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Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using an evaluation framework, this paper distils the critical success factors for sustainably establishing localized groundwater supply systems at critical care facilities. The learnings are based on developed and implemented plans to ensure water supply and resilience to critical care facilities to survive the 2017/18 drought in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The success factors include groundwater, regulatory compliance, system design and cost–benefit considerations. The identified key learnings and critical success factors enable future disaster preparedness planners to implement this strategy to make critical facilities more water resilient for water disasters or disasters that lead to water crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colorado and Mississippi River basins are crucial for water supply, agriculture, and ecological stability in the U.S., yet climate change, water management practices, and energy sector demands pose significant challenges to their sustainability. This paper highlights the potential of leveraging the Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM) to address these challenges by creating new revenue streams and incentivizing sustainable water management practices. It provides high-level estimates by extrapolating from existing literature. The paper finds that water projects in these basins could generate over 45 million carbon credits annually, potentially attracting around USD 4.5 billion in investments over the next decade. However, challenges such as high costs, complex regulations, and stakeholder coordination must be addressed. The paper also identifies opportunities for advancing water resiliency projects, including increasing public awareness, engaging corporations, and utilizing innovative financing mechanisms. Recommendations include promoting the VCM–water relationship, encouraging methodology innovation, developing pilot programs, investing in digital monitoring technologies, and conducting localized analysis to optimize carbon credit potential in water management. In conclusion, this paper quantifies the potential of water projects to generate carbon credits and indicates that integrating carbon markets with water management strategies can significantly contribute to global climate goals and improve water resilience in these critical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water resilience under climate change in Azerbaijan is increasingly vital as rising temperatures and erratic precipitation patterns strain water resources. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive strategy that integrates adaptive water management practices and stakeholder collaboration to ensure sustainable water access and mitigate the impacts of climate variability. The aim of this article is to analyze the challenges posed by climate change on water resources in Azerbaijan and propose strategies to enhance water resilience. The paper discusses how effective are existing water conservation policy in Azerbaijan, are and what effective solutions can be proposed to enhance water resilience in the face of scarcity under climate change. The research employs both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to comprehensively address various dimensions of water scarcity. Quantitative methods, including hydrological modelling and statistical assessments, enable an exploration of the tangible aspects of water availability and distribution, aiding in our understanding of the physical dynamics involved. In terms of ensuring water resilience in Azerbaijan during the analysis of changes in the volume of water taken from natural water sources was observed a decrease in the volume of water taken from surface water sources, an increase in the volume of water taken from groundwater sources. If the amount of extracting from water sources continues at the current rate, it is projected to reach 13.8 km3 in 2030, 14.8 km3 in 2040, and 15.8 km3 in 2050 in Azerbaijan

China has been implementing a policy initiative termed sponge city development (SCD) since 2014 to address complex, interlinked water challenges, particularly flooding and runoff pollution, faced by urban development under climate change. Pilot implementation of the initiative in 30 selected cities provides an opportunity for learning and enhancement relevant to global practice in general and SCD expansion in particular. This article reviews China's SCD, synthesizing: (1) SCD position in global practices for urban stormwater management; (2) governance and implementation; (3) challenges and issues in planning and management; and 4) potential enhancement with ecosystem service (ES). The article shares that: (1) China's SCD differs from, while sharing some similarity with, global practices for urban stormwater management, particularly marked by engineering dominated implementation; (2) the policy implementation exhibits sophisticated governance in supporting the initiative; (3) there are challenges and issues concerning particularly planning and management, characterized by a lack of a systematic approach linking physical projects, ecosystem functions, societal impact, and urban development goals; and (4) an ES-based framework can deliver a systematic approach enhancing SCD beyond water resilience toward urban green transition and sustainability. This article contributes to learning about ecosystem-based integrated stormwater management during urbanization and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denmark's complete reliance on groundwater for water supply presents a unique case study in management of natural resources, urban planning, and water resilience in the face of climate change. This paper examines the groundwater management strategies in Denmark in general, focusing on Denmark's four largest cities—Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense, and Aalborg— each facing distinct challenges due to their demographic, geographical, hydrogeological, and economic characteristics. Through analysis of these cities' approaches to groundwater management, this research contributes to the global discourse on sustainable urban water supply systems. As coastal groundwater cities (CGC), these urban areas must navigate the complexities of sustaining growing populations, mitigating climate change impacts, and coastal processes while ensuring the long-term viability of their groundwater resources. Copenhagen and Aalborg, built atop semi-confined fractured and locally karstic carbonate rocks, highlights the specific challenges associated with karstic groundwater systems, while, Aarhus, and Odense built on glaciofluvial aquifers faces different issues. The different groundwater challenges in these cities underscores the importance of integrating urban development with water resource management and environmental sustainability, offering valuable insights and lessons learned for other regions facing similar challenges. This study, thus not only sheds light on Denmark's groundwater management practices, but also emphasizes the need for innovative solutions to ensure the resilience of urban water supply systems in a changing climate and increasing pressures of emerging organic contaminants and elevated concentrations of geogenic elements induced by water abstraction and fluctuating water tables. Advanced Danish monitoring and modelling tools applied to support decision-making and innovation within the water sector are continuously developed and improved to support resilient and sustainable management of the available water resources.

“Water security” and “water safety” is defined differently. As the terms are related they may lead to confusion and misinterpretations, depending on the context. Water security generally refers to a lack of resources of an acceptable quality, i.e. water scarcity that may be related either to an excess of water demand or drought impacts (with links to climate change and e.g. salt water intrusion into coastal aquifers). Further, water security is closely related to food security, energy security, health security and ecological security. From a (human) security viewpoint, however, water security may also be understood in the light of possible intentional degradation of the resources, e.g. criminal or terrorist act leading to a deliberate (chemical or biological) contamination of water supply systems. Water safety on the other hand refers to the quality or chemical status of the water resources that has to comply with the defined quality standards for drinking water specifically to protect human health, both from elevated concentrations of contaminants and natural geogenic elements. This review gives a snapshot of various (ground)water safety and security issues written by authors from different sectors and disciplines. Illustrating and clarifying the many societal challenges related to water security and safety in cities.

Water resilience under climate change in Azerbaijan is increasingly vital as rising temperatures and erratic precipitation patterns strain water resources. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive strategy that integrates adaptive water management practices and stakeholder collaboration to ensure sustainable water access and mitigate the impacts of climate variability. The aim of this article is to analyze the challenges posed by climate change on water resources in Azerbaijan and propose strategies to enhance water resilience. The paper discusses how effective are existing water conservation policy in Azerbaijan, are and what effective solutions can be proposed to enhance water resilience in the face of scarcity under climate change. The research employs both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to comprehensively address various dimensions of water scarcity. Quantitative methods, including hydrological modelling and statistical assessments, enable an exploration of the tangible aspects of water availability and distribution, aiding in our understanding of the physical dynamics involved. In terms of ensuring water resilience in Azerbaijan during the analysis of changes in the volume of water taken from natural water sources was observed a decrease in the volume of water taken from surface water sources, an increase in the volume of water taken from groundwater sources. If the amount of extracting from water sources continues at the current rate, it is projected to reach 13.8 km3 in 2030, 14.8 km3 in 2040, and 15.8 km3 in 2050 in Azerbaijan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural communities often face problems of securing sustainable supply of water for drinking, domestic and agricultural uses, due to fluctuations in water availability, organizational problems maintaining collective networks, and weak connections with external actors. Using a water resilience lens, we present a participatory approach to develop an operational framework to characterize the resilience of rural water supply systems (RWSS) in communities in Northeast Brazil and Central Tunisia. An operational resilience framework was co-designed that incorporates the three key functions of a resilient RWSS, encompassing (1) the productive function: to provide water at all times, even in the case of shocks and stresses; (2) the internal regulation function: the community institutions enabling to organize water supply; and (3) the territorial integration function: the ways in which a community is integrated territorially. The operational framework gives practical content to the notion of rural water resilience by defining the features of water resilience for each function and by establishing the explanatory variables for these features at the intersection of scientific, practical, and local perspectives on rural water resilience. It provides an operational basis for building more resilient RWSSs and aims to increase the efficacy of development interventions in the field of rural water supply to build long lasting responses to shocks and stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban water issues impacting sustainable development can be analyzed, modeled, and mapped through cutting-edge geospatial technologies; however, the water sector in developing countries suffers various spatial data-related problems such as limited coverage, unreliable data, limited coordination, and sharing. Available spatial data are limited to the aggregate level (i.e., national, state, and district levels) and lack details to make informed policy decisions and allocations. Despite significant advancements in geospatial technologies, their application and integration at the policy and decision-making level are rare. The current research provides a broad GIS-centric framework for actionable science, which focuses on real context and facilitates geospatial maps and theoretical and practical knowledge to address various water issues. The study demonstrates the application of the proposed Geospatial Framework from technical and institutional perspectives in water-stressed zones in Pune city, showing where and how to solve problems and where proposed actions can most impact creating a sustainable water-secured future. The framework makes it possible for everyone to explore datasets that can provide a baseline for research, and analysis, contribute to the process, propose, and act on solutions, and take the benefits of the outcomes and policy recommendations. HIGHLIGHTS A Geospatial Framework is developed to measure and monitor water security through geospatial technologies.; The study demonstrates the application of the proposed Geospatial Framework from technical and institutional perspectives in water-stressed zones in Pune city.; The study can collaborate with Municipal Corporation mutually beneficial and work toward open-linked geospatial data for water security.;

Copyright of World Water Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How does society engage public and community support for and co-create action on climate and environmental change, resilient water management and sustainable critical infrastructure? The answer to this often-asked question, as expected, is not simple yet also not complicated – just a complex layering of scales and dimensions from engineering, environmental and social sciences, science communication and intergenerational recognition that there is not a 'one-size-fits-all' approach – just as with technical infrastructures. With these perspectives in mind, this paper shares best practice on mobilising the co-creation of sustainable water-resilient communities in the south-west of England, UK. Consideration of evidence and engagement across multiple scales and dimensions is positioned through exploration and evaluation of projects undertaken through the Westcountry Rivers Trust's Water Resilient Communities programme in two counties (Devon and Somerset). The projects cover town-based sustainable drainage systems (Sudss) co-created with residents, school-based Sudss co-created with children and teachers and a Water Resilience Summit and associated hub co-created with communities and businesses. Over 400 people were directly engaged in exploring, planning and co-creating different aspects, which met the intended objectives. Learning points were uncovered and reflected on to take forward into future projects to enable further mobilisation of sustainable water-resilient communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased water scarcity and drought frequency are creating water management challenges for many communities in the western U.S. In response, the Western Association of Agricultural Experiment Station Directors sponsored a virtual summit in August 2020 to develop a framework for identifying and addressing the most pressing water issues in the western United States (the West). Summit attendees were research scientists, university extension specialists and professionals, and federal/state agency representatives with knowledge and expertise of water management in the West. The summit elicited opinions from 54 experts on pressing water issues and possible methods for addressing them. A follow‐on survey of 49 individuals increased the depth and breadth of perspectives collected. Summit and survey results show that water scarcity is a growing concern among water scientists and other experts. Increased water scarcity is leading to overallocated river basins, depleted aquifers, and elevated tensions between water use sectors. Summit and survey participants emphasized the need for increased integration—across research, extension, and education efforts; across the social and physical sciences; across uses (including ecological); and across surface and groundwater systems. These results serve as a sensing of what many of our colleagues believe to be the major western water issues over the next 30 years and, in some cases, possible solutions for addressing them. The expert opinions elicited through the summit and survey informed the creation of the Western Water Network, whose mission is to advance collaborative, proactive, science‐based water decision‐making that supports dynamic human and natural systems in the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To survive the 2017/18 water crisis in the Western Cape Province of South Africa and to prepare for a challenging water future, the Western Cape Government developed and implemented plans to ensure water supply to certain of its critical service delivery facilities through the use of localized groundwater supply systems. The case study research of this programme provides both current and future disaster preparedness planners with an improved understanding of the levels of water resilience achievable through this strategy and the methodology to best achieve it. This also enables the critical success factors in pursuing this strategy to be distilled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China introduced sponge city development (SCD) as a policy initiative to address the complex, interlinked water challenges, such as urban pluvial flooding and water pollution, faced by urban development under climatic change and rapid urbanization. The initiative relies on low‐impact development (LID) techniques to integrate ecosystem conservation and urban development, with the aim to maintain or restore natural landscapes and their water regulating capacity as a way to mitigate urban flooding and associated pollution while augmenting water supply. While the country prepares for SCD demonstration and upscaling after pilot implementation since 2014, the initiative is subject to a design deficit in policy implementation that has received little consideration in both the literature and the policy arena but that negatively affects the effectiveness of SCD and its long run impact as intended by the policy. In this paper, we examine the design deficit by mapping and analyzing the policy implementation for SCD in the framework of theory of change (TOC). We present key conditions for individual components in SCD implementation to deliver causal pathways from program inputs to long‐term impacts, with identified issues characterizing the design deficit. We provide an overview of the literature on SCD to shed some light on current research while identifying knowledge gaps. The paper proposes and justifies the framework of ecosystem services as an innovative design tool to deliver a systematic approach needed to address the design deficit, paving the pathways for SCD from inputs to impacts fully developing the policy potential for green urban transition with resilience and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of rapid population growth and climate-change pressures on water resources, there is an urgent need in many African cities to shift to more resilient, decentralised, nature-based approaches. In response, the City of Cape Town's Water Strategy document proposes various alternative water supply sources. One is Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) using the Cape Flats Aquifer (CFA). Overlying the CFA are a significant number of stormwater ponds that were originally designed solely to prevent flooding. These ponds could be retrofitted to infiltrate stormwater run-off, recharging the aquifer and serving a water treatment function using nature-based approaches. Many of these mono-functional ponds are in neighbourhoods that are socio-economically disadvantaged through former apartheid spatial planning. These ponds are frequently litter-filled, used for dumping rubble and, on occasion, occupied with informal housing. It is in this context that the conversion of engineered single-purpose stormwater ponds into multi-functional space is proposed using a demonstration site in Mitchells Plain, Cape Town. The ‘Pathways to water resilient South African cities (PaWS)’ project is a collaboration between the Future Water Institute at the University of Cape Town (UCT) and University of Copenhagen (UCPH), funded through DANIDA. This research is revealing how maximum benefit could be derived from these water management systems by adopting low-cost, easy to install blue-green interventions that rely on nature-based approaches. The findings from the research have relevance across Southern Africa where several large cities have existing stormwater ponds designed for flood control or as passive open green spaces. It offers valuable strategies for how these single-purpose ponds can be transformed into multifunctional blue-green spaces in ways that build resilience while addressing the environmental injustice that is a legacy of South Africa's ‘green apartheid’.

The role of the individual is increasingly a focus in sustainability discourses. We develop and operationalize indicators to measure individual attitudes as they relate to social-ecological resilience, using water systems (or ‘water resilience’) as a focusing concept. We developed a questionnaire instrument and use a vignette technique for addressing the complexity of social-ecological resilience. The instrument was pilot tested in three stages and through this process we Results from the pilot study (Stage 3) indicated that endorsement of the principles of resilience was high overall, and that two factors emerged from the seven principles (one focused on the physical system and the other on governance) that could be considered in future studies. These indicators and the technique used to collect data for them is promising for the purpose of assessing individual level attitude alignment with social-ecological resilience of water systems, and further testing of this instrument in other settings is recommended.

Water resilience is a vital aspect of current smart city planning. Maintaining the quality and volume of urban blue spaces can benefit local ecology, environment, and social well-being. The application of geospatial techniques provides an opportunity to achieve such goals in a spatially and temporally effective manner. While researchers often highlight city-level environmental problems, location-based solutions are insufficient, particularly for the rapidly sprawling Asian cities—the current work aimed to examine the water-resilient urban planning scopes for an Indian tropical megacity. The work assessed a major environmental hazard, i.e., urban heat island, which appeared to cover 9.6 %–17.4 % of the area of the city region during the summer months. The importance of blue spaces in mitigating heat islands was quantified using data from nearly 150 waterbodies, including a river, a vast wetland, and multiple lakes and urban tanks. Linear and logarithmic models established how the cooling effect increases with larger water bodies. Blue space ranging between 1.8 km2 and 2.3 km2 was recommended as the smallest yet effective size for future recreational zones. Incorporating ambient wind patterns further aided in deciding the locations of blue wedges that can be key for heat island mitigation. Moreover, to substantially amplify the blue resource recharge rate in a cost-effective manner, a multi-parameter decision analysis was carried out. Overlay of five surface characteristics contributed to planning sites for surface infiltration systems. The entire framework of the work was built to achieve sustainable development goals. • Urban heat island in Kolkata is a thermal environment hazard with maximum intensity reaching 4.2 °C in summer. • Urban blue spaces can bring considerable comfort to city regions by cooling 0.94 °C more than major green parks, thus making it necessary to maintain surface and subsurface blue resources. • Regression models based on 150 blue spaces helped to assess that urban blue spaces of size around 1.8 km2–2.3 km2 were most effective for future recreational areas in a congested city lacking open spaces. • Within the city surroundings, five locations were identified for artificial recharge with minimal landscaping using multiparameter surface inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present understanding on virtual scarce water embedded in supply chains has primarily focused on water quantities. Yet assessing the potential economic cost of and resilience to water scarcity along the supply chain is critical for making informed water and supply chain decisions. We quantified water scarcity risks and resilience at the city level, since fine-grained studies can better capture the highly varied water resource availability, demand and socio-economic development across China. To do this, we used an income-based multiregional input-output approach between 2007 and 2017, which allows the economic impacts of water scarcity along supply chains to be comprehensively assessed. The results show that supply chains amplify potential local economic risks by three times nationally, with the amplification effect reaching ten times in some cities. The resilience to water scarcity, taking into account multiple dimensions including the impact of physical water transfer, varies across different cities and is negatively correlated to water scarcity risks. This suggests the importance of addressing correlated risk and resilience dimensions to enhance hydro-economic security of cities. Our analysis highlights those cities facing both high hydro-economic risk and low resilience, primarily located in North, Northeast, and East China, which national policies may prioritize to enhance their preparedness against water scarcity.

Abstract Background The urban water system is the worst hit in global climate change. Water resilience is the system’s ability to retaliate and recover from various water-related disruptions. The present study aims to delineate the water resilience zones in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India, by effectively integrating the geographic information system, remote sensing, and analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Methods The methodology incorporated 15 vital factors. A multi-criteria decision analysis technique was adopted to assign a weight to each parameter using the AHP. A pairwise decision matrix was constructed, parameter’s relative importance and the consistency ratio were established. Integration of all maps by weighted overlay analysis technique depicted water resilience intensities of five different classes. Results Very low, low and moderate water resilience areas accounted for more than three-fourth of the study area. Area Under Curve score (80.12%) depicted the accuracy of the developed model. Sensitivity analysis determined the significance of the parameters in the delineation. The logical structural approach can be employed in other parts of India or elsewhere with modifications. Conclusion This study is novel in its approach by holistically analyzing water resilience by integrating disruptions related to flood, drought and the city's water infrastructure system's adequacy and efficiency. Researchers and planners can effectively use the study results to ensure resilience as a new perspective on effective water resource management and climate change mitigation. It becomes a decision aid mechanism identifying where the system is vulnerable to potential water-related risks for employing resilience measures.

Water Sensitive Design (WSD) is gaining attention as a Nature-based Solution (NbS) to urban water problems. It incorporates green infrastructure with engineered urban water systems through innovative design of the built environment and urban landscape. In Africa, Johannesburg and Cape Town are two cities engaging with WSD at a policy level. This paper uses the Strategic Niche Management (SNM) approach in a comparative analysis of ongoing engagement with WSD in Johannesburg and Cape Town. We explore the extent to which this engagement signals the launch of the transition towards water resilience. WSD represents a niche that is in synergy with the visions of sustainable urban (water and environmental) management in both cities. Results indicate a progressive engagement with WSD by different actors at regime and niche levels. However, the lack of coordination and capacity deficiencies due to limited social networks and higher order learning are challenges that constrain take-off and further consolidation of the WSD approach in the transition towards water resilient futures. Furthermore, we find urban governance practitioners struggle with reconciling the pursuit of visions of sustainability to be realised through nature-based urban development with the pressing infrastructure deficits that persist in most African cities. • Cape Town and Johannesburg are engaging with Water Sensitive Design as a Nature-based Solution to address urban pressures. • The approach holds promise, yet both cities face challenges that constrain the transition towards water resilient futures. • Challenges include the lack of coordination, capacity deficiencies, limited social networks and higher order learning among governance stakeholders. • Policy practitioners in African cities struggle to reconcile visions of sustainability with pressing infrastructure deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities around the world are having to become more resilient to the effects of climate change and ongoing development pressures and consequently are seeking to improve urban water resource management. In order to analyze the key factors affecting a city's water resilience, this research establishes an urban water resilience evaluation model. The DEMATEL method is used to calculate the intensity of the interaction among the water resilience indicators and to establish their causal relationships. Then, an ANP structured diagram is established and the weighting of the water resilience evaluation index for the city of Wuhan is obtained using the Super Decisions software. The key water resilience factors for Wuhan are shown to have significant mutual influences, with the main factors found to be the utilization of rainwater resources, the utilization of reclaimed water, and the total annual runoff control of the city. This method provides a sound basis for the evaluation of urban water resilience with scope to extend this to other cities. The results provide useful guidance for policy makers and other key stakeholders in supporting more sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Entorno Geográfico is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The urban water system is the worst hit in global climate change. Water resilience is the system's ability to retaliate and recover from various water-related disruptions. The present study aims to delineate the water resilience zones in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India, by effectively integrating the geographic information system, remote sensing, and analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Methods: The methodology incorporated 15 vital factors. A multi-criteria decision analysis technique was adopted to assign a weight to each parameter using the AHP. A pairwise decision matrix was constructed, parameter's relative importance and the consistency ratio were established. Integration of all maps by weighted overlay analysis technique depicted water resilience intensities of five different classes. Results: Very low, low and moderate water resilience areas accounted for more than three-fourth of the study area. Area Under Curve score (80.12%) depicted the accuracy of the developed model. Sensitivity analysis determined the significance of the parameters in the delineation. The logical structural approach can be employed in other parts of India or elsewhere with modifications. Conclusion: This study is novel in its approach by holistically analyzing water resilience by integrating disruptions related to flood, drought and the city's water infrastructure system's adequacy and efficiency. Researchers and planners can effectively use the study results to ensure resilience as a new perspective on effective water resource management and climate change mitigation. It becomes a decision aid mechanism identifying where the system is vulnerable to potential water-related risks for employing resilience measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has been facing multiple water-related challenges owing to a large population. Increase in water crisis, water resources-related pollution, mismanagement of existing resources, and an imbalance in water policies due to various gaps and lacuna at both State and Central level of governance. Water resilience is emerging as a research field that addresses multiple water management issues responding to emerging challenges, such as global climate and environmental changes. The study focuses on secondary data and literature studies from Web of Science and Scopus databases to examine the concepts of resilience as defined by literature, dimensions with planning and governance and its implications in the existing Indian water policy framework. The methodology incorporated the systematic Delphi technique in formulating the governance gaps in the research area. The highlighted gaps are further ranked using statistical methods. According to the findings, the most critical gap is the lack of integrated strategic policy planning encompassing all water-related disruptions. As its identified gaps are interconnected and aggravate each other, a comprehensive approach is required. The study suggests potential research areas that strengthen water resilience governance. There is a need to increase resilience, signifying the sheer urgency in embellishing resilience to the increasing demands and effective management of existing water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Disconnected state-civil society knowledge flows and disconnected socio-ecological systems inhibit efforts to build socio-hydrological resilience to water risks. • Cape Town's marginalized urban spaces, while physically located at the periphery, are in fact central to the city's urban social-hydrological systems. • Ignoring marginalized urban spaces does not only disproportionally affect Cape Town's impoverished communities, but also effectively undermines the socio-hydrological resilience of Cape Town as a whole. In 2017 and 2018, Cape Town faced historically unprecedented water shortages. With the imminent possibility of running out of water, the city's leadership prioritized reducing water demand and expanding new water sources, while also reinvigorating the goal of seeking to build system-level water resilience for the longer term. Beyond the context of Cape Town, the crisis captured global attention, highlighting ongoing and future water security challenges, the realities of climate change, and the critical need to foster transitions towards more resilient water futures. Given that much of the discourse and implementation around water resilience remains squarely focused on the biophysical and engineering aspects of water supply and distribution systems, despite repeated calls for the need for greater attention to issues of equity and power, there remains little understanding of the ways that persistent inequities might serve or inhibit possibilities for urban socio-hydrological (or water) resilience. This paper draws on examples from Cape Town to argue that patterns and legacies of inequality, marginalization, and exclusion erode and inhibit possibilities for water resilience. Providing needed empirical evidence on the nature of these linkages, we theorize that deeply rooted inequities and related dynamics act as "counter-currents"—trends that undermine and present persistent challenges to efforts to enhance socio-hydrological resilience. Documenting examples of disconnections between the state and civil society as well as disconnected socio-ecological systems, we argue that these persistent inequities mean that efforts to achieve socio-hydrological resilience are likely to remain elusive. It is only by foregrounding these processes that it will be possible to make cities more resilient in the face of ongoing and future water-related risks, uncertainties, and climatic and environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined impact of diverse transitions, such as climate change, population growth, rapid urbanization and ageing infrastructure are expected to affect the quantity, quality, accessibility and affordability of water globally. Water demand and competition for water are likely to increase. Addressing these changes and hazards requires societies to be resilient, i.e. flexible and adaptive instead of only resistant. Seattle, Washington USA, has a long history of sustainable development and adaptation to changes and hazards such as population growth, water pollution, droughts and floods. Based on a literature review and semi-structured interviews among twelve selected local water professionals, this paper a) defines development steps and policies that have led to the current situation; b) explores key policies that are important to the resilience of Seattle’s water services; and c) examines challenges in and recommendations for improving resilience in the future. The results reveal the importance of specific policies and practices in enabling resilience for each water service: water supply, wastewater and stormwater. They also reveal governance levels where resilience is most powerfully implemented. The paper concludes that policies that were found to build and improve the resilience of Seattle’s water services are diverse and most effective when implemented at a local level. In advancing resilience, it is important to acknowledge also informal rules, including mindsets and habits.

The objective of this research is to develop a robust water supply risk management and response plan for Somerset Hospital thatreflects the institution’s specific requirements, and to preparegeneral guidelines for the Western Cape Government Health Department in order to assist in developing risk management and response plans for all of its health care facilities. This will enable the Western Cape Government Health Department to be resilient in withstanding gradual systemic shocks and major crises in the supply of water to hospitals. The methodology is based on ISO 31000:2009, but it extends the approach using historical evaluations and a business impact analysis. Through the research it has become evident that one public sector in South Africa still lacks proper risk management planning, and that, on the whole, there is a global void in research into water resilience, especially that focusing on health care facilities.

Increasing scholarship has focused on a shift in scientific water paradigm in the 21st century from an understanding of water systems as stationary, predictable and command‐and‐control as appropriate governance to an understanding of them as complex, dynamic, and uncertain. This shift has been characterized in several ways. We focused on two prominent characterizations: as a "new water paradigm" and as "water resilience." We identified the defining hallmarks of each, the "precursor" scholarship upon which these Defining Works build, and how the Defining Works have been advanced with "Subsequent Works" that cite them. We used bibliometric data to analyze the three bodies of literature and inductive coding to identify the hallmarks of the new water paradigm and water resilience from Defining Works. Four categories of hallmarks were identified that describe the emerging scientific water paradigm: complex adaptive systems orientation; governance and management configurations, which are inclusive, integrative, adaptive; governance and management actions that emphasize linkages between social and ecological systems and imperative of sustainability; and, attributes of diversity, redundancy and openness. There was insufficient evidence in fields of research, author country, and publishing journals to confirm that the emerging scientific water paradigm has been conceptualized in two distinct ways. Despite the degree of similarity between the two conceptualizations, the literature is strongly oriented toward one or the other. We suggest consilience between these two conceptualizations and scholars working with them to advance collective understanding of governance and management in light of our current understanding of water systems. This article is categorized under:Human Water > Human Water [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under conditions of protracted reduction in supply and heightened uncertainty, one of the notable responses to the Cape Town drought (2016–2018), was the proliferation of 'water resilience' in public and private discourses. Resilience was employed as an explanatory concept and governing tool, signalling a professed transition in the municipality's understandings to an altered climate episteme – or what they have called, a 'New Normal'. This article focuses on how public framings of resilience were used by the City of Cape Town to signal divorce from conventional approaches to climate and water. It contrasts conventional framings of a Holocene world, with those of a posited 'mentality of the Anthropocene' in order to elaborate this ostensible shift in mentality. Although this case study illustrates how public governors are finding utility in resilience as a term to facilitate explanation of their operating context, decisions and responses, contested and transitional mentalities elaborate why the municipality initially failed to anticipate, perceive and respond the drought. This article thereby highlights the cognitive tensions and practical challenges of transition for professionals patterned by conventional techno-managerial approaches, to a way of thinking more in line with reflexive and adaptive approaches anticipated to be necessary in an Anthropocene world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars and policy-makers are advocating for increasing the resilience of water systems, both social and biophysical, to climate change impacts, and global environmental change more broadly. But what is "water resilience," and what does it imply for water resources management and water governance? Generally, water resilience may include ecological aspects of water quality or flood mitigation, engineered infrastructure to ensure safe and reliable water supply and to mitigate floods, and the socially inclusive and equitable governance of these systems. Following this, our goal was twofold: (1) explore and draw out a comprehensive set of water resource management strategies across sectors that are likely to contribute to increased resilience, and (2) investigate whether disciplinary divides are indeed a barrier toward convergence around key water resilience actions. To address these two gaps, we drew on a survey of experts in resilience and various aspects of water management and governance (n = 420), and aimed to synthesize their views on the specific strategies that can help enhance water resilience. Specifically, we surveyed experts across various water domains from ecosystem management to drought and flood management. Overall, we found that while debates about how to theorize or operationalize resilience in relation to different systems--social or biophysical--may be unresolved, there is considerable convergence among various experts about which actions are likely to make water systems more resilient to increasing risks and uncertainties. The most widely agreed upon strategies for building water resilience revolve around improved ecosystem health, integration across scales, and adaptation to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Different notions of water resilience have important social and environmental implications. • Engineering perspectives on water resilience tend to rely on past hydrological data in predicting future trends. • Eco-hydrology perspectives on water resilience are more likely to consider differentiated vulnerabilities to risks. Facing acute water challenges, the City of Cape Town has to reconcile the goal of building resilience to increasingly pronounced climate change impacts, including drought, with the persistent need to deliver equitable services and to achieve socially and environmentally just outcomes. In so doing, Cape Town is actively leveraging ideas of resilience in dealing with acute water shortages and in planning for new approaches for water management in the future. In light of multiple and discordant approaches to building resilience to water risks, this paper traces the emergence of an unfolding water resilience agenda in Cape Town. Specifically, the paper investigates how different framings of resilience enable planners to consider and prioritize particular solutions, their implications for water planning, and how lessons from Cape Town's experiences might apply to other contexts. The findings demonstrate the predominance of expert-driven and technocratic approaches in Cape Town's resilience-building efforts in the water sector, as well as the presence of key tensions and potential synergies emerging from competing perspectives on water resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common pool resource (CPR) management has the potential to overcome the collective action dilemma, defined as the tendency for individual users to exploit natural resources and contribute to a tragedy of the commons. Design principles associated with effective CPR management help to ensure that arrangements work to the mutual benefit of water users. This study contributes to current research on CPR management by examining the process of implementing integrated management planning through the lens of CPR design principles. Integrated management plans facilitate the management of a complex common pool resource, ground and surface water resources having a hydrological connection. Water governance structures were evaluated through the use of participatory methods and observed records of interannual changes in rainfall, evapotranspiration, and ground water levels across the Northern High Plains. The findings, documented in statutes, field interviews and observed hydrologic variables, point to the potential for addressing large-scale collective action dilemmas, while building on the strengths of local control and participation. The feasibility of a “bottom up” system to foster groundwater resilience was evidenced by reductions in groundwater depths of 2 m in less than a decade.

Highlights • The adaptive capacity for retaining green infrastructure is weak in both cities. • An understanding of the potential of green infrastructure is emerging. • Retaining green infrastructure has limited power in daily management of urban development. • Experiments involving local communities could enhance the adaptive capacity. Abstract In this paper we examine the conditions and opportunities for establishing a functional green infrastructure under the pressure of urbanization in Addis Ababa and Dar es Salaam. Inspired by transition theory, we look for regimes and niches which support retainment of green space and their adaptive capacity based on interviews and workshops with key urban stakeholders. A top-down master planning paradigm combined with a green institutional framework preoccupied with beautification seem to block possibilities of supporting and integrating GI experiments coming from outside the regime. The master plans are vague, outdated before finalised and inefficient for coping with the fast pace of urbanization. In Addis Ababa, despite an emergent recognition of the role of the green infrastructure in the city plan, informal encroachment and planned large scale land-conversions to housing takes place. In Dar es Salaam, that subscribes to, but lacks a functional master plan, the regime seems paralysed and is too fragmented and engrossed with the pressing urbanization problems to prioritize a green infrastructure. For establishing a functional green infrastructure coalition partners from housing, road and urban agriculture authorities but also large land owners, informal settlers, urban farmers and local organisations are needed. Solutions must be attractive also for the actual green space managers − the individual plot- and condominium owners and local groups. Local niche experiments linking up to on-going coping strategies could push forward coalitions as well as generating knowledge on how to retain green areas while addressing water shortages, livelihood and urban farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low impact development (LID) systems are increasingly used to manage stormwater, but they have limited capacity to treat stormwater—a resource to supplement existing water supply in water-stressed urban areas. To enhance their pollutant removal capacity, infiltration-based LID systems can be augmented with natural or engineered geomedia that meet the following criteria: they should be economical, readily available, and have capacity to remove a wide range of stormwater pollutants in conditions expected during intermittent infiltration of stormwater. Biochar, a carbonaceous porous co-product of waste biomass pyrolysis/gasification, meets all these criteria. Biochar can adsorb pollutants, improve water-retention capacity of soil, retain and slowly release nutrients for plant uptake, and help sustain microbiota in soil and plants atop; all these attributes could help improve removal of contaminants in stormwater treatment systems. This article discusses contaminant removal mechanisms by biochar, summarizes specific biochar properties that enhance targeted contaminants removal from stormwater, and identifies challenges and opportunities to retrofit biochar in LID to optimize stormwater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently the gold standard for validating the efficiency of UV-C disinfection of water is biodosimetry. This method allows the assessment of operating conditions under which a UV reactor can be operated safely, but relies on the addition of a live reference organism into the water matrix. Whereas biodosimetry enables off-line testing prior to installation of UV reactors into water treatment plants, it is not compatible with on-site tests. To measure disinfection efficiency, we lent a principle for the assessment of genotoxicity originally developed for cancer research. The approach utilizes the amplification of gene sequences of different lengths by quantitative PCR. The principle is based on the fact that UV-C-induced DNA damage suppresses the PCR amplification of long DNA sequences stronger than it does in case of short DNA sequences. Comparison of threshold cycles of samples taken before and after UV disinfection allows the calculation of the number of PCR-effective DNA lesions. A clear dose-response relationship was obtained with laboratory-grown and -irradiated E. coli suspensions. The extent of DNA damage was less pronounced in bacteria naturally contained in drinking water from works applying UV-C, which was presumably due to distinct UV susceptibilities of different bacterial species. Indeed, DNA sequencing of bacterial populations before and after reactor passage revealed a strong shift of amplifiable sequences from proteobacteria towards highly UV-resistant actinobacteria. Interestingly, the original water microbiome was quickly re-established after passage through a clean water tank suggesting that UV exposure only perturbed the bacterial community for a short time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a country with severe water problems. In recent years, urban flooding has become even more frequent, pervasive and severe, threatening China's development. To tackle the issue, China launched a policy initiative termed sponge cities with enormous investment commitment. Yet, China's ambitious policy agenda is constrained by limited governance capacity and lack of knowledge and experience needed to pursue sustainable urban stormwater management with rising sophistication and complexity. Marking a fundamental shift in water management, this initiative can be an effective approach if China commits to appropriate technical, governance and financial measures to overcome implementation challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the need to profoundly expand the way we think about freshwater. Stressing water’s role as the bloodstream of the biosphere, the article highlights water’s functions in sustaining life on the planet (control, state and moisture feedback functions), the role of water partitioning changes in inducing non-linear change at multiple scales, and humanity’s influence on a social-ecological system’s capacity to adapt and continue to function. It reviews water’s roles during its journey through the upper layers of the land mass, different types of water–ecosystem interactions, and water’s roles in landscape-scale resilience building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]