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2. Intentional creation of carbon-rich dark earth soils in the Amazon

Author

Schmidt, Morgan J., Goldberg, Samuel L., Heckenberger, Michael, Fausto, Carlos, Franchetto, Bruna, Watling, Jennifer, Lima, Helena, Moraes, Bruno, Dorshow, Wetherbee B., Toney, Joshua, Kuikuro, Yamalui, Waura, Kumessi, Kuikuro, Huke, Kuikuro, Taku Wate, Kuikuro, Takumã, Kuikuro, Yahila, Kuikuro, Afukaka, Teixeira, Wenceslau, Rocha, Bruna, Honorato, Vinicius, Tavares, Hugo, Magalhães, Marcos, Barbosa, Carlos Augusto, da Fonseca, João Aires, Mendes, Kelton, Alleoni, Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú, Cerri, Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino, Arroyo-Kalin, Manuel, Neves, Eduardo, Perron, J. Taylor, Schmidt, Morgan J., Goldberg, Samuel L., Heckenberger, Michael, Fausto, Carlos, Franchetto, Bruna, Watling, Jennifer, Lima, Helena, Moraes, Bruno, Dorshow, Wetherbee B., Toney, Joshua, Kuikuro, Yamalui, Waura, Kumessi, Kuikuro, Huke, Kuikuro, Taku Wate, Kuikuro, Takumã, Kuikuro, Yahila, Kuikuro, Afukaka, Teixeira, Wenceslau, Rocha, Bruna, Honorato, Vinicius, Tavares, Hugo, Magalhães, Marcos, Barbosa, Carlos Augusto, da Fonseca, João Aires, Mendes, Kelton, Alleoni, Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú, Cerri, Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino, Arroyo-Kalin, Manuel, Neves, Eduardo, and Perron, J. Taylor

Abstract

Fertile soil known as Amazonian dark earth is central to the debate over the size and ecological impact of ancient human populations in the Amazon. Dark earth is typically associated with human occupation, but it is uncertain whether it was created intentionally. Dark earth may also be a substantial carbon sink, but its spatial extent and carbon inventory are unknown. We demonstrate spatial and compositional similarities between ancient and modern dark earth and document modern Indigenous practices that enrich soil, which we use to propose a model for the formation of ancient dark earth. This comparison suggests that ancient Amazonians managed soil to improve fertility and increase crop productivity. These practices also sequestered and stored carbon in the soil for centuries, and we show that some ancient sites contain as much carbon as the above-ground rainforest biomass. Our results demonstrate the intentional creation of dark earth and highlight the value of Indigenous knowledge for sustainable rainforest management.

Published
2024

3. Intentional creation of carbon-rich dark earth soils in the Amazon

Author

Schmidt, Morgan J., primary, Goldberg, Samuel L., additional, Heckenberger, Michael, additional, Fausto, Carlos, additional, Franchetto, Bruna, additional, Watling, Jennifer, additional, Lima, Helena, additional, Moraes, Bruno, additional, Dorshow, Wetherbee B., additional, Toney, Joshua, additional, Kuikuro, Yamalui, additional, Waura, Kumessi, additional, Kuikuro, Huke, additional, Kuikuro, Taku Wate, additional, Kuikuro, Takumã, additional, Kuikuro, Yahila, additional, Kuikuro, Afukaka, additional, Teixeira, Wenceslau, additional, Rocha, Bruna, additional, Honorato, Vinicius, additional, Tavares, Hugo, additional, Magalhães, Marcos, additional, Barbosa, Carlos Augusto, additional, da Fonseca, João Aires, additional, Mendes, Kelton, additional, Alleoni, Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú, additional, Cerri, Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino, additional, Arroyo-Kalin, Manuel, additional, Neves, Eduardo, additional, and Perron, J. Taylor, additional

Published
2023
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4. Assessing charcoal and phytolith signals for pre-Columbian land-use based on modern indigenous activity areas in the Upper Xingu, Amazonia.

Author

Watling, Jennifer, Schmidt, Morgan, Heckenberger, Michael, Lima, Helena, Moraes, Bruno, Waura, Kumessi, Kuikuro, Huke, Kuikuro, Taku Wate, Kuikuro, Utu, and Kuikuro, Afukaka

Subjects
CHARCOAL, INDIGENOUS peoples of South America, INDIGENOUS children, PHYTOLITHS, INDIGENOUS peoples, CULTURAL policy, CULTURAL property
Abstract

The nature and extent of past indigenous transformations in the Amazon basin is an actively debated topic, and one that has important implications for both conservation policy and the cultural heritage of its indigenous and traditional populations. The use of charcoal and phytoliths to measure past human impacts in non-lacustrine settings has become especially influential in this debate but has also generated disagreement among scholars regarding the possible limits of these proxies for detecting ancient land-use. To contribute empirical data to this issue, our paper presents the first attempt to study charcoal and phytolith signals from areas of modern indigenous land-use, in the Xingu Indigenous Territory, southern Amazonia. Our findings show that, while charcoal and early successional herb phytoliths are good indicators of land-use intensity, certain types of land-use leave subtler traces in the phytolith record that can hinder their detection. We demonstrate how using finer sampling resolution and comparing local proxy data on their own terms are necessary steps in order to identify trends in human land-use across time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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