08 ± 0.56 μg/mL, respectively). The results suggested that the antidiabetic properties from the leaves of W. trilobata are not simply a result of each isolated compound, but are due to other factors such as the accessibility of polyphenolic groups to α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities.

A worth noticing pattern in current invasive biology is the clonal ability of many of the world's worst invasive plants. Selective placement of ramets (i.e. foraging behavior) can intensify ramet performance and allocation, and place more ramets in the more favorable microhabitats, which can maximum utilize resource and share risk in heterogeneous environments. Still little is known about whether invasive alien and native clonal plants differ in the selective placement patterns of ramets in invasive clonal plants or not. We used five congeneric pairs of naturally co-occurring invasive alien and native clonal plant species in China. In a glasshouse, we grew all species in pots under a homogeneous and three heterogeneous conditions (i.e. light, soil nutrients or water) subjected to resource-high or -low patches. All biomass parameters and number of ramets significantly increased in resource-high patches in all three types of heterogeneous environments. Interestingly, growth of invasive alien plants benefited significantly more from resource-high patches than native plants in all heterogeneous environments. Overall, invasive had higher biomass parameters per ramet than natives. Ramet parameters of invasive plants also benefited more from resource-low patches than natives. Three different selective placement patterns of ramets in resource-low patches were exhibited in invasive plants: ramet increasing shoot investment (above pattern), increasing root investment (below pattern) and increasing both investments (complete pattern) in the light, soil water and nutrient heterogeneity, respectively. Investment on less, larger ramet was the adaptive strategy of invasive plants in resource-poor patches. The results suggest that adaptively selective placement patterns of ramets promote a higher morphology plasticity and performance in invasive clonal plants over natives. When alien clonal plants spread new areas with light, soil nutrients or water heterogeneity, selective placement patterns of ramets might play an important role in plant performance and competitive superior by capitalizing more on additional resources.

A new taraxer-based triterpenoid ester, taraxer-14-en-30-al-3β-O-palmitate(1), was isolated from the whole plant of Wedelia trilobata, along with six known compounds, ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid(2), 16α-hydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid(3), tara-xerol(4), β-amyrin(5), 1β-acetoxy-4α, 9α-dihydroxy-6β-isobutyroxyprostatolide(6), and stigmasterol(7). Their structures were elucidated with use of a combination of spectroscopic techniques(IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1 D, 2 D NMR data) and chemical methods.

Uncontrolled inflammation is associated with many major diseases, and there is still an urgent need to develop new anti-inflammatory drugs. 3α-Angeloyloxy

(3α)-3-(tiglinoyloxy)-ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (WT-26) is an ent-kaurane dieterpenoid extracted from Wedelia trilobata L., a widely cultivated ornamental plant with several scientific reports supporting its anti-inflammatory activity. WT-26 has better anti-inflammatory activity than its analog Kaurenoic acid (ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid). Nevertheless, the participation of WT-26 in the main signaling pathway associated with inflammation is lack of study. We aimed to study the anti-inflammatory effect of WT-26 and related signaling cascade in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Here, we showed that WT-26 suppressed nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in LPS-stimulated macrophages by downregulating the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in mRNA and protein level. WT-26 down-regulated tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β production as well. Moreover, WT-26 inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and its upstream signaling. WT-26 also reduced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and mTOR. Besides, WT-26 decreased the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protected the mitochondrial integrity in stimulated macrophages. Our study also demonstrated that the autophagy induced by LPS was attenuated by WT-26. Collectively, our data indicated that WT-26 has the potential to be developed as a novel therapeutic agent for inflammatory-related diseases.

Herein, we report a concise and efficient method for the synthesis of

Growth behavior of different species under different habitats can be studied by comparing the production of biomass, plasticity index and relative competitive interaction. However, these functional traits of invasive species received rare consideration for determining the invasion success of invasive species at wetlands. Here, we examined the effect of water depth at 5 cm and 15 cm (static and fluctuated) with different nutrient concentrations (full-strength (n1), 1/4-strength (n2) and 1/8-strength (n3) Hoagland solution) on functional traits of invasive Wedelia trilobata and its congener native Wedelia chinensis under mono and mixed culture. Water depth of 5 cm with any of the nutrient treatments (n1, n2 and n3) significantly restrained the photosynthesis, leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) of both W. trilobata and W. chinensis. While, increase in the water depth to 15 cm with low nutrient treatment (n3) reduced more of biomass of W. chinensis under mixed culture. However, relative competition interaction (RCI) was recorded positive for W. trilobata and seemingly W. trilobata benefited more from RCI under high-fluctuated water depth at 15 cm in mixed culture. Therefore, higher PNUE, more competitive ability and higher plasticity may contribute to the invasiveness of W. trilobata in wetlands.

Phyllosphere and rhizosphere are unique and wide‐ranging habitats that harbor various microbial communities, which influence plant growth and health, and the productivity of the ecosystems. In this study, we characterized the shared microbiome of the phyllosphere and rhizosphere among three plants (Ipomoea pes‐caprae, Wedelia chinensis, and Cocos nucifera), to obtain an insight into the relationships between bacteria (including diazotrophic bacteria) and fungi, present on these host plants. Quantitative PCR showed that the abundances of the microbiome in the soil samples were significantly higher than those in the phyllosphere samples, though there was an extremely low abundance of fungi in bulk soil. High‐throughput sequencing showed that the alpha‐diversity of bacteria and fungi was higher in the rhizosphere than the phyllosphere samples associated with the same plant, while there was no obvious shift in the alpha‐diversity of diazotrophic communities between all the tested phyllosphere and soil samples. Results of the microbial composition showed that sample‐specific bacteria and fungi were found among the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of the different host plants. About 10%–27% of bacteria, including diazotrophs, and fungi overlapped between the phyllosphere and the rhizosphere of these host plants. No significant difference in microbial community structure was found among the tested rhizosphere samples, and soil properties had a higher influence on the soil microbial community structures than the host plant species., In this study, we characterized the shared microbiome of the phyllosphere and rhizosphere among three plants on Yongxing Island, South China Sea. We found that about 10%~27% of bacteria, including diazotrophs, and fungi overlapped between the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of these host plants. No significant difference in microbial community structure was found among the rhizosphere samples, and soil properties had a higher influence on soil community structure than on the host plant species.

An efficient regeneration protocol through axillary and inter nodal explants was developed from Wedelia biflora. Explants were placed on MS medium supplemented with different treatments of cytokini...

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has markedly increased. Our research findings during the past showed that medicinal plant extracts and the derived phytochemical components from Wedelia chinensis (WC) can have strong anti-colitis activities. Here, we further identified the key component phytochemicals from active fractions of different WC preparations (WCHA) that are responsible for the protective effect of WCHA in colitis mice. Of the 3 major compounds (wedelolactone, luteolin and apigenin) in this fraction, luteolin had the highest anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. Using a next-generation sequencing (NGS) (e.g., RNA-seq) system to analyze the transcriptome of colorectal cells/tissues in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis with/without phytochemicals treatment, luteolin was found to strongly suppress the DSS-activated IL-17 pathway in colon tissue. In addition, co-treatment with wedelolactone and luteolin had a synergistic effect on the expression level of some IL-17 pathway-related genes. Interestingly, our NGS analyses also indicated that luteolin and wedelolactone can specifically suppress the expression of NLRP3 and NLRP1. Using a 3-dimensional cell co-culture system, we further demonstrated that luteolin could efficiently suppress NLRP3 expression via disruption of IL-17A signaling in inflamed colon tissue, which also indicates the pharmacological potential of luteolin and wedelolactone in treating IBD.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), synthesized by green methods with the property to kill microbes, are highly valuable in medical sciences. So, the current study was aimed at using the flower extract of Wedelia urticifolia for synthesizing AgNPs with antibacterial properties. The AgNPs were produced by adding the extract to three different AgNO3 concentrations (1, 10, and 100 mM) in nine possible flower extract to metal salt ratios (9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, and 1:9). The formation of brown color and the presence of a peak at 431 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum of the colloidal solution indicates the synthesis of AgNPs, which were also characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The DLS results exposed that the smallest sized AgNPs were obtained in 10 mM AgNO3 solution and 4E6M was the optimized extract to metal salt solution ratio. The characterization techniques revealed that the synthesized AgNPs were spherical shaped and crystalline with a diameter of less than 30 nm. Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles were tested against two Gram-positive (Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacterial strains for their antibacterial efficiency. Although the studied strains showed limited growth, overall, the effect of nanoparticles was found to be insignificant. It is concluded that the current study is advantageous over other previous studies because the AgNPs were synthesized at room temperature from 10 mM AgNO3 concentration in only 2 hours. Additionally, the present work is simple, ecofriendly, and in-expensive.

This study aimed to determine the analgesic potential of sernai leaves n-Hexan extract on 24 male mice, aged 2-3 month with 20-25 g weighed. This study used split-plot design consisted of 6 groups. P0 as negative control was given aquades and P1 as positive control was given ibuprofen (10 mg/kg Body Weight). Treatment groups including P2, P3, P4, and P5 were given n-Hexan extract of sernai leaves with dosage of 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg/kgBW, respectively. Pain assessment was conducted using Hot Plate method. Observation of mice behaviour including licking it's front and back leg, or by jumping. This study showed there was significant difference (P0,05) between dosage and time. Duncan’s test showed P1 was significantly different (P0,05) from P2, but P3 and P5 were not significantly different from P1. P3 and P4 were significantly different (P0,05) from P2 and not significantly different from P1, while P5 was not significantly different from P3 and significantly different from P1. We can conclude that dosage of 30 and 45 mg/kgBW of n-Hexan extract of sernai leaves had analgesic potential on mice, and 60 mg/kgBW was comparable to ibuprofen as pain relieve in mice

The purpose of this research was to determine the poten cy of methanol ic extract of sernai stem (Wedelia bilflora) as analgesic to mice (Mus muculus) compared to ibuprofen. This research use split-plot method with 5 treatment s and 5 replication s . Group P0 as negative control was given aquades t , P1 as positive control was given ibuprofen , while P2, P3, and P4 were given the extract with dosage of 40, 50 , and 60 mg/kg bw , respectively . The pain analysis of mice was conducted using hotplate method and the observation was carried out at 0 minut e , 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes. The data was analyze d using analysis of vari a ns (Anova) followed by D uncan ’s test. The results of this research sho wed that P1, P2, P3 and P4 had significant difference (P 0,05) from P2 but it was different from P3 and P4 (P

Two sesquiterpene lactones with the (9R)-eudesman-9,12-olide framework, wedelolides I and J, have been isolated together with five eudesmanolide sesquiterpenes and twelve ent-kaurene diterpenes from the aerial parts of Indonesian Wedelia prostrata. The absolute configurations of wedelolides I and J, proposed in the previous communication, were proven by comparing their experimental Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) spectra with the calculated ECD spectrum of wedelolide I. The phytochemical study on the aerial parts of Okinawan Wedelia chinensis led to the isolation of three other eudesmanolide sesquiterpenes in addition to the three sesquiterpenes and eleven diterpenes isolated from the Indonesian W. prostrata as above. However, the wedelolide derivatives found in the Indonesian plant were not detected. Among these compounds, most of the diterpenes inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B activity, and a structure-activity relationship study revealed that the cinnamoyl group enhanced inhibitory activity. Therefore, two ent-kaurene derivatives with and without a cinnamoyl group were examined for the ability to accumulate phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt) because PTP1B dephosphorylates signal transduction from the insulin receptor such as phosphorylated Akt, a key downstream effector. However, neither compound enhanced insulin-stimulated p-Akt levels in two human hepatoma cell lines (Huh-7 and HepG2) at non-cytotoxic doses.

In a controlled experiment, we assessed the effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacterium (PSB) on the soil metal (Cu2+) phytoremediation by Wedelia trilobata and examined the effect of the interaction of Cu contamination and PSB on the growth of W. trilobata. We also explored the effect of the interaction of Cu contamination and PSB on the soil microflora. The results showed that the removal efficiency of Cu from soil by W. trilobata increased with an increase in the concentration of PSB, and the translocation factors of Cu (i.e., leaf:root and stem:root) were both significantly upregulated by PSB. The PSB significantly promoted the growth of W. trilobata; however, the effect of the Cu-PSB interaction on the leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of W. trilobata was not significant, whereas copper contamination had a significant negative influence on the soil microflora, PSB had a significant positive influence on the soil microflora. Thus, PSB improved the phytoremediation efficiency of W. trilobata in Cu-contaminated soil because of the positive influence on the soil microflora, improving soil quality, which then increased the growth of W. trilobata in Cu-contaminated soil. The vigorous growth of W. trlobata led to higher of Cu absorption and translocation from soil as the ultimate result.

Green synthetic route of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has already been proved to be an advantageous over other physico-chemical approaches due to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, ecofriendly and nontoxicity. In this finding, aqueous Wedelia chinensis leaf extract (WLE) mediated synthesis of AgNPs was approached. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 408 nm preliminary indicated the formation of AgNPs, while TEM and XRD characterization confirmed the formation of spherically shaped and crystalline AgNPs with an average size of 31.68 nm, respectively. The plausible biomolecules in the aqueous leaf extract responsible for the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs were identified by FTIR analysis and found to be polyphenolic groups in flavonoid. Further, synthesized AgNPs was explored for different biological applications. Biosynthesized AgNPs showed significant free radical scavenging activity as compared to Wedelia leaf extract and antibacterial activity against clinically isolated test pathogens where Gram-negative bacteria were found more susceptible to AgNPs than Gram-positive one. In addition, in vitro cytotoxic response was also evaluated on hepatocellular carcinoma Hep G2 cell lines and showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic response with an IC50 value of 25 μg/mL. Keywords: Wedelia chinensis, AgNPs, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity

Wedelia calendulacea has a long history of use in the Indian Ayurvedic System of Medicine for the treatment, prevention, and cure of a diverse range of human diseases such as diabetes obesity, and other metabolic diseases. A wide range of chemical constituents, such as triterpenoid saponin, kauren diterpene, and coumestans, has been isolated from the plant. Conversely, no published literature is available in relation to the isolation of wedelolactone (WEL) for its anti-diabetic effect. The aim of the present study was to isolate the bioactive phyto-constituent from Wedelia calendulacea and to scrutinize the antidiabetic effect with its possible mechanism of action. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated by different spectroscopy techniques. Proteins, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPPIV), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ (PPARγ), were also subjected to in silico docking. Later, this isolated compound was scrutinized against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme activity along with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for estimation of glucose utilization. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used for the induction of type II diabetes mellitus (DM) in Wistar rats. The rats were divided into different groups and received the WEL (5, 10, and 20 mg kg−1, b.w.) and glibenclamide (2.5 mg kg−1, b.w.) for 28 days. The blood glucose level (BGL), plasma insulin, and body weight were determined at regular time intervals. The serum lipid profile hypolipidemic effect for the different antioxidant markers and hepatic tissue markers were scrutinized along with an inflammatory mediator to deduce the possible mechanism. With the help of spectroscopy techniques, the isolated compound was identified as wedelolactone. In the docking study, WEL showed docking scores of −6.17, −9.43, and −7.66 against DPP4, GLUTI, and PRARY, respectively. WEL showed the inhibition of α-glucosidase (80.65%) and α-amylase (93.83%) and suggested an effect on postprandial hyperglycemia. In the OGTT, WEL significantly (P < 0.001) downregulated the BGL, a marker for better utilization of drugs. In the diabetes model, WEL reduced the BGL and enhanced the plasma insulin and body weight. It also significantly (P < 0.001) modulated the lipid profile; this suggested an anti-hyperlipidemia effect. WEL significantly (P < 0.001) distorted the hepatic tissue, acting as an antioxidant marker in a dose-dependent manner. WEL significantly (P < 0.001) downregulated the C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) level. On the basis of the available results, we can conclude that WEL can be an alternative drug for the treatment of type II DM either by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediator or by the downregulation of oxidative stress.

Plants with clonal growth may suffer from great fragmentation risk due to frequent disturbance. Meanwhile, storage capacity of clonal organs (stolon or rhizome) is important for survival and growth of clonal fragments. However, few studies have compared the difference in the regeneration capacity of clonal fragments between invasive clonal plants and congeneric native species. More studies between invasive plants and their congeneric native species are needed to provide insight into traits that contribute to invasiveness. Single-node fragments with stolon internode of different length were used to investigate the effects of stolon storage on survival and growth of three stoloniferous invasive plants (Wedelia trilobata, Alternanthera philoxeroides and Hydrocotyle vulgaris) and their congeneric native species (Wedelia chinensis, Alternanthera sessilis and Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides). Soluble sugar, starch and soluble protein contents of stolon internode per unit length were significantly greater in the three invasive plants than in their congeneric native species. During the experiment, regeneration of clonal fragments was not observed in A. sessilis. With increasing of stolon internode length, accumulative emergence rate of clonal fragments and biomass of their regenerated ramets significantly increased in the other five species. Accumulative emergence rate of clonal fragments and biomass of their regenerated ramets were significantly greater in invasive plant H. vulgaris than in its congeneric native species. A similar pattern was observed in the clonal fragments with stolon internode of long and medium length for Wedelia species pair. In the experiment, regeneration capacity of clonal fragments varied with species and stolon internode length. Clonal fragments of stoloniferous invasive plants benefit more from stolon storage than their congeneric native species. It is suggested that clonal storage may be an important trait for invasiveness of stoloniferous invasive plants. Therefore, intentional fragmentation should be carefully employed to manage stoloniferous invasive plants and avoid the dispersal of generative clonal fragments.

Both global change and biological invasions threaten biodiversity worldwide. However, their interactions and related mechanisms are still not well elucidated. To elucidate potential traits contributing to invasiveness and whether ongoing increase in CO2 aggravates invasions, noxious invasive Wedelia trilobata and native Wedelia urticifolia and Wedelia chinensis were compared under ambient and doubled atmospheric CO2 concentrations in terms of growth, biomass allocation, morphology, and physiology. The invader had consistently higher leaf mass fraction (LMF) and specific leaf area than the natives, contributing to a higher leaf area ratio, and therefore to faster growth and invasiveness. The higher LMF of the invader was due to lower root mass fraction and higher fine root percent. On the other hand, the invader allocated a higher fraction of leaf nitrogen (N) to photosynthetic apparatus, which was associated with its higher photosynthetic rate, and resource use efficiency. All these traits collectively contributed to its invasiveness. CO2 enrichment increased growth of all studied species by increasing actual photosynthesis, although it decreased photosynthetic capacities due to decreased leaf and photosynthetic N contents. Responses of the invasive and native plants to elevated CO2 were not significantly different, indicating that the ongoing increase in CO2 may not aggravate biological invasions, inconsistent with the prevailing results in references. Therefore, more comparative studies of related invasive and native plants are needed to elucidate whether CO2 enrichment facilitates invasions.

Background and Objective: Sorghum is one of the cereal crops that can be used for food and feed. It has a wide adaptability and tolerant to environmental stress. The objective of this study was to introduce sorghum cultivation at dry land in coastal areas. Materials and Methods: Experiment was conducted in Bengkulu, Indonesia, from May-December, 2016. Sorghum varieties and organic soil amendments were evaluated in field experiment conducted in a split plot design with 3 replications. Sorghum varieties as main plots consisted of var. B-100, Kawali, Samurai and Super-2, while organic soil amendments as sub plots consisted of composted empty fruit bunch of palm oil (EFB), composted wedelia (Wedelia trilobata), chicken and cow manures. Physical and chemical properties of soil were analyzed before and after the experiments. Data of growth and yield parameters of sorghum were subjected to two-way analysis of variance and means of significant differences were separated by the least significant difference test at 5% level. Results: Initial soil analysis showed the pH, C-organic and electrical conductivity (EC) were 5.05, 1.48%, 8.01 dS mG1, respectively. Chemical and physical properties of soil improved after one season treated with of organic soil amendments. Significant interaction of sorghum varieties and organic soil amendments was observed on plant height, number of leaves, yield and length of panicles. Composted EFB, Wedelia, chicken and cow manures increased sorghum yield of var. B-100 by 16.58, 13.51, 8.25 and 13.67%, respectively. Soil amendments of composted chicken and cow manures increased dry biomass weight by 25.44 and 21.12%, respectively. The heaviest 1000 seeds were produced by var. B-100, while the heaviest dry biomass was produced by var. Super-2. Conclusion: It was concluded that sorghum has a potential to be developed for seed and for biomass production at dry land of coastal areas after their retrieval by local organic soil amendments.

Simalungun is one of the regencies in North Sumatera province that has various ethnic one of them is Simalungun ethnic. The ethnic community simalungun still use natural materials such as plants in the treatment of various diseases. From the research that has been done found some types of plants that have potential as a traditional medicine that is dominated by the types of Asteraceae family. There are 10 species of Asteraceae family that have potential as traditional medicine: Achillea santolina, Ageratum conyzoides, Cosmos caudatus, Eclipta alba, Emilia sonchifolia, Eupatorium riparium, Gynura segetum, Sonchus arvensis, Tithonia diversifolia, and Wedelia calendulaceae. Potential drugs such as Abdominal pain medication, Drug Injury, Appetite Enhancer, Hair Fertilizer, Peluruh Air Art, Hypertension, and Kidney Stone. Plant part used is part of Leaf.

Seven eudesmanolide sesquiterpenes (1–7) and two ent-kaurene diterpenes (8 and 9) including two new (9R)-eudesman-9,12-olides, named wedelolides I and J (1 and 2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Indonesian Wedelia prostata. The structures of 1 and 2 were assigned based on their spectroscopic data. Diterpenes 8 and 9 inhibited the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with IC50 values of 8.3 and 28 μM, respectively. Among sesquiterpenes 1–7, compound 4, wedelolide D, exhibited 32% inhibitory activity against PTP1B at 20 μM.

Background: Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitch (WT), commonly known as yellow dots or creeping daisy, is a shrub possessing potent biological activities, and is traditionally used a medicinal plant in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani systems of medicines, and it has also been tried against leukemia cell line MEG- 01. In the present study, purification and screening of the plant was done for bioactive compounds in methanolic extract of WT for apoptotic and antileukemia activity. Materials and methods: The methanolic extract of WT was initially purified through thin layer chromatography (TLC) and screened for the apoptotic and anti-leukemia activities. The positive band of TLC was subjected to silica gel column chromatography for further purification and the fractions obtained from it were screened again for antileukemia activity through thymidine uptake assay and apoptotic activity by DNA fragmentation, nuclear staining and flow cytometry assays. The fraction with positive result was subjected to HPLC for analysis of bioactive components. Results: Out of many combinations of solvents, the methanol and dichloromethane combination in the ratio 6:4 has revealed two bands in TLC, among which the second band showed positive results for apoptotic and anti-leukemic activities. Further purification of second band through silica gel chromatography gave five fractions in which the 3rd fraction gave positive results and it shows single peak during compositional analysis through HPLC. Conclusion: The single peak revealed through HPLC indicates the presence of pure compound with apoptotic and antileukemia activities encouraging for further structural analysis.

A new compound derivative of glycoside 19-α-hydroxy-ursolic acid glucoside (19-α-hydroxyurs-12(13)-ene-28-oic acid-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (HEG) was isolated from whole plant of Wedelia calendulacea (Compositae). The structure was elucidated and established by standard spectroscopy approaches. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (200 mg/kg) and ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) (9 mg/kg) were used for induction of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the rats. The rats were further divided into different groups and were treated with HEG doses for 22 weeks. Anti-cancer effect in RCC by HEG was dose dependent to restrict the macroscopical changes as compared to DEN + Fe-NTA-control animals. Significant alteration in biochemical parameters and dose-dependent alleviation in Phase I and Phase II antioxidant enzymes were responsible for its chemo-protective nature. HEG in dose-dependent manner was significant to alter the elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators during RCC. The histopathological changes were observed in the HEG pre-treated group, which was proof for its safety concern as far as its toxicity is concerned. The isolated compound HEG can impart momentous chemo-protection against experimental RCC by suppressing the cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression via nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway.