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The purpose of this study was to determine the potential toxicity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich microalgae (DRM) from Schizochytrium sp., administered in the diet of growing swine. DRM was administered in the diet to groups of castrated male growing pigs (mixed commercial breeds, Landrace & Large White) reared from early weaned (weighing approximately 20 lbs) to approximately 250–270 lbs. Over the course of the 120 day study, animals were fed ad libitum four DRM treatment diets, each designed to optimize weight gain over the growing cycle, and a control diet. DRM was incorporated into the diet of the first treatment group at a level delivering 2.680 kg DRM per pig over the course of 120 days (a constant, whole-life exposure) equating to 598 g DHA per pig. DRM was incorporated into finisher diets only (administered over the last 42 days of the growing cycle) to treatment groups 2, 3, and 4 delivering 1.169, 3.391, and 5.746 kg DRM per pig (261, 756, and 1281 g DHA per pig). These levels represent approximately 1, 3, and 5 times the anticipated commercial dose and were delivered in a feeding strategy designed to mimic commercial use. Vitamin E was added to all diet groups to provide supplementary dietary antioxidant given the high content of polyunsaturated fat in DRM. There were no statistically significant treatment-related effects in clinical observations, body weights, food consumption, mortality, hematologic values, gross necropsy findings, organ weights or histopathology. The only DRM treatment-related changes were higher weight gain and feed conversion efficiency, anticipated results based on the increased fat content in the experimental DRM treatments. This study demonstrates that administration of DRM (at up to five times the anticipated commercial dose) did not produce any treatment-related adverse effects in commercial strains of swine.

Schizochytrium sp. dried microalgae (DRM) contains oil rich in highly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA n-3) is the most abundant PUFA component of the oil. DHA-rich oil extracted from Schizochytrium sp. is intended for use as a nutritional ingredient in foods. As part of a comprehensive safety assessment program, the reproductive toxicity of DRM was examined in Sprague-Dawley-derived rats Crl:CD(SD)BR (30/sex/group) provided DRM in the diet at concentrations of 0, 0.6, 6.0, and 30%. These dietary levels corresponded to overall average dosages of approximately 400, 3900, and 17,800 mg/kg/day for F0 males (premating) and 480, 4600, and 20,700 mg/kg/day for F0 females, respectively. Prior to mating, males and females of the F0 generation were treated for 10 and 2 weeks, respectively. Treatment of males continued throughout mating and until termination (approximately 3 weeks after mating). Treatment of the females was continued throughout gestation and through lactation day 21. The females were killed after raising their young to weaning at 21 days of age. Food consumption was measured weekly throughout the study (except during mating) and body weights were recorded at least weekly during premating, gestation, and lactation. Reproductive parameters including estrus cycle duration, mating performance, fertility, gestation length, parturition, and gestation index were evaluated. Litter size and offspring body weights were recorded, offspring viability indices were calculated, and physical development (vaginal opening and preputial separation) was assessed for the F1 generation. All adult F0 and F1 animals were subjected to a detailed necropsy. DRM treatment had no effect on estrus cycles or reproductive performance including mating performance, fertility, gestation length, parturition, or gestation index. Litter size, sex ratio, and offspring viability indices were similarly unaffected and there were no effects of DRM treatment on the physical development of F1 animals.

The purpose of this study was to determine the potential toxicity of docosahexaenoic acid-rich microalgae from Schizochytrium sp. (DRM), administered in the diet to rats for at least 13 weeks. DRM was administered in the diet to groups of 20 male and 20 female Sprague-Dawley derived rats (Crl:CD(SD)BR) to provide dosages of 0, 400, 1500, and 4000 mg/kg/day for at least 13 weeks. DRM contained high levels of fat (approximately 41% w/w) of which long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were a major component. Vitamin E acetate was added to DRM at manufacture to provide supplementary dietary antioxidant given the highly unsaturated fat content of DRM. Untreated controls received the basal diet only. An additional group of 20 males and 20 females received basal diet mixed with fish oil (Arista) to provide a target dosage of 1628 mg/kg/day, an amount of fat comparable to that received by rats administered the highest dose of DRM. Vitamin E acetate was also added to the fish oil to provide a comparable level of dietary antioxidant provided to high-dose DRM rats. There were no treatment-related effects in clinical observations, body weights or weight gains, food consumption, hematologic or urinalysis values, gross necropsy findings, or organ weights and there were no deaths. The only treatment-related changes in clinical chemistry parameters were decreases in high-density lipoproteins and cholesterol in the DRM and fish oil groups when compared to the untreated controls. These changes were expected based on the high PUFA content of DRM and fish oil. There were no microscopic findings suggestive of toxicity. Periportal hepatocellular fat vacuolation (accumulation of fat) was observed only in the livers of female rats in both the DRM (all dosages) and fish oil groups. This finding was expected given the higher fat content of both the DRM and the fish oil diets compared to the basal diet fed to the untreated controls. A slight increase in the incidence, but not severity, of cardiomyopathy was observed only in the 4000 mg/kg/day DRM males. This finding was not considered adverse because cardiomyopathy occurs spontaneously in rats and especially male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain when fed high levels of fat. Since cardiomyopathy does not develop in other species including primates fed high-fat diets, its occurrence in rats is considered to have little relevance to human health. This study demonstrates that administration of DRM did not produce any treatment-related adverse effects in Sprague-Dawley rats of relevance to humans at dosages up to 4000 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks.