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3. Roadmap on Photovoltaic Absorber Materials for Sustainable Energy Conversion

Author

Blakesley, James C., Bonilla, Ruy S., Freitag, Marina, Ganose, Alex M., Gasparini, Nicola, Kaienburg, Pascal, Koutsourakis, George, Major, Jonathan D., Nelson, Jenny, Noel, Nakita K., Roose, Bart, Yun, Jae Sung, Aliwell, Simon, Altermatt, Pietro P., Ameri, Tayebeh, Andrei, Virgil, Armin, Ardalan, Bagnis, Diego, Baker, Jenny, Beath, Hamish, Bellanger, Mathieu, Berrouard, Philippe, Blumberger, Jochen, Boden, Stuart A., Bronstein, Hugo, Carnie, Matthew J., Case, Chris, Castro, Fernando A., Chang, Yi-Ming, Chao, Elmer, Clarke, Tracey M., Cooke, Graeme, Docampo, Pablo, Durose, Ken, Durrant, James R., Filip, Marina R., Friend, Richard H., Frost, Jarvist M., Gibson, Elizabeth A., Gillett, Alexander J., Goddard, Pooja, Habisreutinger, Severin N., Heeney, Martin, Hendsbee, Arthur D., Hirst, Louise C., Islam, M. Saiful, Jayawardena, K. D. G. Imalka, Johnston, Michael B., Kauer, Matthias, Kettle, Jeff, Kim, Ji-Seon, Lamb, Dan, Lidzey, David, Lim, Jihoo, MacKenzie, Roderick, Mason, Nigel, McCulloch, Iain, McKenna, Keith P., Meier, Sebastian B., Meredith, Paul, Morse, Graham, Murphy, John D., Nicklin, Chris, Ortega-Arriaga, Paloma, Osterberg, Thomas, Patel, Jay B., Peaker, Anthony, Riede, Moritz, Rush, Martyn, Ryan, James W., Scanlon, David O., Skabara, Peter J., So, Franky, Snaith, Henry J., Steier, Ludmilla, Thiesbrummel, Jarla, Troisi, Alessandro, Underwood, Craig, Walzer, Karsten, Watson, Trystan, Walls, J. Michael, Walsh, Aron, Whalley, Lucy D., Winchester, Benedict, Stranks, Samuel D., and Hoye, Robert L. Z.

Subjects
Physics - Applied Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Photovoltaics (PVs) are a critical technology for curbing growing levels of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and meeting increases in future demand for low-carbon electricity. In order to fulfil ambitions for net-zero carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions worldwide, the global cumulative capacity of solar PVs must increase by an order of magnitude from 0.9 TWp in 2021 to 8.5 TWp by 2050 according to the International Renewable Energy Agency, which is considered to be a highly conservative estimate. In 2020, the Henry Royce Institute brought together the UK PV community to discuss the critical technological and infrastructure challenges that need to be overcome to address the vast challenges in accelerating PV deployment. Herein, we examine the key developments in the global community, especially the progress made in the field since this earlier roadmap, bringing together experts primarily from the UK across the breadth of the photovoltaics community. The focus is both on the challenges in improving the efficiency, stability and levelized cost of electricity of current technologies for utility-scale PVs, as well as the fundamental questions in novel technologies that can have a significant impact on emerging markets, such as indoor PVs, space PVs, and agrivoltaics. We discuss challenges in advanced metrology and computational tools, as well as the growing synergies between PVs and solar fuels, and offer a perspective on the environmental sustainability of the PV industry. Through this roadmap, we emphasize promising pathways forward in both the short- and long-term, and for communities working on technologies across a range of maturity levels to learn from each other., Comment: 160 pages, 21 figures

Published
2023
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4. The effect of direct electron beam patterning on the water uptake and ionic conductivity of Nafion thin films

Author

Nguyen, Ky V., Gluschke, Jan G., Mostert, A. Bernardus, Nelson, Andrew, Burwell, Gregory, Lyttleton, Roman W., Cavaye, Hamish, Welbourn, Rebecca J. L., Seidl, Jakob, Lagier, Maxime, Miranda, Marta Sanchez, McGettrick, James D., Watson, Trystan, Meredith, Paul, and Micolich, Adam P.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter
Abstract

We report the effect of electron-beam patterning on the water uptake and ionic conductivity of Nafion films using a combination of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance studies, neutron reflectometry, and AC impedance spectroscopy. The aim was to more fully characterize the nature of the nanoscale patterned Nafion structures recently used as a key element in novel ion-to-electron transducers by Gluschke et al. To enable these studies, we develop the electron beam patterning process for large areas, achieving patterning speeds approaching 1 cm$^{2}$/hr, and patterned areas as large as 7 cm$^{2}$ for the neutron reflectometry studies. We ultimately show that electron-beam patterning affects both the water uptake and the ionic conductivity, depending on film thickness. We see Type-II adsorption isotherm behaviour for all films. For thick films (~230 nm), we see a strong reduction in water uptake with electron-beam patterning. In contrast, for thin films (~30 nm), electron-beam patterning enhances water uptake. Notably, we find that for either thickness the reduction in ionic conductivity arising from electron-beam patterning is kept to less than an order of magnitude. We propose mechanisms for the observed behaviour based on the known complex morphology of Nafion films to motivate future studies of electron-beam processed Nafion.

Published
2023
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7. Solar light-driven simultaneous pharmaceutical pollutant degradation and green hydrogen production using a mesoporous nanoscale WO3/BiVO4 heterostructure photoanode

Author

Davies, Katherine Rebecca, Allan, Michael G., Nagarajan, Sanjay, Townsend, Rachel, Dunlop, Tom, McGettrick, James D., Asokan, Vijay Shankar, Ananthraj, Sengeni, Watson, Trystan, Godfrey, A. Ruth, Durrant, James R., Maroto-Valer, M. Mercedes, Kuehnel, Moritz F., and Pitchaimuthu, Sudhagar

Published
2023
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8. Identifying dominant recombination mechanisms in perovskite solar cells by measuring the transient ideality factor

Author

Calado, Phil, Burkitt, Dan, Yao, Jizhong, Troughton, Joel, Watson, Trystan M., Carnie, Matt J., Telford, Andrew M., O'Regan, Brian C., Nelson, Jenny, and Barnes, Piers R. F.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract

The ideality factor determined by measuring the open circuit voltage (VOC) as function of light intensity is often used as a means to identify the dominant recombination mechanism in solar cells. However, applying this Suns-VOC technique to perovskite cells is problematic since the VOC evolves with time in a way which depends on the previously applied bias (Vpre), the light intensity, and the device architecture/processing. Here we show that the dominant recombination mechanism in two structurally similar CH3NH3PbI3 devices containing either mesoporous Al2O3 or TiO2 layers can be identified from the signature of the transient ideality factor following application of a forward bias, Vpre, to the device in the dark. The transient ideality factor, is measured by monitoring the temporal evolution of VOC at different light intensities. The initial values of the transient ideality were consistent with corresponding photoluminescence vs intensity as well as electroluminescence vs current density measurements. Time-dependent simulations of the measurement on modelled devices, which include the effects of mobile ionic charge, show that Shockley Read Hall (SRH) recombination through deep traps at the charge collection interfaces is dominant in both devices. Using transient photovoltage measurements superimposed on the evolving VOC of bifacial devices we further show that the charge collection interface extends throughout the mesoporous TiO2 layer, consistent with a transient ideality signature corresponding to SRH recombination in the bulk of the film. This information could not be inferred from an ideality factor determined from only steady-state VOC values. The method we have developed will be useful for identifying performance bottlenecks in new variants of perovskite devices by comparison with the transient ideality signatures we have predicted for a range of possible recombination schemes., Comment: Main manuscript and supporting information

Published
2018
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12. Azetidinium Lead Iodide for Perovskite Solar Cells

Author

Pering, Samuel R., Deng, Wentao, Troughton, Joel R., Niemann, Ralf G., Brivio, Federico, Kubiak, Peter S., Jeffrey, Florence E., Watson, Trystan M., Raithby, Paul. R., Johnson, Andrew L., Lewis, Simon E., and Cameron, PJ.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites have been established as good candidate materials for emerging photovoltaics, with device efficiencies of over 22 % being reported. There are currently only two organic cations, methylammonium and formamidinium, which produce 3D perovskites with band gaps suitable for photovoltaic devices. Numerous computational studies have identified azetidinium as a potential third cation for synthesizing organic-inorganic perovskites, but to date no experimental reports of azetidinium containing perovskites have been published. Here we prepare azetidinium lead iodide for the first time and show that it is a stable, bright orange material that can be successfully used as the absorber layer in solar cells. We also show that it is possible to make mixed cation devices by adding the azetidinium cation to methylammonium lead iodide. Mixed azetidinium-methylammonium cells show improved performance and reduced hysteresis compared to methylammonium lead iodide cells.

Published
2017

15. Enhancing the Performance of the Mesoporous TiO2 Film in Printed Perovskite Photovoltaics through High‐Speed Imaging and Ink Rheology Techniques.

Author

Potts, Sarah‐Jane, Bolton, Rebecca, Dunlop, Tom, Lacey, Kathryn, Worsley, Carys, Watson, Trystan, and Jewell, Eifion

Subjects
PRINTED electronics, SURFACE analysis, SOLAR cells, JOB performance, RHEOLOGY
Abstract

Mesoscopic carbon‐based perovskite solar cells (C‐PSCs) have the potential to be manufactured at an industrial scale by utilizing screen‐printing, a simple, affordable, and commercially mature process. As such, many recent publications have focused on enhancing performance through modifying cell architecture and perovskite chemistries. This work examines how ink rheology can be tuned to optimize cell performance through reducing the occurrence of common print defects to create higher quality m‐TiO2 films. Inks with different solvent dilutions and rheological profiles are assessed using high‐speed imaging through the screen‐printing visualization (SPV) technique, to investigate the impact of the viscosity and elasticity on ink separation mechanisms. The resultant film quality and its influence on device performances are then assessed. Ink separation lengths are minimized, and the formation of filaments ceases during printing, leading to improved TiO2 film topography and homogenous infiltration of the perovskite precursor. Consequently, PCE is improved by over 10% of the original efficiency in cells and 224 cm2 active area modules due to enhanced Voc and FF. These results not only provide key insights into tailoring ink rheology, to achieve improved print homogeneity and higher performing cells, but also aid further work on enhancing the performance of other screen‐printed functional films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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24. Pathways to Upscaling Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells Using Green Solvents: A Study on Device Photophysics in the Transition from Lab‐to‐Fab.

Author

Mazzolini, Eva, Pacalaj, Richard A., Fu, Yuang, Patil, Bhushan R., Patidar, Rahul, Lu, Xinhui, Watson, Trystan M., Durrant, James R., Li, Zhe, and Gasparini, Nicola

Subjects
SOLAR cells, CHARGE carriers, PARKS, RESEARCH personnel, SOLUBILITY, SOLVENTS
Abstract

As the rise of nonfullerene acceptors (NFA) has allowed lab‐scale organic solar cells (OSC) to reach 20% efficiency, translating these devices into roll‐to‐roll compatible fabrication still poses many challenges for researchers. Among these are the use of green solvent solubility for large‐scale manufacture, roll‐to‐roll compatible fabrication, and, not least, information on charge carrier dynamics in each upscaling step, to further understand the gap in performance. In this work, the reproducibility of champion devices using slot‐die coating with 14% power conversion efficiency (PCE) is demonstrated, under the condition that the optimal thickness is maintained. It is further shown that for the donor:acceptor (D:A) blend PM6:Y12, the processing solvent has a more significant impact on charge carrier dynamics compared to the deposition technique. It is found that the devices processed with o‐xylene feature a 40% decrease in the bimolecular recombination coefficient compared to those processed with CB, as well as a 70% increase in effective mobility. Finally, it is highlighted that blade‐coating yields devices with similar carrier dynamics to slot‐die coating, making it the optimal choice for lab‐scale optimization with no significant loss in translation toward up‐scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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29. An effective approach of vapour assisted morphological tailoring for reducing metal defect sites in lead-free, (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 bismuth-based perovskite solar cells for improved performance and long-term stability

Author

Jain, Sagar M., Phuyal, Dibya, Davies, Matthew L., Li, Meng, Philippe, Bertrand, De Castro, Catherine, Qiu, Zhen, Kim, Jinhyun, Watson, Trystan, Tsoi, Wing Chung, Karis, Olof, Rensmo, Håkan, Boschloo, Gerrit, Edvinsson, Tomas, and Durrant, James R.

Published
2018
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31. Consensus statement for stability assessment and reporting for perovskite photovoltaics based on ISOS procedures

Author

Khenkin, Mark V., Katz, Eugene A., Abate, Antonio, Bardizza, Giorgio, Berry, Joseph J., Brabec, Christoph, Brunetti, Francesca, Bulović, Vladimir, Burlingame, Quinn, Di Carlo, Aldo, Cheacharoen, Rongrong, Cheng, Yi-Bing, Colsmann, Alexander, Cros, Stephane, Domanski, Konrad, Dusza, Michał, Fell, Christopher J., Forrest, Stephen R., Galagan, Yulia, Di Girolamo, Diego, Grätzel, Michael, Hagfeldt, Anders, von Hauff, Elizabeth, Hoppe, Harald, Kettle, Jeff, Köbler, Hans, Leite, Marina S., Liu, Shengzhong (Frank), Loo, Yueh-Lin, Luther, Joseph M., Ma, Chang-Qi, Madsen, Morten, Manceau, Matthieu, Matheron, Muriel, McGehee, Michael, Meitzner, Rico, Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja, Nogueira, Ana Flavia, Odabaşı, Çağla, Osherov, Anna, Park, Nam-Gyu, Reese, Matthew O., De Rossi, Francesca, Saliba, Michael, Schubert, Ulrich S., Snaith, Henry J., Stranks, Samuel D., Tress, Wolfgang, Troshin, Pavel A., Turkovic, Vida, Veenstra, Sjoerd, Visoly-Fisher, Iris, Walsh, Aron, Watson, Trystan, Xie, Haibing, Yıldırım, Ramazan, Zakeeruddin, Shaik Mohammed, Zhu, Kai, and Lira-Cantu, Monica

Published
2020
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37. Fast and Balanced Charge Transport Enabled by Solution‐Processed Metal Oxide Layers for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

Author

Zhang, Jing, Mcgettrick, James, Ji, Kangyu, Bi, Jinxin, Webb, Thomas, Liu, Xueping, Liu, Dongtao, Ren, Aobo, Xiang, Yuren, Li, Bowei, Stolojan, Vlad, Watson, Trystan, Stranks, Samuel D., and Zhang, Wei

Subjects
METALLIC oxides, SOLAR cells, NICKEL oxide, PEROVSKITE, TIN oxides
Abstract

Metal oxide charge transport materials are preferable for realizing long‐term stable and potentially low‐cost perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, due to some technical difficulties (e.g., intricate fabrication protocols, high‐temperature heating process, incompatible solvents, etc.), it is still challenging to achieve efficient and reliable all‐metal‐oxide‐based devices. Here, we developed efficient inverted PSCs (IPSCs) based on solution‐processed nickel oxide (NiOx) and tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles, working as hole and electron transport materials respectively, enabling a fast and balanced charge transfer for photogenerated charge carriers. Through further understanding and optimizing the perovskite/metal oxide interfaces, we have realized an outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.5% (the bandgap of the perovskite is 1.62 eV), which is the highest efficiency among IPSCs based on all‐metal‐oxide charge transport materials. Thanks to these stable metal oxides and improved interface properties, ambient stability (retaining 95% of initial PCE after 1 month), thermal stability (retaining 80% of initial PCE after 2 weeks) and light stability (retaining 90% of initial PCE after 1000 hours aging) of resultant devices are enhanced significantly. In addition, owing to the low‐temperature fabrication procedures of the entire device, we have obtained a PCE of over 21% for flexible IPSCs with enhanced operational stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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48. All‐Printed Roll to Roll Perovskite Photovoltaics Enabled by Solution Processed Carbon Electrode

Author

Beynon, David, primary, Parvazian, Ershad, additional, Hooper, Katherine, additional, Mcgettrick, James, additional, Patidar, Rahul, additional, Dunlop, Tom, additional, Wei, Zhengfei, additional, Davies, Peter, additional, Rodriguez, Rodrigo Garcia, additional, Carnie, Matt, additional, Davies, Matthew, additional, and Watson, Trystan, additional

Published
2023
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49. Fast and balanced charge transport enabled by solution‐processed metal oxide layers for efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells

Author

Zhang, Jing, primary, Mcgettrick, James, additional, Ji, Kangyu, additional, Bi, Jinxin, additional, Webb, Thomas, additional, Liu, Xueping, additional, Liu, Dongtao, additional, Ren, Aobo, additional, Xiang, Yuren, additional, Li, Bowei, additional, Stolojan, Vlad, additional, Watson, Trystan, additional, Stranks, Samuel D., additional, and Zhang, Wei, additional

Published
2023
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50. Solar Light-Driven Simultaneous Pharmaceutical Pollutant Degradation and Green Hydrogen Production Using a Mesoporous Nanoscale Wo3/Bivo4 Heterostructure Photoanode

Author

Davies, Katherine Rebecca, primary, Allan, Michael G., additional, Nagarajan, Sanjay, additional, Townsend, Rachel, additional, Dunlop, Tom, additional, McGettrick, James D., additional, Asokan, Vijay Shankar, additional, Ananthraj, Sengeni, additional, Watson, Trystan, additional, Godfrey, Ruth, additional, Durrant, James R., additional, Maroto-Valer, Mercedes, additional, Kuehnel, Moritz F., additional, and Pitchaimuthua, Sudhagar, additional

Published
2023
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