Search

Nazek Noureddine,1– 3 Maciej Chalubinski,4 Paulina Wawrzyniak1,2 1Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; 2Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; 3Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; 4Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, PolandCorrespondence: Paulina Wawrzyniak, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, 8032, Switzerland, Tel +41 44 266 75 42, Email paulina.wawrzyniak@uzh.ch; paulina.wawrzyniak@kispi.uzh.chAbstract: The respiratory epithelium constitutes the physical barrier between the human body and the environment, thus providing functional and immunological protection. It is often exposed to allergens, microbial substances, pathogens, pollutants, and environmental toxins, which lead to dysregulation of the epithelial barrier and result in the chronic inflammation seen in allergic diseases and asthma. This epithelial barrier dysfunction results from the disturbed tight junction formation, which are multi-protein subunits that promote cell–cell adhesion and barrier integrity. The increasing interest and evidence of the role of impaired epithelial barrier function in allergy and asthma highlight the need for innovative approaches that can provide new knowledge in this area. Here, we review and discuss the current role and mechanism of epithelial barrier dysfunction in developing allergic diseases and the effect of current allergy therapies on epithelial barrier restoration.Keywords: bronchial epithelial cells, asthma, allergy, tight junction, inflammation

Abstract Background Orthorexia is a complex phenomenon comprising distinct dimensions, including orthorexia nervosa (ON) and healthy orthorexia (HO). However, little is known about the factors influencing these dimensions, their disparities, and the psychological factors underlying orthorexia behaviours. Objectives This study aims to explore ON versus HO dimensions and the predictive role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a nationally representative sample of Polish individuals. In addition, we aim to investigate the mediating roles of alexithymia, embodiment, and experiential avoidance levels in this association. Methods A representative sample of Polish adults (n = 3557) participated in this study. Dimensions of orthorexia (HO, ON) were assessed using the Teruel Orthorexia Scale, while ACEs were evaluated using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. Levels of alexithymia were measured using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, experiential avoidance through the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, and embodiment intensity via the Experience of Embodiment Scale. Results Cluster analysis identified two distinctive orthorexia profiles in the whole sample, i.e., HO (n = 469) and ON (n = 1217), alongside three intermediate HO/ON profiles (n = 1871). The number of ACEs predicted ON tendencies as opposed to HO behaviours in participants. The mediating role of alexithymia, experiential avoidance, and embodiment in the association between ACEs and ON was also observed. Conclusions Our study suggests that orthorexia is a multidimensional eating style shaped by socio-cultural factors. Adverse childhood experiences may be related to ON behaviours by mediating psychological factors such as experiential avoidance, alexithymia, and embodiment. Effective education and collaborative support are necessary for addressing ON tendencies.

The ongoing decline in environmental quality is one of the biggest global challenges facing humankind today. The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences and similarities among the EU–27 countries regarding air pollution emissions (greenhouse gases and acidifying gases) and their techno-economic determinants, which encompass economic, energy, innovation and institutional quality factors. The analysis covers nine indicators that reflect pollution emissions and fifteen variables that illustrate air pollution drivers. Cluster analysis of the data averaged for the period 2015–2020 was used to identify subgroups of countries. The results show that European Union (EU) countries substantially differ in terms of both air pollution levels and the determinants of the emissions. The analysis revealed a noticeable division between Eastern EU countries, which show similar patterns both in terms of pollution and determinants, and Western EU countries, which were characterised by greater diversity in terms of the analysed features. In light of the results, the assertion about backward and polluted new EU member states compared to more advanced and environmentally uncontaminated old EU countries appears to oversimplify the reality. The findings contribute to the ongoing discussion on environmental quality. Our results indicate the need and space for initiatives that address factors that influence air pollution in order to impede environmental degradation. However, due to the revealed heterogeneity among countries, the efforts should be tailored to the specific country’s characteristics.

The ID10 beamline of the SESAME (Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East) synchrotron light source in Jordan was inaugurated in June 2023 and is now open to scientific users. The beamline, which was designed and installed within the European Horizon 2020 project BEAmline for Tomography at SESAME (BEATS), provides full-field X-ray radiography and microtomography imaging with monochromatic or polychromatic X-rays up to photon energies of 100 keV. The photon source generated by a 2.9 T wavelength shifter with variable gap, and a double-multilayer monochromator system allow versatile application for experiments requiring either an X-ray beam with high intensity and flux, and/or a partially spatial coherent beam for phase-contrast applications. Sample manipulation and X-ray detection systems are designed to allow scanning samples with different size, weight and material, providing image voxel sizes from 13 µm down to 0.33 µm. A state-of-the-art computing infrastructure for data collection, three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction and data analysis allows the visualization and exploration of results online within a few seconds from the completion of a scan. Insights from 3D X-ray imaging are key to the investigation of specimens from archaeology and cultural heritage, biology and health sciences, materials science and engineering, earth, environmental sciences and more. Microtomography scans and preliminary results obtained at the beamline demonstrate that the new beamline ID10-BEATS expands significantly the range of scientific applications that can be targeted at SESAME.

Over the past three years, a community of faculty and graduate teaching assistants has developed within the University of Kentucky Mathematics department centered around the use and development of student-centered assessment methods. In this article, we discuss the environmental factors that contributed to the growth of this community, our motivations for engaging in this work, and our surprisingly consistent successes. We conclude by sharing suggestions for experienced instructors interested in building communities around the theme of student-centered assessment methods.

Artykuł stanowi próbę rozpoznania cech polskiego, lokalnego wymiaru glampingu na przykładzie Browarówki, czyli małego górskiego obiektu wypoczynkowego w Karkonoszach. Osobiste doświadczenie autorka tekstu odnosi do glampingu jako ogólnoświatowej mody kulturowej w dziedzinie turystyki i organizacji czasu wolnego w XXI w.

# Background Oxygen is critical to the prevention of hypoxemia-induced morbidity and mortality; yet, access remains inadequate in most low- and middle-income countries despite billions of dollars spent over decades to increase supply. We present a new method for supplemental oxygen delivery whereby the OXFO System (OXFO Corporation, Boston, MA, USA) converts pressurized oxygen to ambient pressure for patient inhalation on demand at a fixed concentration across fluctuations in respiratory rate or tidal volume. This study's primary aims were to examine the oxygen volume savings and test the non-inferiority of mean peripheral oxygen saturation (S~pO2~) with the OXFO System (OXFO Condition) compared to conventional continuous flow (Standard Condition) in a clinical population of oxygen-dependent hospitalized adults. # Methods We conducted a non-inferiority, single-visit, randomized, crossover design. A total of 20 subjects were randomized to receive either OXFO Condition or Standard Condition first. Subjects were administered oxygen for 20 minutes during each condition after oxygen was titrated to target therapeutic S~pO2~. A one-sample t-test was performed to compare the mean ratio of oxygen volume dispensed (OXFO Condition/Standard Condition) with 100%. A paired t-test for non-inferiority was used to test the hypothesis that the mean S~pO2~ for OXFO Condition is no worse than 2.8% lower (absolute difference) than the mean S~pO2~ for Standard Condition. # Results Nineteen subjects were included in the analyses. When considering the dispensing of oxygen as a ratio (OXFO Condition / Standard Condition) for each subject, the mean was 7.7% (standard deviation(SD)=5.4%; range=0-20%) and this was significantly different from 100% (*P*\

Abstract Background Quercus seeds that are recalcitrant to desiccation and freezing temperatures cannot be stored in gene banks under conventional conditions. However, the germplasm of some recalcitrant seeded species can be stored in liquid nitrogen (–196 °C). Unfortunately, for many species, among them for almost the whole genus Quercus, an effective cryostorage method is still unknown. In this study, we propose a successful cryostorage protocol for Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. germplasm using plumules (a shoot apical meristem of an embryo) frozen on aluminium cryo-plates. Results The plumules isolated from the acorns of ten provenances were prestored in 0.5 M sucrose solution (for 18 h). To form alginate beads (one plumule per bead), the plumules were placed in the wells of a cryo-plate and embedded in calcium alginate gel. For cryoprotection, the encapsulated plumules were immersed in cryoprotectant solution containing 2.0 M glycerol and different concentrations of sucrose (0.8–1.2 M) for 40 min at 25 °C and desiccated under a laminar flow cabinet for 1.0–4.0 h. Cryo-plates with plumules were directly immersed in liquid nitrogen and then cryostored for 30 min. For rewarming, cryo-plates with plumules were immersed in 1.0 M sucrose solution and rehydrated for 15 min at 25 °C. Survival rates varied from 25.8 to 83.4 were achieved after cryoprotection in 1.0 M sucrose solution and the drying of plumules for 2 h. The in vitro regrowth rate of cryopreserved plumules varied among provenances and was 26–77%. Conclusions This study presents, for the first time, a successful, simple and effective protocol for the cryopreservation of Q. petraea germplasm that could be used in gene banks. The experiment was successfully repeated on seeds from various provenances, each yielding similar, good results. However, seed quality and storage time after harvesting are important factors in plumule regrowth after cryopreservation.

Background: Research on the prevalence of ICD-11-based complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) in nationally representative samples is lacking, with no such studies conducted considering national Polish samples until now.Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to explore profiles of study participants in terms of either PTSD or CPTSD symptoms regarding to ICD-11 diagnosis with the aid of latent profile analysis. We also investigated the relationship between the types and cumulative number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with the probability of CPTSD rate in a national sample of Poles.Methods: A representative sample of Polish adults (n = 3,557) participated in this study. ACEs were assessed using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, while the core features of PTSD and CPTSD were measured using the International Trauma Questionnaire.Results: The findings showed a 11% prevalence rate of probable CPTSD in the studied sample of Poles. Sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect and having the experience of a mentally ill household member were the most significant predictors of potential diagnosis. Furthermore, significant differences concerning lifestyle data were observed in the group of participants with CPTSD.Conclusions: The current rate of probable CPTSD in Poland is substantially higher than the respective data reported for other countries. We also noted that the ICD-11 diagnosis of CPTSD may not apply to all cultural environments. Finally, it was observed that the ACEs – CPTSD association may depend both on the ACEs types as well as on their overall cumulative character.

Study regions: Hornsund, SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard – area representing atlantic sector of High Arctic Study focus: Svalbard's warming climate significantly alters its hydrological conditions. Evapotranspiration, a crucial hydrological component, is understudied in this High Arctic environment. In this study, daily potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates for the period 1983–2023 were calculated using meteorological data from the Polish Polar Station Hornsund (SW Spitsbergen). 11 different PET methods were applied, those include radiation-based, temperature-based, radiation-temperature-based, and combined methods. New hydrological insights for the region: The results show a large spread in the annual sum of PET ranging from ∼20 mm/y (Kharrufa) through ∼300 mm/y (Penman-Monteith) up to ∼450 mm/y (Abtew). Trends analysis shows different outcomes depending on the length of the averaging period. Using a daily timescale, PET methods tend to show more similar patterns of changes than using monthly timescales. The changes in PET estimates differ between the models, hence classifying PET methods should consider their sensitivity to meteorological changes. PET estimates were compared with pan measurements at a daily time scale in 2022–2023. The Penman method produced the best results in relation to pan measurements. In other cases, despite a relatively high linear correlation, calibration to local conditions is needed to scale the outcomes and limit biases. This study improves understanding of how PET models perform in the rapidly changing High Arctic climate.

ABSTRACTBackground Orofacial pain is a specialty of dentistry that often encounters complex symptoms beyond the scope of dental practice, indicating a role for interprofessional teams in treating chronic orofacial pain.Discussion Interprofessional teams often include specialists from neurology, physical therapy, sleep medicine, and behavioral medicine, among others. Interprofessional practices can be difficult to achieve and require a commitment of communication, collaboration, co-location, and organizational support. A complex chronic orofacial pain case exemplifies the challenges for patients receiving sequential or siloed care, including delays in diagnosis, invasive procedures, and worsened disability. Common barriers to collaborative care and possible steps to close these gaps are discussed..

BackgroundIn the United States, transgender women are disproportionately impacted by HIV and prioritized in the national strategy to end the epidemic. Individual, interpersonal, and structural vulnerabilities underlie HIV acquisition among transgender women and fuel syndemic conditions, yet no nationwide cohort monitors their HIV and other health outcomes. ObjectiveOur objective is to develop a nationwide cohort to estimate HIV incidence, identify risk factors, and investigate syndemic conditions co-occurring with HIV vulnerability or acquisition among US transgender women. The study is informed by the Syndemics Framework and the Social Ecological Model, positing that stigma-related conditions are synergistically driven by shared multilevel vulnerabilities. MethodsTo address logistical and cost challenges while minimizing technology barriers and research distrust, we aim to establish a novel, hybrid community hub–supported digital cohort (N=3000). The digital cohort is the backbone of the study and is enhanced by hubs strategically located across the United States for increased engagement and in-person support. Study participants are English or Spanish speakers, are aged ≥18 years, identify as transgender women or along the transfeminine spectrum, reside in 1 of the 50 states or Puerto Rico, and do not have HIV (laboratory confirmed). Participants are followed for 24 months, with semiannual assessments. These include a questionnaire and laboratory-based HIV testing using self-collected specimens. Using residential zip codes, person-level data will be merged with contextual geolocated data, including population health measures and economic, housing, and other social and structural factors. Analyses will (1) evaluate the contribution of hub support to the digital cohort using descriptive statistics; (2) estimate and characterize syndemic patterns among transgender women using latent class analysis; (3) examine the role of contextual factors in driving syndemics and HIV prevention over time using multilevel regression models; (4) estimate HIV incidence in transgender women and examine the effect of syndemics and contextual factors on HIV incidence using Poisson regression models; and (5) develop dynamic, compartmental models of multilevel combination HIV prevention interventions among transgender women to simulate their impact on HIV incidence through 2030. ResultsEnrollment launched on March 15, 2023, with data collection phases occurring in spring and fall. As of February 24, 2024, a total of 3084 individuals were screened, and 996 (32.3%) met the inclusion criteria and enrolled into the cohort: 2.3% (23/996) enrolled at a hub, and 53.6% (534/996) enrolled through a community hub–supported strategy. Recruitment through purely digital methods contributed 61.5% (1895/3084) of those screened and 42.7% (425/996) of those enrolled in the cohort. ConclusionsStudy findings will inform the development of evidence-based interventions to reduce HIV acquisition and syndemic conditions among US transgender women and advance efforts to end the US HIV epidemic. Methodological findings will also have critical implications for the design of future innovative approaches to HIV research. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/59846

Introduction and purpose: Chronic pain, defined as pain persisting for three months or longer and neuropathic pain which is a type that arises as a result of damage or disease to the somatosensory system, including peripheral fibers (Aβ, Aδ, and C fibers) and central neurons, are serious conditions pose significant challenges for modern medicine. Addressing these challenges often necessitates a multimodal approach to analgesia, involving the use of multiple analgesic agents with different mechanisms of action. Among these agents is capsaicin, a naturally occurring compound found in hot peppers. This study will collect and analyze information about the applications of capsaicin in pain management, its mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety Brief description of the state of knowledge: Capsaicin is a natural compound found in chili peppers. This alkaloid is a highly selective agonist of the TRPV1 vanilloid receptor. Upon activation of these receptors, skin nociceptors become less sensitive to stimuli. Incorporating capsaicin into standard chronic and neuropathic pain management may enhance, expedite, and streamline the complex process of treatment, ultimately contributing to improved quality of life for patients and communities. It also offers certain benefits in the treatment of obesity, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal pathologies, various types of cancers, neurogenic bladder, and some dermatological conditions. Materials and Methods: Review and summary of research studies available in databases on Google Scholar and PubMed. Summary: Topically applied capsaicin, especially in the form of an 8% patch is a valuable option for treating peripheral chronic and neuropathic pain, including bone and joint pain. The highest quality evidence has been presented in postherpetic neuralgia and HIV-related pain, where treatment efficacy is comparable to standard treatment.

Introduction and objective: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), the most prevalent autoimmune disorder and a primary cause of hypothyroidism globally, leads to thyroid gland damage through lymphocyte infiltration. Pharmacological treatment of HT involves the use of levothyroxine, which in most cases must be taken for life. However, supplementation with micronutrients is often overlooked. Several studies have examined the impact of substances such as selenium, zinc, vitamin B12, and vitamin D on the course of Hashimoto's disease. Review methods: Review and summary of research studies available in open-source format on Google Scholar, PubMed. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Supplementation with selenium, zinc, vitamin D, and B12 shows potential benefits for patients with Hashimoto's disease. Summary: Regular monitoring and tailored supplementation of selenium, zinc, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 can enhance overall health and disease management. Therefore, it is worth considering the supplementation of these micronutrients in the daily routine of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. However, it should be noted that these supplements do not constitute a treatment for Hashimoto's disease and their effect cannot replace the intake of levothyroxine.

Introduction and purpose Stress urinary incontinence remains a prevalent issue affecting both women and men, significantly impacting their quality of life and social participation. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is defined as the sudden, involuntary loss of urine secondary to increased intraabdominal pressure, which has a negative impact on the patient’s quality of life. SUI may be precipitated by a number of activities, including coughing, laughing, sneezing, straining, or exercising. Modern diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have improved outcomes for those affected, yet challenges persist, including accurate diagnosis and understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, as well as the development of effective treatment algorithms. The aim of the article was to present current guidelines for treatment of stress urinary incontinence depending on the individual patient's requirements. Material and methods Review and summary of research studies available in open source format on Google Scholar and PubMed. The literature was reviewed using the keywords.

Introduction and objectives: Diabetes is a group of diseases that is currently estimated to affect approximately 537 million adults worldwide. Diabetes can develop due to many factors, including autoimmunity, genetics and insulin resistance. The presented article will discuss the type of monogenic diabetes - maturity onset diabetes in young. This is a relatively rare form of diabetes, affecting no more than 5% of patients with the disease, but it is important to correctly differentiate it and implement appropriate therapy to prevent the development of complications. In addition, the article discusses a group of antidiabetic drugs - sulfonylurea derivatives, which are widely used in diabetic patients. Review and methods: Review and summary of studies and scientific articles avaliable in open-source format on Google Scholar and PubMed. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: The diagnosis of MODY diabetes is more extensive than that of the most common types in the population - type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Individual forms of MODY diabetes differ in the location of the mutation in the genome. As a result, the MODY group is heterogeneous, with individuals differing in the severity of symptoms, the treatment used and the presence of developmental abnormalities affecting various organ systems. Sulfonylurea derivatives are a group of drugs that have been used to treat diabetes since the mid-20th century. Their mechanism of action is to stimulate insulin secretion, so it is necessary to preserve at least some of the function of the beta cells in the pancreatic islets when using them. Summary: A collection of information on MODY diabetes is presented based on a review of research and scientific articles. In addition, the section on sulfonylureas provides an overview of first- and second-generation drugs and compares them. The article also highlights the important role of physical activity in managing diabetes and preventing complications.

Introduction Palliative care is a medical field focused on enhancing the quality of life for terminally ill patients rather than curing their disease. It involves a multidisciplinary team that aims to improve patients' well-being, manage pain, alleviate other physical symptoms, and ease mental suffering. The purpose of this work is to show how much rehabilitation is important for palliative patients and improves the quality of life. State of Knowledge The article contains different types of rehabilitation that seem to be useful in daily challenges of palliative patients. Chosen types of rehabilitation are: physical, pulmonary, speech and language and psychosocial. Material and methods The method obtaining the data is based on medical reviews including WHO reports about rehabilitation and palliative care showing what is a relationship between them. Summary All of the studies and reviews showed a strong relationship between each type of rehabilitation and improvement of quality of life of palliative patients. Each type of rehabilitation touches different areas of struggle for palliative patients as mobility, pain, communication with surrounding, anxiety, stress and social exclusion.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a hereditary heart muscle disorder characterized by the progressive replacement of right ventricular myocardium with fibrofatty tissue. This condition predisposes individuals to arrhythmias and an elevated risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). The etiology of ARVC is predominantly genetic, with mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins playing a crucial role. Physical exercise has a significant impact on the progression of ARVC, often exacerbating the disease's severity and increasing the likelihood of life-threatening arrhythmic events. Diagnosing ARVC remains challenging due to its variable clinical presentation and overlapping features with other cardiomyopathies. Advanced imaging techniques, electrocardiography, and genetic testing are essential tools in the diagnostic process. Treatment strategies for ARVC include lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), and in some cases, catheter ablation or heart transplantation. Preventing disease progression and SCD involves a multidisciplinary approach, emphasizing early diagnosis, risk stratification, and tailored therapeutic interventions. This review comprehensively examines the etiology of ARVC, the detrimental effects of physical exercise on the disease, the associated SCD risk, and the challenges in diagnosis, while also discussing current treatment modalities and preventive measures to mitigate disease progression. Materials and Methods Review and summary of research studies available in databases on Google Scholar and PubMed. Databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords: ‘Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, ‘ARVC in athletes’, ‘Sudden cardiac death’, ‘impact of physical exercise on ARVC’.

Introduction and Objective: Obesity is a major social and economic problem. Since the 1980s, the number of overweight and obese people has doubled. Treatment of such patients is 30% more expensive than for people of normal weight. The main aim of the article is to present the impact of the occurrence of respiratory diseases and the deterioration of the system function. In addition, the article reviews the impact of physical activity and diet on weight loss and the prevention of further weight gain. Review and Methods: Review and summary of studies and meta-analysis of studies available in open-source format on Google Scholar and PubMed. Abbreviated Description of the State of Knowledge: One of the most common diseases in the population is bronchial asthma. People with excess body weight have a more severe course, and numerous studies have been carried out to explain the cause. The main mechanism that worsens respiratory function is mechanical compression by fatty tissue. It has also been observed that the inflammatory response, underlying the etiopathogenesis of asthma, may be caused by the secretion of inflammatory mediators by adipocytes. This is currently being investigated. Obstructive sleep apnea is a disorder that results in a fragmentation of sleep, which has serious health consequences and leads to a reduction in quality of life. Obesity is a major risk factor. The severity of the condition is strongly related to excess body weight. Obese hypoventilation syndrome is a condition in which obesity impairs alveolar ventilation and CO2 removal, resulting in hypercapnia, which can lead to respiratory failure. Summary: Weight loss and interventions to prevent weight gain in people with a baseline BMI >25 kg/m2 are fundamental to good health. For best results, a calorie-restricted diet should be combined with physical activity. The WHO has created recommendations for the amount of physical activity needed each week.

Introduction and objective: The objective of this research is to enhance the awareness of carpal tunnel among medical professionals and individuals engaged in sports. The acquired knowledge will enable medical professionals to more effectively identify, treat, and prevent issues related to carpal tunnel. Additionally, individuals engaged in sports will be able to prevent the occurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome in themselves or their pupils, thereby allowing them to engage in long-term and safe physical activity. Review methods: Review and summary of research studies available in open-source format on Google Scholar, PubMed. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Carpal tunnel syndrome is a disease belonging to the group of compression neuropathies. The symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome typically manifest as an uncomfortable sensation in the thumb, index finger, and half of the ring finger. Such symptoms may include numbness and tingling. In some cases, weakness of the hand muscles may occur, and in rarer instances, atrophy of the hand muscles. The condition of carpal tunnel syndrome is primarily the result of repetitive movements of the fingers and wrist. Such activities include typing, using a mouse, riding a bicycle, or playing a musical instrument. Summary: Carpal tunnel syndrome is a prevalent condition among the general population. This condition may affect individuals who engage in regular physical activity, resulting in diminished efficiency and a notable reduction in the quality of life. The objective of this study is to examine the risk factors, symptoms, and diagnostic methods associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. In the context of sports, we will examine the mechanisms of disease development in athletes and focus on prevention. This encompasses the rehabilitation of individuals at risk of developing the disease and patient education, which will facilitate the minimisation of the appearance or recurrence of disease symptoms.

Introduction and purpose: Methotrexate (MTX) is an antifolate metabolite that interferes with the synthesis and repair of DNA and with cell replication. It has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and was first used in 1951 for the treatment of RA and psoriasis. Methotrexate (4-amino-10-methylfolic acid, MTX) is a popular disease-modifying drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and leukaemia. MTX is an antagonist of folic acid, primarily through inhibition of the proliferative effect. MTX and its metabolites are associated with many serious adverse effects, including gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicity, myelosuppression, stomatitis, etc. Taking methotrexate may contribute to a reduction in the quality of life for patients. Additionally, long-term use of methotrexate requires regular monitoring, which can be burdensome and stressful for patients. In this context, different approaches have been used to improve the therapeutic properties of MTX and to reduce its adverse effects. The long history of the drug has made it possible to assess its efficacy and to collect data on adverse events, including potentially life-threatening adverse events. This article aims to provide a literature-based overview of current knowledge about methotrexate in clinical practice. Materials and Methods: Review and summary of research studies available in open-source format on Google Scholar, PubMed. Conclusion: The result is a picture of methotrexate as a drug that is used for many conditions, but is associated with many side effects that can be a significant problem for patients and healthcare professionals.

Introduction and purpose Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are related to a greater risk of both maternal, and fetal as well as neonatal morbidity and mortality. This literature review aims to synthesize the health-promoting behaviors in daily life like diet, body mass, exercises in the prevention and management of hypertension and possible complications. Gestational hypertension occurs after 20 weeks' pregnancy and usually resolves after 6 weeks' postpartum. Diagnosis of gestational hypertension appears at values >140/90 mmHg in pregnant women. It has to be confirmed in out-of-office BP measurements, and if it's not possible by two separate medical appointments. According to current European guidelines, pharmacological therapy should be introduced in pregnant women with sustained elevated blood pressure ≥ 150/95 mmHg and at values >140/90 mmHg in pregnant women with gestational hypertension. Summarizing the current understanding of risk factors in hypertensive disorders during pregnancy seeks to enhance implementing positive health behaviors in prevention. Materials and methods The following review of studies was based on articles obtained from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Key search terms included gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, diet, physical activity, pharmacological treatment, obesity, prevention. Conclusion The literature review highlights the importance of BP measurements, diet restrictions, exercises of a low to moderate-intensity, pharmacological treatment during pregnancy as key factors in prevention of gestational hypertension. Greater awareness of hypertension in pregnancy encourages optimism for comprehensive research in the future.

Introduction Football stands as the most widely embraced organized sport globally, boasting a staggering participation of over 200 million males and 21 million females officially registered under the auspices of the Fèdèration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). Knee injuries are one of the most common health issues among soccer players at various levels of expertise. They arise from the intense nature of the game, which requires quick turns, running, jumping, kicking, and sudden changes in direction. These stresses can lead to strains and injuries in the structures of the knee joint, including ligaments, meniscus, tendons, and other soft tissues. This study gathers information about the most common types of knee injuries in soccer players, including situations in which these injuries occur, methods of diagnosis, treatment options, and strategies for injury prevention. Aim The aim of this study is to gather and analyse the studies about knee injuries in soccer players at various levels of expertise. Materials and Methods Review and summary of research studies available in databases on Google Scholar and PubMed. Databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords: ‘soccer knee injuries’, ‘soccer injuries’, ‘ACL tear’, ‘MCL injury’, ‘meniscus injury’, ‘PCL and LCL tear’. Summary Soccer, as a high-contact sport, inherently carries a significant risk of various injuries, particularly to the knees. The prevalence of knee injuries, such as ACL, MCL, and meniscus tears, underscores the importance of effective prevention strategies. Proper warm-ups and specialized preventive exercises, such as those in the FIFA 11+ program, are crucial in reducing the incidence of these injuries. Injuries can severely impact a player's career, leading to long-term health consequences. Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis, along with appropriate treatment, is essential for recovery and career longevity.

Introduction and objective: Diabetes represents one of the most significant healthcare challenges of the 21st century. The disease is frequently asymptomatic, with patients often remaining undiagnosed for extended periods and failing to seek assistance from healthcare professionals. A sedentary lifestyle, excessive caloric intake, and a lack of physical activity contribute to the development of obesity, which in turn leads to carbohydrate metabolism disorders. In this study, we will examine the relationship between diabetes and obesity, and discuss the drug semaglutide, which is used to treat type 2 diabetes and also promotes weight loss. Review methods: Review and summary of research studies available in open-source format on Google Scholar, PubMed. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of semaglutide in improving lipid profiles and promoting weight loss. This effect is believed to be mediated by the drug's ability to slow gastric emptying. It is evident that semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, exerts a beneficial effect on carbohydrate parameters and helps to delay the occurrence of complications associated with diabetes. Summary: A review of clinical reports and conducted studies indicates that semaglutide has the potential to enhance parameters that directly or indirectly impact the quality of life of patients with diabetes. However, the utilisation of the aforementioned pharmaceutical is associated with adverse effects, which may impede patient-physician collaboration and potentially precipitate the development of new health complications in patients. One of the effects of semaglutide treatment is a reduction in appetite, which contributes to weight loss. This property of the drug makes it suitable for use in patients with excessive body weight.

Global warming has adversely affected Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. forests in Europe, prompting the need for innovative forest-breeding strategies. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) offers promise but requires protocol refinement. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing somatic embryo development is essential, as oxidative stress plays a crucial role in SE regulation. Ascorbic acid (ASA), is a vital antioxidant that can potentially control oxidative stress. In the present study, we normalized ASA concentrations in induction and proliferation media to enhance embryogenic tissue (ET) regeneration and proliferation capacity of mature explants. The media were supplemented with ASA at 0 mg l−1, 25 mg l−1, 50 mg l−1, 100 mg l−1, and 200 mg l−1. The accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and endogenous phytohormones, including auxins, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, and gibberellin, was measured in non-embryonic calli and ET. Subsequently, their impact on ET induction and multiplication was analyzed. Our results demonstrate that application of ASA at concentrations of 25 mg l−1 and 200 mg l−1 led to increased H2O2 levels, potentially inducing oxidative stress while simultaneously reducing the levels of all endohormone groups. Notably, the highest ET induction frequency (approximately 70%) was observed for ASA at 50 mg l−1. These findings will enhance SE induction procedures, particularly in more resistant explants, underscoring the significance of ASA application to culture media.

Background: In anatomical research, there is often a need to present complex topographical relationships in more detail, under magnification, beyond the scope of gross anatomy. However, more than magnification is often needed to better understand the arrangement of small anatomical structures. Special stains allow for the differentiation of connective tissue stroma and mutual relations between small structures such as blood vessels and nerves. Aim: This review presents selected histochemical methods that can be applied in anatomical research. Such a concise outline can be both a compendium of knowledge for beginning researchers and an inspiration for anatomists and clinicians exploring the human body's details. Conclusions: The advantage of histochemical staining is its relatively low cost and the large amount of information that can be obtained with their use.

Abstract Gram-negative spiral-shaped Helicobacter pylori (Hp) bacteria induce the development of different gastric disorders. The growing resistance of Hp to antibiotics prompts to search for new therapeutic formulations. A promising candidate is Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) with immunomodulatory properties. Biodegradable mucoadhesive chitosan is a good carrier for delivering BCG mycobacteria to the gastric mucosal environment. This study aimed to show whether BCG bacilli are able to increase the phagocytic activity of Cavia porcellus—guinea pig macrophages derived from the bone marrow towards fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli. Furthermore, to encapsulate live BCG bacilli, in spray-dried chitosan microparticles (CHI-MPs), and assess the pH-dependent release of mycobacteria in pH conditions mimicking gastric (acidic) or gut (alkaline) milieu. Microparticles (MPs) were made of chitosan and coated with Pluronic F-127-(Plur) or N-Acetyl-d-Glucosamine-(GlcNAc) to increase the MPs resistance to low pH or to increase anti-Hp effect, respectively. Spray-drying method was used for microencapsulation of live BCG. The biosafety of tested CHI-MPs has been confirmed using cell models in vitro and the model of guinea pig in vivo. The CHI-MPs loaded with BCG released live mycobacteria at pH 3.0 (CHI-GlcNAc-MPs) or pH 8.0. (CHI-Plur-MPs). The CHI-MPs loaded with live BCG can be used for per os inoculation of Cavia porcellus to check the effectiveness of delivered mycobacteria in increasing anti-H. pylori host response.

Abstract Background Cryopreservation makes it possible to preserve plant biodiversity for thousands of years in ex situ storage. The stepwise dehydration method is a simple and versatile cryopreservation technique based on the vitrification phenomenon. However, the commonly used dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in this cryopreservation technique is considered harmful for plant material, thus alternative methods are needed to be applied. Results In this study, the possibility of cryopreservation of embryogenic tissues (ETs) of Abies alba x A. numidica and Pinus nigra was investigated. Before freezing, ETs were partially dehydrated in the presence of increasing concentrations of sucrose (from 0.25 to 1.0 M) for 7 days, followed by desiccation of the tissues over silica gel for 2 and 2.5 h, respectively. After these pretreatments, the plant material was frozen in liquid nitrogen (LN; –196 °C). For both coniferous trees the ET survival rate was high and reached 84.4% for A. alba x A. numidica (28 days) and 86.7% for P. nigra (35 days) after recovery of the tissues from liquid nitrogen (LN). The regenerated tissue of A. alba x A. numidica was characterized by more intense growth after storage in LN compared to tissue that had not been cryopreserved (control). The tissue of this tree also undertook relatively rapid growth after thawing from LN. In turn, the ET growth of P. nigra was significantly lower after thawing compared to the other treatment. Conclusions The present study demonstrated, that the stepwise dehydration method could be successfully applied to the cryostorage of ETs of both studied trees. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on ET cryopreservation based on this method for Abies and Pinus genus representatives, which may be the alternative way for efficient, long-term preservation of germplasm in LN.

Abstract Background Transgender women (TW) experience significant inequities in healthcare access and health disparities compared to cisgender populations. Access to non-transition related healthcare is understudied among TW. We aimed to assess the association between access to care and gender minority stress and resilience factors among TW living with and without HIV in eastern and southern United States. Methods This study was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data drawn from a cohort of 1613 adult TW from the LITE Study. The cohort permitted participation through two modes: a site-based, technology-enhanced mode and an exclusively online (remote) mode. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses determined measurement models for gender minority stress, resilience, and healthcare access. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the relationships between these constructs. Models were evaluated within the overall sample and separately by mode and HIV status. Results Higher levels of gender minority stress, as measured by anticipated discrimination and non-affirmation were associated with decreased access to healthcare. Among TW living with HIV, higher levels of anticipated discrimination, non-affirmation, and social support were associated with decreased healthcare access. Among TW living without HIV in the site-based mode, resilience was positively associated with positive healthcare experiences and inversely associated with barriers to healthcare access. Among TW living without HIV in the online mode, anticipated discrimination was associated with barriers to healthcare access; resilience was positively associated with positive healthcare experiences and inversely associated with barriers to healthcare access. Conclusions Gender minority stress was associated with increased barriers to healthcare access among TW in the US, regardless of HIV status. Resilience factors did not mediate this effect. Interventions aiming to increase healthcare access among TW can be aided by efforts to mitigate drivers of gender minority stress and improve patient experiences in healthcare facilities.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used in bottle production due to its cost-effectiveness and low environmental impact. The first part of this article describes the research and statistical analysis methodology of the influence of the virgin PET (vPET) and recycled PET (rPET) content in the vPET-rPET blend, as well as the preform heating/cooling conditions in the stretch blow molding (SBM) process on the microscopic bottle properties. Microscopic properties such as crystallinity, density, viscosity, relaxation degree of the amorphous phase, and microcavitation in PET were examined. This study reveals that microcavity and solid-state post-condensation effects occur during PET deformation in the SBM process. The increase in free volume, indicating microcavitation, was confirmed by measuring positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). PALS and density of the amorphous phase studies prove a reduction in the dimensions of the free volumes, with a simultaneous significant increase in their number and ellipsoidization. It can be associated with crystallite rotation in a temperature-dependent non-crystalline matrix. The occurrence of solid-state post-condensation effects was confirmed by measuring the intrinsic viscosity. The conclusions resulting from the analysis of the microstructure affecting the mechanical strength of the material were validated by pressure resistance tests of the bottles.

This article presents the concept, research, and modeling of a sandwich composite made from ULTEM 9085 and polycarbonate (PC). ULTEM 9085 is relatively expensive compared to polycarbonate, and the composite structure made of these two materials allows for maintaining the physical properties of ULTEM while reducing the overall costs. The composite consisted of outer layers made of ULTEM 9085 and a core made of polycarbonate. Each layer was 3D-printed using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology, which enables nearly unlimited design flexibility. The geometry of the test specimens corresponds to the ISO 527-4 standard. Tensile and three-point bending tests were conducted. The structure was modeled in a simplified manner using averaged stiffness values, and with the classical laminate theory (CLT). The models were calibrated through tensile and bending tests on ULTEM and polycarbonate prints. The simulation results were compared with experimental data, demonstrating good accuracy. The 3D-printed ULTEM-PC-ULTEM composite exhibits favorable mechanical properties, making it a promising material for cost-effective engineering applications.

Composite polymer membranes were obtained using the so-called dry phase inversion and were used for desalination of diluted saline water solutions by pervaporation (PV) method. The tests used a two-layer backing, porous, ultrafiltration commercial membrane (PS20), which consisted of a supporting polyester layer and an active polysulfone layer. The active layer of PV membranes was obtained in an aqueous environment, in the presence of a surfactant, by cross-linking a 5 wt.% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)—using various amounts of cross-linking substances: 50 wt.% aqueous solutions of glutaraldehyde (GA) or citric acid (CA) or a 40 wt.% aqueous solution of glyoxal. An ethylene glycol oligomer (PEG 200) was also used to prepare active layers on PV membranes. Witch its help a chemically cross-linked hydrogel with PVA and cross-linking reagents (CA or GA) was formed and used as an active layer. The manufactured PV membranes (PVA/PSf/PES) were used in the desalination of water with a salinity of 35‰, which corresponds to the average salinity of oceans. The pervaporation method was used to examine the efficiency (productivity and selectivity) of the desalination process. The PV was carried at a temperature of 60 °C and a feed flow rate of 60 dm3/h while the membrane area was 0.005 m2. The following characteristic parameters of the membranes were determined: thickness, hydrophilicity (based on contact angle measurements), density, degree of swelling and cross-linking density and compared with the analogous properties of the initial PS20 backing membrane. The physical microstructure of the cross-section of the membranes was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method.