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A two-stage submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (2-sAnMBR) was operated to demonstrate the technology concept and to accelerate anaerobic biodegradation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Then, the impact of different high organic loading rates (OLR) was investigated with a focus on water quality and biogas production. OLR higher than 50 kgCOD.m-3.d-1 induced an increase of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). As a consequence, the biogas production decreased from 19.8 to 11.0 L.d-1 and CH4 yield between 0.23 to 0.38 LCH4/gCODremoved. Nevertheless, the highest OLR (98 kgCOD.m-3.d-1) made it possible to reach a COD removal effectiveness of 70%, where the membrane contribution was around 23.9% to 34.7%. The ratio of propionic acid/acetic acid appeared to be a key indicator to prevent the AnMBR operation failure. Indeed, as soon as the value of 0.7 has been exceeded, several signs of AnMBR failure appeared. The methanogenic activity in AnMBR was inhibited by a hydrolysis ratio of 13% which transformed to VFA accumulation in system. The 250 mg.L-1 of Phenol concentration in POME was an inhibitory of the microbe in this system. Suspended solids concentration, proteins, polysaccharides, and volatile fatty acids were the substantial parameters that influenced the fouling rate.

In this work, hematite with titanium dioxide (α-Fe2O3/TiO2) heterojunctions with palladium (Pd) nanoparticles were synthesised to improve efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen production. α-Fe2O3 was loaded onto TiO2 surfaces, then Pd nanoparticles were deposited to make a ternary photocatalyst. The chemical composition, morphology and surface properties of photocatalytic ternary heterojunction were characterized by XRD, UV–Vis, FE-SEM, TEM, EDS, XPS techniques and BET analysis. The PL emission, transient photocurrent and EIS Nyquist plot were investigated for separation and migration of photogenerated charge carriers in photocatalyst nanocomposites. The average crystallite size of ternary α-Fe2O3/TiO2-Pd was 22 nm and its band gap energy was 2.00 eV, much lower than that of the pure TiO2 nanoparticles (3.16 eV). The α-Fe2O3/TiO2-Pd also has higher specific surface area and smaller EIS radius, which enhance interface activity and charge transfer. The α-Fe2O3/TiO2-Pd exhibited great performance, with H2 production rate of 3490.54 µmol h−1 g−1 and excellent stability in multi-cycle H2 production. The photocatalytic mechanism of α-Fe2O3/TiO2-Pd as explained by the S-scheme heterojunction is that the electron in the VB of α-Fe2O3 and TiO2 are transferred to CB of each photocatalyst. Then, the electrons in the CB of TiO2 are transferred to the VB of α-Fe2O3 and the photogenerated electrons in CB of α-Fe2O3 can migrate to Pd, which increase the redox ability for H2 production and increase the separation of photogenerated e−–h+ pairs. Overall, the experimental results and theoretical analyses confirm the high potential for the applicability of the ternary photocatalysts for H2 production.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is amongst the endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) that cause illness to humans and in this work was removed using copper (I) oxide (Cu

Concentration and chemical composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) play a major role in formation and speciation of disinfection by-products, such as trihalomethanes (THMs), in water treatment plants (WTPs) during disinfection. This study characterized DOM across the process trains of WTPs using fluorescence excitation emission matrices (EEMs) together with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The PARAFAC model was developed from 216 EEMs of bimonthly water samples from three WTPs in Khon Kaen, Thailand, from May 2018 to Mar 2019. Three PARAFAC components identified were humic-like DOM of terrestrial, and microbial or agricultural origin, while the one protein-like component was previously defined as tryptophan-like fluorophore. The relationships between water quality parameters, including the maximum fluorescent intensities (Fmax) of PARAFAC components and THM formation potential (THM-FP) were investigated using Spearman's rank correlation. The Fmax of PARAFAC components, UVA254, DOC, and THM-FP were greater in dry season. Chloroform was the primary THM formed at two sites using surface water as their water source, while the site using surface water with saline groundwater intrusion had higher concentration of brominated THMs. Results indicated that Fmax of humic-like components extracted by PARAFAC analysis were the most accurate THM-FP surrogate parameter assessed for the water samples tested and the correlations between Fmax and THM-FP were site specific (ρ = 0.81–0.85). The result demonstrates that fluorescence spectroscopy analysis has yielded insights into relationships between the DOM optical characteristics and their total THM-FP even at sites with different speciation of THMs.

Ethanol recovery via pervaporation is greatly influenced by membrane separation performance, which can be enhanced by adding hydrophobic fillers such as silicalite-1. Silicalite-1 was prepared by controlling the gel molar composition in hydrothermal synthesis, and it was incorporated into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane on Teflon. The silicalite-1 Si-O-Si structures interacted with the -Si(CH3)2-O- backbone of the PDMS chain. The thermal gravimetric analysis results showed that the silicalite-1 improved the thermal stability and raised the initial decomposition temperature from 405°C to 450–470°C. Increasing silicalite-1 content from 5 to 20 wt% enhanced the relative ethanol/water swelling from 1.33% to 1.52% and advanced the contact angle from 112.6° to 138.6°. Addition of 20 wt% silicalite-1 improved the separation factor in broth from 2.55 to 5.56. When using 20 wt% silicalite-1/PDMS membrane and replacing the ethanol solution with broth, fouling reduced the flux from 597 to 482 g m−2 h−1, but the broth composite increased the separation factor from 3.14 to 5.56. The overall pervaporation separation index with a santol broth of the 20 wt% silicalite-1/PDMS and commercial PDMS membranes were 2199 and 2110. The prepared membranes had similar overall performance as a commercial membrane.

Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that can be used for food waste and leachate treatment. A semi- continuous anaerobic digestion experiment was carried out treating a synthetic feedstock made of 50% synthetic food waste and 50% leachate. The total solids concentration inside the reaction was maintain constant and different TS were investigated varying from 5 to 7% TS. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect pH and Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) on the biogas production at the different organic loading rate tested. These operational parameters were used to predict and control a mesophilic screw digester. The results of this study indicated that the optimum of ORP and pH during the acidogenesis phase were -284 ± 32.71 mV and 5.76 ± 0.24, respectively. The optimum of ORP and pH during the methanogenesis phase were -335.63 ± 28.97 mV and 7.49 ± 0.24, respectively. The highest biogas and CH4 content were obtained for the OLR equal to 5%TS condition. The value of biogas and CH4 content were0.29 L biogas/g COD utilized and 68% of methane content, respectively.

Water scarcity is the next coming problem for human beings. Organics and nutrients from wastewater treatment plants, water flushing, agricultural waste, etc., causes water pollution, which leads to eutrophication of water bodies. Emerging technologies to remove and recover nutrients from wastewater and waste sludge have been widely investigated in wastewater treatment plants. The recent application of membrane technologies allows the possibility of removing and recovering nutrients to be used for sustaining agricultural yields. Several types of membranes exist, and their performances vary depending on their properties such as pore size, wettability, surface charge, etc. This chapter will highlight the applications and performances of different types of polymeric membrane processes, namely pressure-driven membranes (reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and membrane bioreactors), osmotically driven membranes (forward osmosis), and thermally driven membranes (membrane distillation) on nitrogen and phosphorus removal and recovery. The development of hybrid systems and future membrane perspectives will also be discussed.

This study investigated the performance of coagulation with ferric chloride (FeCl3.6H2O) and adsorption with activated carbon used as pretreatments prior to thin-film composite–forward osmosis (TFC-FO) filtration of ink printing wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from a printing factory located in Chao Phraya river basin where zero liquid-discharge standards are regulated. The FO filtration unit was operated in co-current mode with the cross-flow velocity of 600 mL/min using 2 M NaCl as draw solution. The FO membrane achieved 83.9–91.0% chemical oxygen demand and 91.2–99.9% color rejections. FO filtration of raw wastewater, coagulation-treated wastewater, and coagulation and adsorption-treated wastewater resulted in 56.3%, 49.0% and 46.1% of flux decline in 150 min. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry results revealed that cake formation caused by colloidal particles and pore blocking from precipitation were the major fouling mechanisms. Cake-enhanced concentration polarization also promoted adsorption of color and pigments at the membrane surface. Both fouling mechanisms were successfully mitigated by adsorption following coagulation pretreatment. Overall, the combined pretreatments and FO have potential for the effective treatment and reuse of ink printing wastewater.

In this work, hematite (α-Fe2O3) deposited on anatase TiO2 was modified by plasma treatment and studied. α-Fe2O3/TiO2 was successfully synthesized using sol-gel precipitation methods and the surface was modified by argon (Ar) gas plasma treatment to increase photocatalyst nanocomposite activity. The effect of Ar-plasma treatment times from 5 to 20 min at DC glow discharge powers of 50 watts was investigated. The crystal structures, surface morphology, optical properties were characterization by using X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV–vis spectrometry (UV–Vis), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). After plasma treatment, the crystalline phase of TiO2 form changed from pure anatase to a mixture of anatase and rutile phases. The particle size was reduced from 25 to 20 nm. The band gap energy decreased from approximately 2.18 eV to 1.84 eV and exhibited a wider absorption edge under visible light irradiation (400–700 nm). Ar-plasma modification of the surface showed the attribution of oxygen vacancies and Ti3+. The plasma treatment improved the heterojunction photocatalyst to enhance the photocatalytic activity under visible light for H2 evolution. The best photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution rate was obtained at 1.25 mmol h-1 for α-Fe2O3/TiO2-10 photocatalyst compared to α-Fe2O3/TiO2-untreated (0.13 mmol h-1). The plasma treatment on photocatalyst materials showed long-term stability and excellent separation of the photogenerated charge carriers.

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor was used to treat the effluent from an industrial UASB reactor receiving seafood processing wastewater. Operation in liquid circulation (LQ) was compared with the addition of granular activated carbon (LQ+GAC) and the introduction of biogas to partially replace the liquid recirculation flow (LQr+GAC+G). In all treatments, COD was removed to well under the secondary effluent standard of 120 mg/L. HRT did not cause much difference in performance but GAC addition provided superior performance in membrane fouling control. Fouling rate, the transmembrane pressure developed over time in mbar/d, was reduced by 90%, 93%, and 87% in LQ+GAC, and the additional of 54%, 55%, and 90% with biogas circulation at HRT 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively. Minimal substitution of liquid with biogas in circulation with GAC was effective and less energy intensive. SEM image showed that GAC and partial biogas supply could shift the fouling behavior.

The aim of this study was to compared the effect of two plasma gases, Argon (Ar) and carbon dioxide (CO2), in the acrylic acid (AAc) grafting modification of a commercial cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane to improve water flux and anti-protein fouling properties in forward osmosis (FO) for protein recovery application. The successful grafting polymerization was evaluated by measuring the grafting yield and water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis. The contact angle of the CTA membrane was decreased from 64.0° to 37.1° and 36.4° by CO2 and Ar plasma gas treatment, respectively, which indicated an increase in hydrophilicity. The FO experiments were carried out in a lab-scale filtration apparatus. The effects of interfacial characteristics between membrane surfaces and model protein and polysaccharide foulants on flux decline and reversibility of foulants were compared. Ar gas was able to provide more free radicals and plasma electrons on the membrane surfaces, thus it was more effective than CO2 in increasing water flux and also decreased reverse salt flux and fouling tendency. The modified membranes had excellent anti-protein fouling properties, which makes them suitable for protein recovery applications. Using the Ar plasma modified membranes, tuna protein was concentrated from 4.5 % to 10.7 %, and excellent maintenance of water flux was achieved.

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are an alternative technology to achieve high quality effluent for water reuse for eucalyptus pulp and paper (P&P) industries, but membrane fouling is still a challenging factor that restricts its application. This study aims to investigate characteristics of reversible and irreversible fouling of the submerged polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) MBR for treating eucalyptus P&P wastewater. Six batches of MBR experiments with different mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations were performed. The membrane cleaning protocol included three-steps: backwashing with DI water and subsequently NaOH solution, and then soaking with NaOCl solution, for which achieved 54.6 ± 11 %, 76.6 ± 10 % and 97.8 ± 2 % of flux recovery, respectively. Formation of a cake layer comprised of organic substance and soluble microbial products (SMPs), mostly polysaccharides and proteins, was the main contributor to flux decline of the MBR. Concentration of proteins in the irreversible foulant was found to be positively correlated with degree of membrane fouling. Using fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) with fluorescence regional integration (FRI) analysis revealed that, during MBR treatment, protein-like substances in the permeate water significantly decreased, simultaneously with the increase in relative proportions of humic-like and fulvic-like substances. Further analysis on the irreversible foulants showed that protein-like substances, including tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like substances, were disproportionately more important to membrane fouling than humic-like substances relative to their respective concentration in raw P&P wastewater.

The present study reports the performance of a novel PVDF–Cloisite 15A hollow fiber composite membrane for the treatment of effluents containing dyes and salts through a direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process. The performance of the membrane was evaluated by varying several important parameters during the DCMD process which included feed properties (type of dyes, dye and salt concentration) and process conditions (feed temperature and flow rate). The experimental results showed that the in-house made membrane was able to achieve stable fluxes and excellent dye rejections (>97%) when tested with feed solutions containing dyes of different classes and molecular weights (MW), except crystal violet (CV) dye. The lower rejection resulting from a CV-containing feed is likely due to its small MW coupled with its high diffusion rate in aqueous solution. With respect to feed concentration, it is found that an increase in salt concentration in the feed solution had a negligible effect on the membrane separation performance. Increasing the dye concentration in the feed however led to lower membrane water flux owing to the deposition of dye particles on the membrane surface which resulted in severe fouling. Meanwhile, increasing the feed temperature and its flow rate could improve the membrane flux without affecting the permeate quality. When tested using a dyeing solution containing 50 ppm acid red and 1.0 M NaCl, the membrane flux was reported to enhance by 200% and 25% on increasing the feed temperature from 50 to 90 °C and the flow rate from 0.010 to 0.023 m s−1, respectively.

Biomass concentrations 2 to 5 times higher than in a conventional activated sludge (CAS) process can be achieved in a membrane bioreactor system (MBR). These non–conventional operating conditions, i.e. high sludge concentration, can induce different sludge characteristics and dewatering aptitude, essential parameters for the optimization of the sludge post–treatment, like mechanical dewatering. The objective of this work is to study the dewatering behavior of MBR sludge, and particularly the influence of high total suspended solids concentration, on viscosity and on the key dewaterability indicators. Operating conditions are chosen to obtain MBR sludge with constant characteristics, except TSS concentration. The results confirm that the sludge viscosity is dependent on the TSS concentration. The high viscosity obtained for high TSS concentration can be unfavorable to an efficient mixing in the MBR unit, as well as to acceptable membrane permeability. However, good settleability is obtained with high TSS concentration although the sludge presents high compressibility property and a large part of bound water. This large part of bound water seems to not disturb the sludge filterability, which stays relatively good in comparison with CAS. Consequently, high–TSS concentration in MBR system can be coherent with an efficient sludge post–treatment.

Synthesis and characterization of hydrophilic polyelectrolyte was performed in this work and used as draw solute for forward osmosis (FO) process. The effect of different ratios of acrylic acid (AA) and benzoyl peroxide (B) on the properties of polyelectrolyte was studied in this work. The physical and chemical properties of draw solution (DS) such as pH, conductivity, osmolality, viscosity, molecular weights and functional group were investigated. Results showed that the solution osmolality increased with increasing AA/B ratio. Self-synthesized polyelectrolytes with different molecular weights (MWs) were further correlated with its solution osmolality. The self-synthesized polyelectrolytes of PAA-K and PAA-Na showed an increasing of hydrophilic functional groups such as –OH or COOH. PAA-Na with lower MW and high osmotic pressure in the aqueous solution is found to exhibit a lower reverse solute flux during FO process. Meanwhile for the polyelectrolyte with higher MW, higher viscosity and lower diffusion coefficient were reported.

Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process was applied for brine solution recovery. The energy consumption of the process was evaluated as varying feed temperature and cross flow velocity (CFV). The evaporation efficiency and energy consumption were also studied. The experiments was carried out using a hollow fiber PVDF membrane with pore size of 0.1 μm and NaCl 3.5 %wt as feed solution. The operating feed temperature and CFV were in range of 40 °C-70 °C and 0.14-0.42 m/s (laminar and transition flow region), respectively. The temperature and CFV of permeate were fixed at 20 °C and 1.97 m/s respectively. It was found that the flux rate was in function with the temperature, CFV and temperature polarization coefficient (TPC). The best result in terms of energy consumption and evaporation efficiency were obtained at CFV and temperature of 0.28 m/s and 70 °C about 188.6 W and 41.1 %, respectively.

The objective of this paper was to introduce the aerobic microbiological reactor technology for wastewater treatment of biodiesel plants and find out the key factors that are involved in membrane fouling. The research was carried out in two steps. In the first step, sulfuric acid of pH 2, 2.5 and 3 was added to biodiesel wastewater and significant reduction in organic pollutants was observed at pH 2.5 such as chemical oxygen demand, and oil and grease were found to be 74–84 and 84.2–92.6 %, respectively. In the second step, microbiological reactor was operated at different hydraulic retention times of 15, 12, 9 and 6 h along with an increase in organic loading rates (range 1–3 g/L day) on individual hydraulic retention times. However, overall chemical oxygen demand and oil and grease removal efficiency remained in the range of 91.7–97.20 and 95.5–97.9 %, respectively, throughout the experiment, while severe membrane fouling was observed with decreasing hydraulic retention time due to decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration and increase in mixed liquid suspended solids, and soluble microbial product containing protein and polysaccharide. At lower hydraulic retention time of 6 h, an increase in particle size was reported as 27.9–62.7 μm, and soluble microbial product containing protein and polysaccharide reported as 20–60 and 19–59 mg/L, respectively. Higher soluble microbial product level led to increase in particle size with irregular shape, which led to severe membrane fouling.

The objective of this paper is (i) to investigate correlations between MBR membrane fouling and MBR sludge physical properties, and (ii) to develop the parameters for control membrane fouling especially physical properties in term of dewatering parameters. The experiments are performed in a submerged membrane bioreactor, in sub-critical flux conditions. The physical sludge characteristic is studied for two running periods, characterized by different organic loads (VLR) and/or solid retention times (SRT). The physical sludge characteristics (SMP, SCOD, CST, SRF, viscosity and SVI) are quantified and correlated with the fouling rate. The soluble fraction is the major parameter affecting physical sludge characteristics, with the polymeric linkage. The CST can be a reliable parameter to predict the extent of second stage membrane fouling rate in MBR filtration and can be useful for monitoring the MBR system.

The aim of this work is to investigate the rheological behaviour of MBR sludge for prolonged sludge retention time and during unsteady state conditions. The role of the total suspended solids and of the soluble organic matter is specifically studied through two running periods characterized by different organic loads and/or solid retention times. Diverse rheological parameters are examined. They are obtained from flow measurements carried out for an extent range of shear stress values. The obtained results show clearly that operating conditions capable of changing the total suspended solid (TSS) and soluble organic compound (COD) concentrations modify the rheological behaviour of the sludge. In comparison with the TSS concentration, the soluble organic compounds greatly affect the cohesion and the rigidity of the sludge three dimensional network. On the other hand, the COD concentration and the TSS content have equivalent quantitative influence on the rheological parameters characterizing the flow of the sludge. The results obtained are of great importance because operating conditions leading to the modification of the soluble microbial product concentration, and of the sludge rheological characteristics in the reactor, can strongly modify not only the mixing and aeration performances but also the membrane fouling of the MBR unit.

The objective of this study is to establish some relations between the physical properties of the sludge (i.e., specific resistance to filtration, capillary suction time …) and membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor, for high solid retention time (SRT) conditions. The analysis of the membrane performances, carried out with an analysis of the depollution performances and of the activated sludge physical properties, is proposed in an experimental membrane bioreactor (MBR) unit working with complete biomass retention. It is first confirmed that high-SRT conditions involve a high degree of organic degradation, with low sludge yield. A continuous increase of the viscosity can be observed during time but the sludge dewatering behaviour can be considered as constant, despite the total suspended solids (TSS) increase. No direct correlation is established between the transmembrane pressure (TMP) evolution and the conventional parameters used to describe sludge dewaterability but it can be assumed that the sludge filtration is not possible when TSS and viscosity reach “critical” values. Soluble microbial substances and mean floc size diameter evolutions cannot explain the decrease of membrane permeability, although these compounds may enhance fouling. The characterisation of the bulk suspension seems to not provide enough informations to anticipate the evolution of the membrane fouling and some complementary methodologies, allowing the characterisation of the environment close to the membrane, have to be developed.

The aim of this research was to examine the influence of CO2 plasma activation on CTA membrane in order to improve its the hydrophilicity. This research also investigated the enhancement of CTA membrane whether it could increase the anti-fouling in FO process. The plasma power was used varied in the range of 10-50 W and the exposure time was employed at 5-25 min, respectively. The contact angle and hydrophillicity of samples were reduced after CO2 plasma treatment. The reduction of the contact angle was presented from 64.04º to 9.38º. The optimum condition of plasma power was 20 W with the exposure time at 10 min. The result suggested that the CO2 plasma etched and changed the functional group of CTA membrane to carboxylic group and their derivative as indicated by FTIR-ATR. The results showed the decreased water flux after the treatment by CO2 plasma and the high salt leakage. Filtration experiments of BSA solution and demonstrated the low water flux fouling due to the surface roughness of modify CTA membrane. The hydrophilic membrane treatment plasma surface could reduce interactions and decreases protein absorption.

In wastewater treatment, the membrane bioreactor (MBR) holds the potential to become one of the new generation processes, ensuring effluent quality and disinfection of sufficiently high levels to allow water reuse and recycle. Furthermore, the possibility to operate with high biomass concentrations (2 to 5 times higher than in conventional activated sludge process, CAS) allows to impose high solid retention times(SRT) that can be beneficial to a sludge production reduction and so to a reduction of disposal costs. These non-conventional operating conditions (high SRT) can also induce different sludge characteristics and dewatering aptitude, which are essential parameters for the optimization of the sludge post-treatment, like mechanical dewatering. The objective of this work was to study the performances of a complete sludge retention membrane bioreactor, in terms of organic removal efficiency, sludge production and sludge dewaterability. The adaptability of Activated Sludge Model 3 (ASM3) to provide good prediction results of high SRT-MBR was studied. Typical parameters adopted to describe sludge dewaterability were quantified and compared with the conventional activated sludge process (CAS).

Mung bean wastewater containing valuable protein is very potential to be recovered for reuse. In this study, rotary disk ultrafiltration was employed to recover this protein. The effects of transmembrane pressure (TMP) and membrane rotational speeds on process efficiency were studied and the optimum condition was chosen based on membrane permeate flux and protein retention. The results suggested that the use of TMP of 1.2 bar and rotating speed of 1,683 rpm under total recycle mode tended to achieve highest permeate flux (43 L/m3h) compared to those using lower TMP and rotating speeds. The permeate fluxes under total recycle mode and batch concentration mode tended to increase with processing time, indicating the effectiveness of rotating shear force. In addition, the effect of stabilization technique on process performance under batch concentration mode was also studied. However, the variable did not show positive impacts on permeate flux and protein retention improvement. The optimum condition to achieve volume concentration factor (VCF) of 5 was TMP of 1.2 bar and rotating speed of 1,403 rpm without stabilization. Under this condition, the average flux, protein retention and energy consumption were 42 L/m2h, 96% and 81 kWh/m3, respectively.

Tuna cooking processing plants generate large amount of cooking juice containing a significant content of protein. Recovery and concentrating process of this valuable compound together with a low energy consumption process are of interest regarding full utilization concept and green process approach. Forward osmosis (FO) was employed in this work to recover and concentrate tuna cooking juice. FO process could increase the protein concentration up to 9% with an average permeate flux of 2.54 L/m2h. The permeate flux however tended to decrease as protein concentration increased due to the impact of osmotic pressure of the feed and fouling on the membrane surface. Since tuna cooking juice consists of protein and minerals, membrane analyses indicated that fouling was more severe compared to the fouling caused by standard bovine serum albumin pure protein. However, the presence of minerals rendered it a quicker and lower energy process by comparison. These results indicated that FO is a promising technique in the recovery and concentration of tuna cooking juice protein.