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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction to Java Web Services The Structure and Components of SOAP-Based Web Services The Procedure of Building a Typical SOAP-Based Web Service Project Getting Started with Java Web Services Using NetBeans IDE Build Java Web Service Projects to Access SQL Server Database Build a Windows-Based Web Client Project to Consume the Web Service Build a Web-Based Client Project to Consume the Web Service Build Java Web Service to Insert Data into the SQL Server Database Build a Windows-Based Web Client Project to Consume the Web Service Build a Web-Based Client Project to Consume the Web Service Build Java Web Service to Update and Delete Data from the SQL Server Database Build a Windows-Based Web Client Project to Consume the Web Service Build a Web-Based Client Project to Consume the Web Service Build Java Web Service Projects to Access Oracle Databases Build a Windows-Based Web Client Project to Consume the Web Service Build a Web-Based Web Client Project to Consume the Web Service Chapter Summary Homework

Personalization is becoming very important direction in semantic web search for the users that needs to find appropriate information. In this paper, a classification of web personalization is proposed and semantic web search tools are investigated. Building user interest profile is essential for personalizing. Nowadays, semantic web tools use ontologies for personalization because of their advantages. It is important to mention that most of the semantic web search tools use agent technologies for implementation., Comment: 5 pages

The rapid growth in the number and diversity of Web APIs, coupled with the myriad of functionally similar Web APIs, makes it difficult to find most suitable Web APIs for users to accelerate and accomplish Mashup development. Even if the existing methods show improvements in Web APIs recommendation, it is still challenging to recommend Web APIs with high accuracy and good diversity. In this paper, we propose an integrated content and network-based service clustering and Web APIs recommendation method for Mashup development. This method, first develop a two-level topic model by using the relationship among Mashup services to mine the latent useful and novel topics for better service clustering accuracy. Moreover, based on the clustering results of Mashups, it designs a collaborative filtering (CF) based Web APIs recommendation algorithm. This algorithm, exploits the implicit co-invocation relationship between Web APIs inferred from the historical invocation history between Mashups clusters and the corresponding Web APIs, to recommend diverse Web APIs for each Mashups clusters. The method is expected to not only find much better matched Mashups with high accuracy, but also diversify the recommendation result of Web APIs with full coverage. Finally, based on a real-world dataset from ProgrammableWeb, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation to measure the performance of our method. Compared with existing methods, experimental results show that our method significantly improves the accuracy and diversity of recommendation results in terms of precision, recall, purity, entropy, DCG and HMD.

Η εξόρυξη γνώσης από βιοϊατρικές εικόνες είναι µια πολύπλοκη και χρονοβόρα διαδικασία, γιατί απαιτούνται πολλά βήµατα, όπως η ρύθµιση του χρώµατος, το φιλτράρισµα της εικόνας, η τµηµατοποίησή της, η εξαγωγή χαρακτηριστικών γνωρισµάτων, ο χαρακτηρισµός της, κ.λπ. Κάθε ένα από αυτά τα βήµατα απαιτεί κατάλληλη βαθµονόµηση, ώστε συνολικά να πετύχουν το βέλτιστο αποτέλεσµα. Αυτή η διδακτορική διατριβή, εστιάζει στην ανάπτυξη ενός πλαισίου, το οποίο περιέχει τις απαραίτητες τεχνικές εξόρυξης και ανάλυσης εικόνας, οργανωµένες σε οντότητες, για την επίλυση των σύνθετων βιοϊατρικών προβληµάτων ανάλυσης εικόνας. Το προτεινόµενο πλαίσιο επιτρέπει το σχεδιασµό διαγραµµάτων ροών εργασίας, για να επιλύσει αυτά τα προβλήµατα. Επιπλέον, παρέχει τη λειτουργία της αυτόµατης δηµιουργίας παράλληλων πολλαπλών εκδόσεων (multiple parallel instances) του διαγράµµατος ροής εργασίας που σχεδιάστηκε, πραγµατοποιώντας όλους τους πιθανούς συνδυασµούς των τελεστών που προστέθηκαν στο διάγραµµα, για να επιλεγεί αυτόµατα ο βέλτιστος συνδυασµός ροής εργασίας. Για την υλοποίηση αυτού του πλαισίου αξιοποιήθηκε η τεχνολογία υπηρεσιών δικτύου (web services technology), σε συνδυασµό µε τη µοντελοποίηση τεχνικών ανάλυσης και εξόρυξης εικόνας (image mining and analysis techniques), σε ανεξάρτητες οντότητες. Η επιλογή της βέλτιστης ροής εργασίας πραγµατοποιείται, είτε συγκρίνοντας τα αποτελέσµατα της τµηµατοποίησης µε την πραγµατικότητα (Ground Truth), είτε µε τη χρήση του µέτρου της απόστασης log-likelihood των οµαδοποιηµένων εντοπισµένων αντικειµένων (clustered salient objects). Για τη χρήση αυτού του πλαισίου απαιτούνται βασικές – και ίσως σε κάποιες περιπτώσεις προχωρηµένες – γνώσεις ανάλυσης εικόνας, αλλά δεν απαιτούνται προγραµµατιστικές γνώσεις. Αυτό το πλαίσιο µπορεί να ενσωµατωθεί στο πρόγραµµα διαχείρισης ροών εργασίας TAVERNA ή σε οποιαδήποτε άλλη παρόµοια πλατφόρµα. Επιπλέον, σε αυτήν τη διδακτορική διατριβή, παρουσιάζονται όλα τα βιοϊατρικά προβλήµατα ανάλυσης εικόνας που εξετάσθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια της εκπόνησής της. Καθεµιά από τις προτεινόµενες προσεγγίσεις εξόρυξης εικόνας, χρησιµοποιεί το προτεινόµενο πλαίσιο. Όλες οι προσεγγίσεις εξήγαγαν ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσµατα, χρησιµοποιώντας τις δυνατότητες του προτεινόµενου πλαισίου. Επιπλέον, ορισµένα πρόσθετα σενάρια εξόρυξης εικόνας µοντελοποιήθηκαν στο προτεινόµενο πλαίσιο, αποδεικνύοντας την αποδοτική λειτουργία της εύρεσης της βέλτιστης ροής εργασίας.

Η συγκεκριμένη διατριβή στοχεύει στον σχεδιασμό της μεθοδολογίας που θα εφαρμοστεί για την υλοποίηση ενός προσκομιστή πληροφορίας από τον Παγκόσμιο Ιστό, ο οποίος θα λειτουργεί λαμβάνοντας υπόψη θεματικά κριτήρια. Τέτοιου είδους προγράμματα ανίχνευσης πληροφορίας, είναι ευρέως γνωστά ως θεματικά εστιασμένοι προσκομιστές ιστοσελίδων. Κατά τη διάρκεια της μελέτης μας, σχεδιάσαμε και υλοποιήσαμε ένα καινοτόμο σύστημα θεματικής κατηγοριοποίησης ιστοσελίδων που κάνει εκτεταμένη χρήση των σημασιολογικών δεδομένων τα οποία περιέχονται στο σημασιολογικό δίκτυο WordNet. Η απόφαση για την αξιοποίηση του WordNet ελήφθη με τη φιλοδοξία να αντιμετωπιστούν αποτελεσματικά φαινόμενα ασάφειας εννοιών που μειώνουν τις επιδόσεις των διαθέσιμων θεματικών κατηγοριοποιητών. Η καταλληλότητα του WordNet για την επίλυση της σημασιολογικής ασάφειας έχει αποδειχθεί στο παρελθόν, αλλά ποτέ δεν εξετάστηκε σε ένα σύστημα εστιασμένης προσκόμισης ιστοσελίδων με τον συγκεκριμένο τρόπο, ενώ ποτέ δεν έχει αξιοποιηθεί στην κατηγοριοποίηση ιστοσελίδων για την ελληνική γλώσσα. Ως εκ τούτου, ο θεματικός κατηγοριοποιητής που υλοποιήσαμε, και κατά συνέπεια, και ο εστιασμένος προσκομιστής στον οποίο ενσωματώνεται ο κατηγοριοποιητής, είναι καινοτόμοι όσο αφορά τον τρόπο με τον οποίο αποσαφηνίζουν έννοιες λέξεων με στόχο την αποτελεσματική ανίχνευση του θεματικού προσανατολισμού μίας ιστοσελίδας .Ένας προσκομιστής ιστοσελίδων είναι ένα πρόγραμμα που με αφετηρία μία λίστα διευθύνσεων ιστοσελίδων (URLs) αρχικοποίησης προσκομίζει το περιεχόμενο των ιστοσελίδων που συναντά και συνεχίζει ακολουθώντας τους εσωτερικούς τους συνδέσμους με απώτερο σκοπό την προσκόμιση όσο το δυνατό μεγαλύτερου υποσυνόλου δεδομένων του Παγκόσμιου Ιστού (ανάλογα με τους διαθέσιμους πόρους, την χωρητικότητα του δικτύου, κλπ.). Δεδομένου ότι ο όγκος των δεδομένων που είναι διαθέσιμα στον Παγκόσμιο Ιστό αυξάνεται με εκθετικό ρυθμό, είναι πρακτικά αδύνατο να προσκομιστούν όλες οι ζητούμενες πηγές πληροφορίας ανά πάσα στιγμή. Ένας τρόπος για να αντιμετωπίσουμε το συγκεκριμένο πρόβλημα είναι η εκμετάλλευση συστημάτων εστιασμένης προσκόμισης ιστοσελίδων που στοχεύουν στη λήψη ιστοσελίδων συγκεκριμένης θεματολογίας που εκφράζουν κάθε φορά το θεματικό προφίλ του χρήστη, σε αντίθεση με τους προσκομιστές ιστοσελίδων γενικού σκοπού που καταναλώνουν πόρους άσκοπα προσπαθώντας να προσκομίσουν κάθε πιθανή πηγή πληροφορίας που συναντούν. Οι εστιασμένοι προσκομιστές χρησιμοποιούνται εκτενώς, για την κατασκευή θεματικά προσανατολισμένων ευρετηρίων ιστοσελίδων, κάθε ένα από τα οποία έχει την δυνατότητα να εξυπηρετήσει αιτήσεις χρηστών με συγκεκριμένο θεματικό προσανατολισμό. Με αυτό τον τρόπο είναι δυνατόν να αντιμετωπιστεί το πρόβλημα της υπερφόρτωσης πληροφοριών.Προκειμένου να επιτελέσουμε την συγκεκριμένη εργασία μελετήσαμε εκτενώς υπάρχουσες τεχνικές εστιασμένης προσκόμισης, στις οποίες στηριχθήκαμε ώστε να ορίσουμε την μεθοδολογία που θα ακολουθήσουμε. Το αποτέλεσμα είναι η υλοποίηση ενός θεματικά εστιασμένου πολυνηματικού προσκομιστή, ο οποίος ενσωματώνει τις εξής καινοτομίες: είναι ρυθμισμένος προκειμένου να εκτελεί εστιασμένες προσκομίσεις σε ιστοσελίδες ελληνικού ενδιαφέροντος, αποσαφηνίζει το κείμενο που αντιστοιχεί σε ιστοσελίδες προκειμένου να ανακαλύψει τον θεματικό τους προσανατολισμό. Επιπλέον προτείνουμε μία σειρά υποσυστημάτων τα οποία θα μπορούσαν να ενσωματωθούν στο σύστημα εστιασμένης προσκόμισης προκειμένου να ενισχύσουμε την απόδοσή του. Τέτοια συστήματα είναι το υποσύστημα ανίχνευσης όψεων που αντιστοιχίζονται σε επώνυμες οντότητες καθώς και το υποσύστημα εξαγωγής λέξεων κλειδιών που μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως χαρακτηριστικά κατηγοριοποίσης από το αλφαριθμητικό των διευθύνσεων (URL) ιστοσελίδων. Για να παρουσιάσουμε την αποτελεσματικότητα της προτεινόμενης μεθόδου, διενεργήσαμε μία σειρά πειραματικών μετρήσεων. Συγκεκριμένα αξιολογήσαμε πειραματικά τα ακόλουθα: την αποτελεσματικότητα του αλγορίθμου αποσαφήνισης που ενσωματώσαμε στον προσκομιστή, την απόδοση του θεματικού κατηγοριοποιητή ο οποίος καθορίζει την συμπεριφορά του εστιασμένου προσκομιστή σχετικά με το αν μια σελίδα θα πρέπει να κατέβει ως θεματικά σχετική με το θέμα ενδιαφέροντος ή όχι, την απόδοση του εστιασμένου προσκομιστή καταγράφοντας τον ρυθμό απόκτησης που επιτυγχάνει κατά την διάρκεια της εστιασμένης προσκόμισης χρησιμοποιώντας κάθε φορά διαφορετικά χαρακτηριστικά κατηγοριοποίησης, την καταλληλότητα του υποσυστήματος εξαγωγής λέξεων-κλειδιών από το αλφαριθμητικό URL για την περιγραφή του θεματικού προσανατολισμού της ιστοσελίδας και τέλος τη χρησιμότητα του συστήματος αναγνώρισης επώνυμων οντοτήτων στην οργάνωση ιστοσελίδων των οποίων η σημασιολογία δεν αναπαρίσταται ικανοποιητικά σε σημασιολογικούς πόρους γενικού σκοπού συμπεριλαμβανομένου του σημασιολογικού δικτύου WordNet.Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώνουν τη συμβολή του θεματικά εστιασμένου προσκομιστή που προτείνουμε στην προσκόμιση περιεχομένου ειδικού ενδιαφέροντος από τον Παγκόσμιο Ιστό. Παράλληλα αποδεικνύουμε ότι όλες οι μέθοδοι που ενσωματώσαμε στο σύστημα εστιασμένης προσκόμισης είναι δυνατό να συνεργαστούν κατά τρόπο που να βελτιώνει την απόδοση του προσκομιστή .Τέλος από τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα αποδεικνύεται ότι η προτεινόμενη τεχνική είναι εξίσου αποτελεσματική για ιστοσελίδες στα αγγλικά και στα ελληνικά. Επιπλέον πιστεύουμε ότι μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί με επιτυχία και σε ιστοσελίδες που περιέχουν κείμενα άλλων φυσικών γλωσσών, με προϋπόθεση την ύπαρξη σημασιολογικών πόρων, αντίστοιχων με το WordNet και διαθέσιμων εργαλείων που θα επιτρέπουν την ανάλυση των δεδομένων κειμένου τους.

Most websites use interactive online forms as the main contact point between users and website owners (e.g. companies, governmental institutions, ect.). Therefore, a proper design of such forms is crucial to allow smooth information exchange. It can be decisive on the success or failure of an online transaction. Users mostly visit a website with an intention that is related to the content of that site (e.g. purchasing an article, gathering information). Hence, they do not visit a website with the intention or goal of filling in a web form. Let us illustrate this with an online shopping example: Once users have chosen the items that they wish to buy, they want to finish their shopping as quickly, easily and safely as possible. But to successfully complete the shopping process users have to provide some personal data such as shipping address or credit card information. In the users perception, an online form may be perceived as a hurdle. There is evidence that unusable web forms lead to customers aborting the transaction prematurely, resulting in loss of profit (Wroblewski, 2008). To prevent such dropouts from the buying process, a revision of the form is necessary. A successful redesign of a suboptimal online form may result in an increased completion rate in the range of 10%-40% (Wroblewski, 2008). For instance, the eBay User Experience and Design Group reported that a redesign of the eBay registration form made a significant contribution to eBay’s business and user success (Herman, 2004). The World Wide Web contains a wide range of different web form design solutions for similar interface aspects and problems. Exemplarily, Figure 1 shows four different ways of implementing and communicating format restrictions to users. It can be seen, that even website developers of major companies choose very different ways to solve the same problems. This raises several important questions: Are these solutions equivalent or are there ways that lead to superior web forms in terms of an enhanced usability? Would it not be advantageous to use similar solutions for similar problems, so that predictability for users can be increased? Are there different solutions that may be used depending on the developer’s intentions? In the last years a growing body of research and guidelines have been published on how to make online forms more usable. They answer to a certain extent the questions mentioned

The investigation on airline sites based in Eastern and Western country confirms that there are certain ways to localise web sites based on cultural differences of target users. These suggestions were made to plan ahead, as all languages are not created equal and have their own nuances. The suggestions encourage a designer to be aware of cultural differences, present a clear choice, know the target users, avoid slang, and keep information current on the site. However not many airline sites seemed to be aware of how cultural difference impact on local users' preferences. Even though a global site provided links to other country sites, the site was in English and only three sites provided languages other than English for other country users. However the investigation provides an important framework for evaluating characteristics of web design features, and identifying culture differences that will help improve ease of use and satisfaction for international users. It was observed during the study that global airline sites mainly focused on English users rather than on other language users. In general, global e-commerce sites provided links to regions or country pages, which were partially customised. The customisation goes some way in providing access to international users. This convenience does break a language barrier but most of the global sites only provided essentially the same design features as on the home page. Perhaps this common practice aligns with providers' business goals or other reasons for creating awareness amongst customers, but does not deliver the full potential of a B2C ecommerce business. However it is necessary to understand users in different countries and their experiences in global sites to be effectively involved with e-commerce because customers are more comfortable with doing business in a familiar environment. This implies that, it is necessary to elicit how the web design features appeal to users in different cultures, and how designers in different countries approach the creation of usable design features for local and international users. The investigation was targeted on finding commonalities and differences in design features related to different countries based on global airline sites. The reason for studying global airline sites was that airlines provide similar services following similar business practices, so the design features were more likely to be linked to target users' and designers' country of origin and typical choices of preferred web design features. The fact that airlines provide global services, covering multiple cultural groups also makes it logical to derive such conclusions. The key conclusion of this investigation was that the different country users have different favourites and reasons to use global sites. Hence the e-commerce providers and designers need to be prepared to make a distinction in design of sites for international users. It is important that the international users have different ways of adopting culture in e-commerce especially in a global context. In global sites, adopting culture in e-commerce

Nowadays, many users use web search engines to find and gather information. User faces an increasing amount of various semi-structured information sources. The issue of correlating, integrating and presenting related information to users becomes important. When a user uses a search engine such as Yahoo and Google to seek a specific information, the results are not only information about the availability of the desired information, but also information about other pages on which the desired information is mentioned. The number of selected pages is enormous. Therefore, the performance capabilities, the overlap among results for the same queries and limitations of web search engines are an important and large area of research. Extracting information from the web data sources also becomes very important because the massive and increasing amount of diverse semi-structured information sources in the Internet that are available to users, and the variety of web pages making the process of information extraction from web a challenging problem. This paper proposes a framework for extracting, classifying and browsing semi-structured web data sources. The framework is able to extract relevant information from different web data sources, and classify the extracted information based on the standard classification of Nokia products.

Web mapping and the use of geospatial information online have evolved rapidly over the past few decades. Almost everyone in the world uses mapping information, whether or not one realizes it. Almost every mobile phone now has location services and every event and object on the earth has a location. The use of this geospatial location data has expanded rapidly, thanks to the development of the Internet. Huge volumes of geospatial data are available and daily being captured online, and are used in web applications and maps for viewing, analysis, modeling and simulation. This paper reviews the developments of web mapping from the first static online map images to the current highly interactive, multi-sourced web mapping services that have been increasingly moved to cloud computing platforms. The whole environment of web mapping captures the integration and interaction between three components found online, namely, geospatial information, people and functionality. In this paper, the trends and interactions among these components are identified and reviewed in relation to the technology developments. The review then concludes by exploring some of the opportunities and directions. Keywords: web mapping; Web GIS; Internet; online; web services; digital earth; GeoWeb; semantic web; collaborative; development era

Mobile Web applications (a.k.a., Web apps) stand for an important trend for next-generation Internet-based software. Currently popular mobile Web apps need to be adapted to various and ever-changing contexts and personalized user requirements. Based on our over-decade research experiences and practice on the Internetware paradigm, this position article describes an Internetware-oriented approach to designing, developing, and deploying situational mobile Web apps, by synthesizing the resources and services of mobile and cloud. Guided by a novel Service-Model-View-Controller (SMVC) software model, a mobile Web app is organized into a well-defined structure that facilitates adaptation including online/offline data access, computation offloading, user interface optimization, hybrid composition, etc. We provide efficient runtime support spanning mobile and cloud to make mobile Web apps more flexibly adaptive. The proof-of-concept evaluation demonstrates that our approach can benefit end-users with optimized user experience of mobile Web apps.

As abundant and user-friendly as computer-aided drug design (CADD) software may seem, there is still a large underserved population of biomedical researchers around the world, particularly those with no computational training and limited research funding. To address this important need and help scientists overcome barriers that impede them from leveraging CADD in their drug discovery work, we have developed ezCADD, a web-based CADD modeling environment that manifests four simple design concepts: easy, quick, user-friendly, and 2D/3D visualization-enabled. In this paper, we describe the features of three fundamental applications that have been implemented in ezCADD: small-molecule docking, protein-protein docking, and binding pocket detection, and their applications in drug design against a pathogenic microbial enzyme as an example. To assess user experience and the effectiveness of our implementation, we introduced ezCADD to first-year pharmacy students as an active learning exercise in the Principles of Drug Action course. The web service robustly handled 95 simultaneous molecular docking jobs. Our survey data showed that among the 95 participating students, 97% completed the molecular docking experiment on their own at least partially without extensive training; 88% considered ezCADD easy and user-friendly; 99-100% agreed that ezCADD enhanced the understanding of drug-receptor structures and recognition; and the student experience in molecular modeling and visualization was significantly improved from zero to a higher level. The student feedback represents the baseline data of user experience from noncomputational researchers. It is demonstrated that in addition to supporting drug discovery research, ezCADD is also an effective tool for promoting science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. More advanced CADD applications are being developed and added to ezCADD, available at http://dxulab.org/software .

There has been recently a growth of interest in developing the current machine-readable Web towards the next generation of machine-understandable Web - Semantic Web. The development of the Web to a global business was reasonably fast, whereas Semantic Web development has taken time from a plan to be used as the mainstream Web. It is also important to note that the use of Semantic Web would only be successful in small technologies. However, the goal of Semantic Web is to be used in big technologies and to be the mainstream Web. Some challenges may impede make further progress of Semantic Web. In this review paper, an overview of the current status and future needs of Semantic Web will be presented. Specifically, the challenges and needs of Semantic Web in the hope of shedding some light on the adoption or infusion of Semantic Web in the future will be discussed. Then, a critical evaluation of these challenges and needs will be presented. Semantic Web has a clear vision. It is moving, in line with this vision, towards overcoming the challenges and usability in real world applications.

Key fields in the humanities, such as history, art and language, are central to a major transformation that is changing scholarly practice in these fields: the so-called Digital Humanities (DH). A fundamental question in DH is how humanities datasets can be represented digitally, in such a way that machines can process them, understand their meaning, facilitate their inquiry, and exchange them on the Web. In this paper, we survey current efforts within the Semantic Web and Linked Data, a family of Webcompatible knowledge representation formalisms and standards, to represent DH objects in quantitative history and symbolic music. We also argue that the technological gap between the Semantic Web and Linked Data, and DH data owners is currently too wide for effective access and consumption of these semantically enabled humanities data. To this end, we proposegrlc, a thin middleware that leverages currently existing queries on the Web (expressed in, e.g., SPARQL) to transparently build standard Web APIs that facilitate access to any Linked Data.

Early project risk management identification is a vital decision-making process, essential for the successful delivery of projects. Nevertheless, the systematic approach in risk management practices is still not carried out during the project initiation phases. Therefore, the focus of this dissertation is on the systematic model approach, in early phases of project initiation: establishing of limitations, by which risks are controllable via model stage gates, as well as the analysis of specific risks per phases. Research results underline the need for proposed risk model response, risk mitigation action plan, as well as the need for awareness appraisal in early project initiation phases. The dissertation is based on risk management practices, risk and analysis methods, and contingency mitigations approaches, for the predominant project elements, emphasizing risks occurrence probability, rigorousness of risk identification, and risk evaluation, in the initiation phases of the project. The research is based on case-study of two industry projects, with the initiation/execution and preparation/execution approaches., Рана идентификација при управљању ризицима је важан процес доношења одлука, неопходан за успешну испоруку пројеката. Ипак, у пракси, систематски прилаз у управљању ризицима се још увек не спроводи током фазе иницирања пројекта. Сходно реченом, ова дисертација акцентује систематски приступ у почетним фазама инцирања пројекта,односно, успостављање ограничења којима се могу контролисати ризици, по капијама модела ризика, као и анализа специфичних ризика, по идентификованим фазама. Резултати истраживања указују на потребу за предложеним моделом управљања ризицима, акционим планом ублажавања такивх ризика, као и потребу за правоременим подизањем свести о поменутим ризицима, у почетним фазама иницирања пројекта. Дисертација се ослања на практичне аспекте управљањаризицима, методе анализе ризика и приступе за смањење ризика од непредвидивости, за главне елементе пројекта, са фокусом на вероватноћу појаве ризика и ригорозности идентификације и евалуације ризика у фази иницирања пројекта. Истраживање се заснива на студији слуцаја два индустријска пројекта, са приступима као што су: иницијација / извршење и припрема / извршење., Rana identifikacija pri upravljanju rizicima je važan proces donošenja odluka, neophodan za uspešnu isporuku projekata. Ipak, u praksi, sistematski prilaz u upravljanju rizicima se još uvek ne sprovodi tokom faze iniciranja projekta. Shodno rečenom, ova disertacija akcentuje sistematski pristup u početnim fazama inciranja projekta,odnosno, uspostavljanje ograničenja kojima se mogu kontrolisati rizici, po kapijama modela rizika, kao i analiza specifičnih rizika, po identifikovanim fazama. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na potrebu za predloženim modelom upravljanja rizicima, akcionim planom ublažavanja takivh rizika, kao i potrebu za pravoremenim podizanjem svesti o pomenutim rizicima, u početnim fazama iniciranja projekta. Disertacija se oslanja na praktične aspekte upravljanjarizicima, metode analize rizika i pristupe za smanjenje rizika od nepredvidivosti, za glavne elemente projekta, sa fokusom na verovatnoću pojave rizika i rigoroznosti identifikacije i evaluacije rizika u fazi iniciranja projekta. Istraživanje se zasniva na studiji slucaja dva industrijska projekta, sa pristupima kao što su: inicijacija / izvršenje i priprema / izvršenje.

Web application providers have been migrating their applications to cloud data centers, attracted by the emerging cloud computing paradigm. One of the appealing features of the cloud is elasticity. It allows cloud users to acquire or release computing resources on demand, which enables web application providers to automatically scale the resources provisioned to their applications without human intervention under a dynamic workload to minimize resource cost while satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In this article, we comprehensively analyze the challenges that remain in auto-scaling web applications in clouds and review the developments in this field. We present a taxonomy of auto-scalers according to the identified challenges and key properties. We analyze the surveyed works and map them to the taxonomy to identify the weaknesses in this field. Moreover, based on the analysis, we propose new future directions that can be explored in this area.

With the rapid development of digital cameras, we have witnessed an explosive growth of digital images. Every day, a tremendous amount of images together with rich contextual information (e.g., tags, categories and captions) are posted to Internet. There is an increasing interest in exploiting those web images for building intelligent visual recognition systems. While some works have been proposed to collect large scale image datasets by crawling web images from Internet, considerable human efforts are still required to annotate those images to train classifiers for visual recognition. In this thesis, we propose to develop novel learning algorithms for visual recognition by learning from web data, in which we aim to use as less as possible human efforts for annotating the training data. First, considering that web images are usually associated with noisy surrounding textual descriptions, we treat the words in the surrounding text as weak labels and formulate the task of learning from web data as a multi-instance learning (MIL) problem. By observing the relevant images usually contain many true positive images, we generalize the traditional MIL constraints on positive bags to that each positive bag contains at least a portion of positive instances. To effectively exploit such constraints on positive bags, we develop a new MIL algorithm called MIL with constrained positive bags (MIL-CPB) for web image retrieval. Observing that the constraints are not always satisfied in the MIL-CPB, a progressive scheme is proposed to further improve the retrieval performance, in which we iteratively partition the top-ranked training web images from the current MIL-CPB classifier to construct more confident positive bags and then use these new bags as training data to learn the subsequent MIL-CPB classifiers. Second, when the web training data is represented with multiple views of features, we further propose a co-labeling approach to improve the classifiers learnt from web data by using multiple views of features. We model the learning problem on each view as a weakly labeled learning problem, and use the predicted training labels from the classifier trained on one view to help the classifier on another view. Our co-labeling approach not only can handle the traditional multi-view semi-supervised learning problem, but also can be applied to other multi-view weakly labeled learning problem such as multi-view MIL. Finally, we observe that there are intrinsic differences between the crawled web training data and the testing images in our daily lives, which is also known as the domain adaptation problem. Particularly, we study the heterogeneous domain adaptation problem, in which the samples in source and target domains are with different feature representations. We build upon the recent Heterogeneous Feature Augmentation (HFA) method, and propose a convex reformulation of HFA, which can guarantee the global optimal solution. We further extend the HFA method to semi-supervised HFA (SHFA), in which we improve the learnt classifiers by exploiting the additional unlabeled data from the target domain. For all our proposed approaches, we conduct extensive experiments on publicly available datasets to demonstrate their effectiveness. DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (SCE)

Information on the World Wide Web appears in diverse forms, including text, image, audio, and video. Presented with a wide range of information, an information user often takes great effort to correlate and track online information related to specific topics of interest. Fusion of multimedia information in a unified framework is thus needed for efficiently understanding and further analyzing the semantically related information. This thesis addresses the problem of multimedia web information fusion and analysis by presenting an approach for modelling multimedia information in a unified semantic framework, based on which cross-media information analysis and mining is realized. As multimedia data are heterogeneous in their contents and formats, we employ a strategy for multimedia information fusion based on semantics of the data. Specifically, we develop two methods, one using a statistical vague transformation technique and the other employing a self-organizing neural network, to associate web images with related surrounding texts, based on which the semantics of the media objects can be extracted. Our experiments show that the proposed methods can identify associated image and text pairs with good accuracy and outperform a state-of-the-art method for image annotation using a statistical relevance model. To support cross-media analysis, this thesis develops a semantic representation schema, that combines MPEG-7 multimedia description, RDF language specification, and conceptual graph based knowledge representation techniques for modelling multimedia information. In addition, we develop a semantic metadata extraction algorithm utilizing a myriad of natural language processing (NLP) techniques to automatically extract concepts and relations from text contents. The extracted concepts are formally represented as bags of WordNet senses, based on which an incremental clustering approach i ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library

With the rapid growth of the Internet and mobile devices, Web-based education has become a ubiquitous learning platform in many institutions to provide students with online learning courses and materials through freely accessible educational websites. To make learning effective, it is important to assess and evaluate the proficiency and ability of the learners while they are learning the concepts. Currently, Web-based testing has been popularly used for automatic self-assessment especially in Web-based learning environments. Different from passive course archives like MIT OpenCourseWare, the online courses are interactive and can assess learners automatically on what they have learnt via Web-based testing. The main benefit is that learners can take classes at their own pace and get immediate feedback on their proficiency, unlike traditional classes. In this research, we propose a Web-based Mathematics Testing Environment, which consists of three major components, namely question item calibration, online test paper generation, and automatic solution assessment. Question item calibration calibrates the attributes of each question in the question database. Online test paper generation generates test papers automatically from the question database with online runtime requirement. After the test paper has been answered online, automatic solution assessment can then evaluate the correctness of user answers. This research aims to investigate different multiobjective optimization, data mining and probabilistic techniques for supporting the three components of the Web-based Mathematics testing environment. More specifically, it focuses mainly on online test paper generation, parallel test paper generation, automatic question difficulty calibration and automatic mathematical solution assessment. DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (SCE)

The web service computing paradigm has introduced great benefits to the growth of e-markets, both under the customer to business and the business to business models. The value capabilities allowed by the conception of web services, such as interoperability, efficiency, just-in-time integration, etc., have made them the most common way of doing business online. With the maturation of the web services underlying functional properties and facilitating standards, and with the proliferation of the amounts of data they use and they generate, researchers and practitioners have been dedicating considerable efforts to the related emerging privacy concerns. The literature contains number of research works on these privacy concerns, each addressing them from a different focal point. We have explored the available literature on web services privacy during transactions, to present, in this paper, a thorough survey of the most relevant published proposals. We identified 20 works that address privacy related problems in web services consumption. We categorize them based on the approach they take and we compare them based on a proposed evaluation framework, derived from the adopted techniques and addressed requirements.

Current urban and district energy management systems lack a common semantic referential for e�ectively interrelating intelligent sensing, data models and energy models with visualization, analysis and decision support tools. This paper describes the structure, as well as the rationale that led to this structure, of an ontology that captures the real-world concepts of a district energy system, such as a district heating and cooling system. This ontology (called eedistrict ontology) is intended to support knowledge provision that can play the role of an intermediate layer between high-level energy management software applications and local monitoring and control software components. In order to achieve that goal, the authors propose to encapsulate queries to the ontology in a scalable web service, which will facilitate the development of interfaces for third-party applications. Considering the size of the ee-district ontology once populated with data from a speci�c district case study, this could prove to be a repetitive and time-consuming task for the software developer. This paper therefore assesses the feasibility of ontology-driven automation of web service development that is to be a core element in the deployment of heterogeneous district-wide energy management software.

The upsurge of mobile devices paired with highly interactive social web applications generates enormous amounts of requests web services have to deal with. Consequently in our previous work, a novel request flow scheme with scalable components was proposed for storing interdependent, permanently updated resources in a database. The major challenge is to process dependencies in an optimal fashion while maintaining dependency constraints. In this work, three research objectives are evaluated by examining resource dependencies and their key graph measurements. An all-sources longest-path algorithm is presented for efficient processing and dependencies are analysed to find correlations between performance and graph measures. Two algorithms basing their parameters on six real-world web service structures, e.g., Facebook Graph API are developed to generate dependency graphs and a model is developed to estimate performance based on resource parameters. An evaluation of four graph series discusses performance effects of different graph structures. The results of an evaluation of 2,000 web services with over 850 thousand resources and 6 million requests indicate that resource dependency processing can be up to a factor of two faster compared to a traditional processing approach while an average model fit of 97 percent allows an accurate prediction.

Internet and Web technologies have changed our lives in ways we are not yet fully aware of. In the near future, Internet will interconnect more than 50 billion things in the real world, nodes will sense billions of features and properties of interest, and things will be represented by web-based, bi-directional services with highly dynamic content and real-time data. This is the new era of the Internet and the Web of Things . Since the emergence of such paradigms implies the evolution and integration of the systems with which they interact, it is essential to develop abstract models for representing and simulating the Web of Things in order to establish new approaches. This article describes a Web of Things model based on a structured XML representation. We also present a simulator whose ultimate goal is to encapsulate the expected dynamics of the Web of Things for the future development of information retrieval (IR) systems. The simulator generates a real-time collection of XML documents containing spatio-temporal contexts and textual and sensed information of highly dynamic dimensions. The simulator is characterized by its flexibility and versatility for representing real-world scenarios and offers a unique perspective for information retrieval. In this article, we evaluate and test the simulator in terms of its performance variables for computing resource consumption and present our experimentation with the simulator on three real scenarios by considering the generation variables for the IR document collection.

Web service based information integration scenario can achieve the functional integration of heterogeneous platforms. However, the information sharing also requires the integration of Web services data. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of XML, this paper studies the web service data quadratic processing of heterogeneous platform. It realizes the data integration based on the functional integration of heterogeneous platforms. All the data of web services are defined and described by XML Schema. So this study uses XML data binding technology to achieve the conversion of XML Schema data to relational database content objects. Then XML mapping technology is adapted to achieve the mapping of the database content object on the local specific database table. Local system can achieve the quadratic web service data processing based on the database table’s normal operation. Some applications are described to validate.

Website development is becoming a growing concern for all organizations in this world. However the process and lifecycle involved in their development is still uncertain. The Web based system development usually involves more heterogeneous stakeholders as compared to traditional software’s development construction. The process models used for the development of websites stands borrowed from the traditional software development approaches. The process of website development involves several fields of web engineering and multimedia applications which require altogether a different skill set and development processes. The growth of web based system has been exponential. An estimated size of public web and deep web has reached to 40 billion pages and where the pages are assembled on the fly in response to the user requests touches between 400 and 750 billion pages, respectively. The web based system size is continuously expanding like the universe after the big bang. Many researchers and practitioners have noted the rapid growth of internet for commercial purposes since its birth in 1990’s. The web presence allows small companies to compete comparatively at par with large enterprises which increases keenness for every organization to develop a website. An increase in the amount of web development work, forces the designers/webmasters working in different website development houses to carry out work in a well planned and systematic manner. The concerned organizations and different web development houses must, however follow specific methodologies/standards/guidelines recommended by various organizations for advancement in present web development process models. The adoption of traditional methodologies of web development leads to the production of poorly designed web applications which show variable performance across different browsing platforms and have high probability failure rate. This propagates in the lack of confidence during web development and ultimately moves towards Web-Crisis. In order to avoid Web-Crises, there is a desperate need of designing and developing the newer process models that are especially concerned with website development. As such there is a need of disciplined approach towards the development of web-based systems. Researches also suggest that there is a non uniform approach in web based systems development. The authors suggest that a specialized model for web development needs to be designed and developed to satisfy the dynamic categories of the stakeholders present worldwide. This paper discussed about the various traditional software and web development models popularly used in developing web applications and their suitability and effectiveness is compared which leads to the development of a successful web based applications. Various reasons which differentiate the traditional software development from web system development have also been worked out. The presences of specific features recommended in proposed framework are also tested by available methodologies. Finally, an initial framework is proposed which caters to the need of specific web development process model.

espanolActualmente el Internet es un importante medio de comunicacion, por ello han surgido aplicaciones Web como intermediario para propagar informacion, asi como para ofrecer servicios a los usuarios. Debido a esto se han desarrollado una serie de metodologias para el modelado de aplicaciones Web que apuntan a resolver distintos problemas existentes en el desarrollo de este tipo de software. Tanto para los investigadores, como para desarrolladores de software no es facil identificar y conocer las diferencias entre una y otra metodologia por el gran numero de propuestas existentes y la complejidad de ellas. En vista de esto se realizo una investigacion exhaustiva para obtener informacion sobre las metodologias y cuales de estas segun diversos autores provee caracteristicas esenciales en el desarrollo Web, cabe resaltar que estas metodologias se han tomado a partir de los resultados de una comparacion realizada por los autores mediante el cumplimiento de los criterios expuestos, lo que permitio analizar las caracteristicas de cada tipo de propuesta. Con esta comparativa se pudo verificar que las metodologias mas potentes tienden a abarcar distintos elementos de todas las clasificaciones de metodologias, pues asi se toman en cuenta muchos mas aspectos de la Web que otras propuestas que se centran en brindar solucion a un tipo de problema especifico. Con esto se observa la necesidad de investigar las metodologias e identificar las propuestas que detallan el proceso de desarrollo de sitios mas seguros y versatiles, a partir de esto se plantea el objetivo de analizar las metodologias de desarrollo de software orientadas a las aplicaciones Web a traves de la recoleccion de informacion bibliografica, de campo y la realizacion del estado del arte, para la comprobacion de una metodologia que cumpla las caracteristicas y sub-caracteristicas optimas en el desarrollo de aplicaciones Web. El resultado obtenido del analisis, confirma que existen diferencias entre las metodologias utilizadas de manera global y segun la evidencia bibliografica la metodologia OOHDM se adapta al desarrollo agil y preciso para la creacion de aplicaciones Web. EnglishCurrently, the Internet is an important means of communication, which is why web applications have emerged as an intermediary to propagate information, as well as to offer services to users. Due to this have developed a series of methodologies for modeling Web applications that aim to solve various problems in the development of this type of software. For both researchers and software developers, it is not easy to identify and know the differences between the two approaches because of the large number of existing proposals and the complexity of them. In view of this, an exhaustive investigation was carried out to obtain information about the methodologies and which of them according to diverse authors provides essential characteristics in the Web development, it should be emphasized that these methodologies have been taken from the results of a comparison made by the authors Through the fulfillment of the exposed criteria, which allowed to analyze the characteristics of each type of proposal. With these comparisons, it was possible to verify that the most powerful methodologies tend to cover different elements of all classifications of methodologies, since so many aspects of the Web are taken into account that other proposals that focus on providing solution to a specific type of problem. With this, it is necessary to investigate the methodologies and identify the proposals that detail the process of developing safer and more versatile sites. Based on this, the objective is to analyze software development methodologies oriented to Web applications through of the collection of bibliographical information, of field and the accomplishment of the state of the art, for the verification of a methodology that fulfills the characteristics and sub-characteristics optimal in the development of Web applications. The result obtained from the analysis confirms that there are differences between the methodologies used in a global way and according to the bibliographic evidence the OOHDM methodology is adapted to the agile and precise development for the creation of Web applications.

Proliferation of Web services based applications, collaboration and interoperability between companies, extremely heterogeneous policies of security, and, more generally, reply attacks over Internet are major challenges in the design of security infrastructures for Web services. In this paper, we focus our study on authentication of composite Web services. Authentication is certainly at the heart of any secure system. Thus, we propose a distributed model of authentication based on the circle of trust concept for composite Web services. This model has several functionalities: First, it ensures authentication for arbitrary composite Web services over Internet. Second, it can process across and beyond domain authentication boundaries. Third, it takes over the conflicts of security policies using the concept of Web Single Sign On (SSO) and client's profile using ontologies. Furthermore, the proposed model is scalable and dynamic because it is designed in a fully distributed manner, there are no central points and it evolves over time. An implementation of a prototype and a simulation design demonstrate that a strong security can be achieved for both the client and the composite Web service through the combination of a dynamic and collaborative trust model with a number of enhancements: (i) a combined encryption technique, (ii) a distributed authority of certificates, and (iii) semantic annotations.

Technological advances allow more physical objects to connect to the Internet and provide their services on the Web as resources. Search engines are the key to fully utilize this emerging Web of Things, as they bridge users and applications with resources needed for their operation. Developing these systems is a challenging and diverse endeavor due to the diversity of Web of Things resources that they work with. Each combination of resources in query resolution process requires a different type of search engine with its own technical challenges and usage scenarios. This diversity complicates both the development of new systems and assessment of the state of the art. In this article, we present a systematic survey on Web of Things Search Engines (WoTSE), focusing on the diversity in forms of these systems. We collect and analyze over 200 related academic works to build a flexible conceptual model for WoTSE. We develop an analytical framework on this model to review the development of the field and its current status, reflected by 30 representative works in the area. We conclude our survey with a discussion on open issues to bridge the gap between the existing progress and an ideal WoTSE.

World Wide Web (WWW) means huge amount of web pages and links that provides massive information for internet users. The growth in websites has become more complexity and size of web contents is more abundance. A web usage mining techniques is used in web server log for extracting a user behavior. Three types of user behavior include frequent user, synthetic user and potential user. The objective of this paper is to predict the potential user and it’s navigation pattern from the web log files. The process of web mining works in three main phases such as data pre-processing, classification of users and pattern discovery. This paper deals with clustering techniques for pattern discovery such as path prediction, page gathering, fuzzy clustering, ant-based clustering and graph partitioning, etc.. Comparative study of these techniques gives best results for predicting future visit of potential user in web server log. Among all clustering algorithm, fuzzy clustering algorithm gives 98% accuracy for predicting potential user navigation pattern which is higher than other techniques.

In view of the fact that web applications are significantly large, complex, highly dynamic & critical software systems, it is desirable that processes of web design and development be systematic & be automated as far as possible. The task of automating an engineering activity is quite complex because it involves two types of contrasting intelligences: (i) Human intelligence which is rooted in informal expression, judgmental evaluation, inductive reasoning and commonsense, and (ii) The machine intelligence which is essentially based on formal expression, formal rule-based evaluation & deductive reasoning etc. Human intelligence is required for understanding the problem domains & their environments, and then for using the understanding for designing & developing solutions in such a form that it is understood and executed by the contrasting intelligence, viz. the machine intelligence. The proposed approach takes care of the facts of human capabilities being rooted in informality & of machine capabilities being purely formal. For this purpose, solutions conceived by human experts—which are generally expressed in some natural language—are, first of all, translated to semi-formal mathematical entities: recursive lists. These recursive lists then are easily translated to fully formal entities in some functional programming language like LISP or Haskell. In this communication, the approach is applied to structural aspects of web and is explained through sufficient exemplars. The dynamics of web will be discussed subsequently.

This paper presents a systematic literature review of research focused on use of Semantic Web technologies in formal educational contexts. Through systematic search, the review has identified 199 research articles, which are examined with the intention of identifying prevalent themes within the body of research within the field of formal educational use of Semantic Web technologies. The themes identified by the review are: (1) Semantic Web ontologies; (2) Efficient distribution, accessibility, retrieval, reuse and combination of educational resources; (3) Linked Data; (4) Semantic Web enhanced virtual learning environments and personalization of learning environments; (5) Semantic Web learning objects; (6) Evaluation, feedback and assessment; (7) Semantic Web services; (8) Pedagogical tools for teachers and students. Furthermore, this review seeks to examine how these themes and the use of Semantic Web technologies in formal education reflects on the ongoing discussion of how pedagogy and technology should interact. The outset of this discussion is a previous study by Dirckinck‐Holmfeld, which establishes that there is a tendency to emphasize technology over pedagogy in educational design and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Web usage mining is a knowledge discovery technique where a data analyst can discover useful information from the web users’ data. Web contains billions of web pages. The web access behaviour of one web user differs from that of another and also it changes with respect to their temporal property. By analyzing the users’ data, the web administrator can personalize the web pages according to individual web users’ interest. Personalizing the web page gives various advantages in this fast era such as low search time, less data transfer, higher availability of data, lower bandwidth traffic, targeted advertisement and identifying the threaded web users and high web users satisfaction. Due to the above advantages, it is very much essential in the present World Wide Web. Various algorithms, techniques and tools are available in the field of web usage mining. Although there are various techniques, algorithms and tools developed related to web usage mining, new techniques are required to make the discovery of knowledge more accurate. In this paper, a novel technique is proposed by using various methods such as web log, web ranking, web rating and web review based method to identify the success rate of various web pages and summarize the value to identify the accurate success rate of each web page. The success rate is normalized and aggregated into three categories for personalizing the web user. Personalizing the web user based on grouping relevant web access behaviour reduces the calculation complexity. It is very effective in very large websites. This technique is very much effective for analyzing the outreach of web advertisement to the web users.

International audience; This editorial introduces the special issue based on the best papers from ESWC 2015. And since ESWC'15 marked 15 years of Semantic Web research, we extended this editorial to a position paper that reflects the path that we, as a community, traveled so far with the goal of transforming the Web of Pages to a Web of Resources. We discuss some of the key challenges, research topics and trends addressed by the Semantic Web community in its journey. We conclude that the symbiotic relation of our community with the Web requires a truly multidisciplinary research approach to support the Web's diversity.

Web engineering is a systematic approach to develop web applications, and numerous web engineering methods have been proposed. These methods were extended through defining new models by using different mechanisms to capture the web application concepts. Due to the complexity rising of web applications, the web engineering methods cannot provide web solutions anymore. Even though Interaction Flow Modeling Language (IFML) is recently proposed as a new method for developing web applications, it has limitations. Therefore these methods need to be improved. In this paper, we present the ability of IFML extensibility to support new concerns from web applications. Moreover, we extend IFML through UML mechanisms to support new concerns from the context to the user interface. The new IFML solves the lack of context web application through defining a new model and becomes a new direction to develop concerns modern web applications.

Detecting inclusion dependencies, the prerequisite of foreign keys, in relational data is a challenging task. Detecting them among the hundreds of thousands or even millions of tables on the web is daunting. Still, such inclusion dependencies can help connect disparate pieces of information on the Web and reveal unknown relationships among tables. With the algorithm M any , we present a novel inclusion dependency detection algorithm, specialized for the very many—but typically small—tables found on the Web. We make use of Bloom filters and indexed bit-vectors to show the feasibility of our approach. Our evaluation on two corpora of Web tables shows a superior runtime over known approaches and its usefulness to reveal hidden structures on the Web.

Web archiving initiatives around the world capture ephemeral Web content to preserve our collective digital memory. However, unlocking the potential of Web archives for humanities scholars and social scientists requires a scalable analytics infrastructure to support exploration of captured content. We present Warcbase, an open-source Web archiving platform that aims to fill this need. Our platform takes advantage of modern open-source “big data” infrastructure, namely Hadoop, HBase, and Spark, that has been widely deployed in industry. Warcbase provides two main capabilities: support for temporal browsing and a domain-specific language that allows scholars to interrogate Web archives in several different ways. This work represents a collaboration between computer scientists and historians, where we have engaged in iterative codesign to build tools for scholars with no formal computer science training. To provide guidance, we propose a process model for scholarly interactions with Web archives that begins with a question and proceeds iteratively through four main steps: filter, analyze, aggregate, and visualize. We call this the FAAV cycle for short and illustrate with three prototypical case studies. This article presents the current state of the project and discusses future directions.