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The use of natural fibers (NFs) in polymer composites is a modern trend aimed at developing materials with numerous benefits, including low cost, environmental friendliness, biodegradability, and high specific mechanical performance. Ethiopia is abundant in NFs such as palm trees, sisal, water hyacinth, and the newly emerging water lilies. In areas like Lake Tana, Ethiopia, water lilies, much like water hyacinths, negatively impact water surfaces by covering them and reducing their surface area. Therefore, analyzing the mechanical and physical properties of composites reinforced with these fibers is crucial for diverse structural and industrial applications, considering factors such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness. In this study, a composite material consisting of a water lily–polyester resin matrix was prepared with varying matrix‐to‐fiber weight ratios (90/10 wt%, 80/20 wt%, 70/30 wt%, 60/40 wt%, 50/50 wt%, and 40/60 wt%). The experimental data revealed that the optimal mechanical properties, including maximum tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness, were achieved with a composition of 60% matrix material and 40% reinforcing material. These chopped water lily fiber–reinforced polyester composites demonstrate promising mechanical and physical properties, making them suitable for various applications, similar to other NFs like sisal and palm. Further studies, such as thermal analysis, could enhance the understanding and utilization of these composites. The fabricated water lily composite can serve as a viable alternative material for applications in automobile interior parts, building components, and electronic packages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Eichhornia crassipes is an aquatic plant present in bodies of water with excess nutrients, which favors its growth and causes negative environmental and social impacts, a situation that promotes the search for alternatives for its use. The objective was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of E. crassipes as a substrate for germination in vegetables and in the form of bocashi for radish development. As a germinative substrate, dry and ground E. crassipes was mixed in four different proportions with compost and agrolite, considering a control treatment of 100 % E. crassipes. Under a completely randomized design, seeds of Solanum lycopersicum, Cucurbita pepo and Cucumis sativus were germinated. In another trial, a bochashi was carried out with fresh E. crassipes, which was applied at doses of 0 %, 15 %, 30 % and 45 % in Raphanus sativus. Germination varied in the treatments with E. crassipes from 0-99 %. Amounts of 25 % and 50 % of E. crassipes showed the best physical and chemical characteristics as substrates. Bocashi made with E. crassipes showed advantages in radish bulb quality, indicating a dose of 15 % as recommended for its production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue lotus, also known as Nymphaea caerulea (Nymphaeaceae), is a water lily found globally in lakes and rivers. With its long history of use in Egyptian culture, blue lotus has been associated with spiritual rituals and health benefits. Nowadays, blue lotus is still consumed as a tea or tincture to induce relaxation and heightened spiritual awareness. In this study, six authentic N. caerulea extracts from trusted sources and eleven commercial products were analyzed using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Authentic blue lotus extracts were produced in industrial settings. Overall, the extracts were a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic alcohols, fatty acids, phenyl derivatives, diterpenoids, phytosterols, and stigmastanes. Apomorphine and nuciferine, which are responsible for psychoactive effects of the blue lotus flower, were virtually absent from the authentic blue lotus extract. Although blue lotus has a long history of use, the safety data on the plant and its extracts is limited; however, together with the analytical data, the available information does not indicate major safety concerns for the topical application of authentic blue lotus flower concrete or absolute when diluted as a fragrance ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water lilies are popular ornamental cut-flowers with significant economic and cultural value. However, stem bending affects the preservation of cut-flowers during their vase life. To gain further insights into the molecular mechanisms of stem bending, transcriptome profiling, hormone measurement, and morphological analysis were performed using the stems of the 'Blue Bird' water lily. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 607 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with the dorsal and ventral stems of the water lily, of which 247 were up-regulated and 360 were down-regulated. Significant differences in genes associated with plant hormones, calcium ions, glucose metabolism, and photosynthesis pathways genes involved in the dorsal and ventral areas of the curved stem. In particular, DEGs were associated with the hormone synthesis, gravity response, starch granules, Ca2+ ions, and photosynthesis. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with that of the transcriptome sequence analysis. A total of 12 hormones were detected, of which abscisic acid, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, indole-3-carboxaldehyde and jasmonic acid were significantly differentially expressed in the dorsal and ventral stems, and were significantly higher in the dorsal stem than in the ventral stem. The cell morphology in the dorsal and ventral areas of the curved stem clearly changed during vase life. The direction of starch granule settlement was consistent with the bending direction of the water lily stem, as well as the direction of gravity. In conclusion, stem bending in water lily cut-flowers is regulated by multiple factors and genes. This study provides an important theoretical basis for understanding the complex regulatory mechanism of water lily stem bending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the effect of extracts from some plants in the families Nelumbonaceae and Nymphaeaceae on phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) and arginase, which have been used in erectile dysfunction treatment, and (2) to isolate and identify the compounds responsible for such activities. The characterization and quantitative analysis of flavonoid constituents in the active extracts were performed by HPLC. Thirty-seven ethanolic extracts from different parts of plants in the genus Nymphaea and Victoria of Nymphaeaceae and genus Nelumbo of Nelumbonaceae were screened for PDE5 and arginase inhibitory activities. The ethanolic extracts of the receptacles and pollens of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., petals of Nymphaea cyanea Roxb. ex G.Don, Nymphaea stellata Willd., and Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) Sowerby and the petals and receptacles of Nymphaea pubescens Willd. showed IC50 values on PDE5 of less than 25 μg/mL while none of the extracts showed effects on arginase. The most active extract, N. pubescens petal extract, was fractionated to isolate and identify the PDE5 inhibitors. The results showed that six flavonoid constituents including quercetin 3'-O-β-xylopyranoside (1), quercetin 3-methyl ether 3'-O-β-xylopyranoside (2), quercetin (3), 3-O-methylquercetin (4), kaempferol (5) and 3-O-methylkaempferol (6) inhibited PDE5 with IC50 values at the micromolar level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Tropical water lily is an aquatic plant with high ornamental value, but it cannot overwinter naturally at high latitudes. The temperature drop has become a key factor restricting the development and promotion of the industry. Results The responses of Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea rubra to cold stress were analyzed from the perspective of physiology and transcriptomics. Under the cold stress, Nymphaea rubra had obvious leaf edge curling and chlorosis. The degree of peroxidation of its membrane was higher than that of Nymphaea lotus, and the content of photosynthetic pigments also decreased more than that of Nymphaea lotus. The soluble sugar content, SOD enzyme activity and CAT enzyme activity of Nymphaea lotus were higher than those of Nymphaea rubra. This indicated that there were significant differences in the cold sensitivity of the two varieties. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that many stress response genes and pathways were affected and enriched to varying degrees under the cold stress, especially plant hormone signal transduction, metabolic pathways and some transcription factor genes were from ZAT gene family or WKRY gene family. The key transcription factor ZAT12 protein in the cold stress response process has a C2H2 conserved domain, and the protein is localized in the nucleus. Under the cold stress, overexpression of the NlZAT12 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana increased the expression of some cold-responsive protein genes. The content of reactive oxygen species and MDA in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was lower, and the content of soluble sugar was higher, indicating that overexpression of NlZAT12 can improve the cold tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana. Conclusion We demonstrate that ethylene signalling and reactive oxygen species signalling play critical roles in the response of the two cultivars to cold stress. The key gene NlZAT12 for improving cold tolerance was identified. Our study provides a theoretical basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of tropical water lily in response to cold stress.

Phytoremediation consists of taking advantage of the capacity of certain plants to absorb, accumulate, or metabolize contaminants. In this study, Eichornia crassipes (water lily) treated with water (WLW) and NaOH (WLN) was investigated as an adsorbent for removal of Ni(II) and Cu(II) present in aqueous solution, focusing on determining the most efficient conditions (adsorbent concentration, contact time, pretreatment, temperature). The results showed that equilibrium adsorption was favorable and carried out by a multilayer physical process with both bioadsorbents. The maximum adsorption at 30 °C in WLW and WLN was 349 and 293.8 mg/g of Ni(II), respectively, and 294.1 and 276.3 mg/g of Cu(II), respectively. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the removal in both metals was spontaneous and exothermic. The Avrami model was the most adequate in the kinetic study of Ni(II) and Cu(II) removal in both treatments, which revealed that the adsorption process was carried out by several mechanisms. In the characterization of the adsorbents, it was determined that the functional groups of WL as well as the attractive forces on the surface of the materials participated in the metal removal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry is very important because its products are widely used by society, however, this activity has a great contribution to the contamination of water resources due to its effluents that contain large amounts of colorants, among which is the blue of methylene (MB) and methyl orange (MO), which can cause damage to the health of the living being, for this reason this study the removal of these dyes by adsorption using Eichhornia Crassipes (Water lily) with different treatments. The results show that the chemisorption removal process using two sites per dye molecule having an exothermic nature for the water-treated lily and for the NaOH-treated lily is endothermic. The maximum adsorption capacity of 228.9 mg/g for MB (60 °C) and 155.38 mg/g (30 °C) for MO with the NaOH treatment. The SEM analysis shows that there are significant changes in the surface due to the treatments. The XRD patterns indicate that with the pretreatment with NaOH the crystallinity of WL increases while the treatment with water maintains the presence of amorphous cellulose. In the FTIR spectra, bands corresponding to different functional groups such as lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose that participate in the adsorption of both dyes are observed.

The water lily (Nymphaea tetragona) is an ancient angiosperm that belongs to the Nymphaeaceae family. As a rooted floating-leaf plant, water lilies are generally cultivated in fresh water, therefore, little is known about their survival strategies under salt stress. Long-term salt stress causes morphological changes, such as the rapid regeneration of floating leaves and a significant decrease in leaf number and surface area. We demonstrate that salt stress induces toxicity soon after treatment, but plants can adapt by regenerating floating leaves that are photosynthetically active. Transcriptome profiling revealed that ion binding was one of the most-enriched GO terms in leaf-petiole systems under salt stress. Sodium-transporter-related genes were downregulated, whereas K+ transporter genes were both up- and downregulated. These results suggest that restricting intracellular Na+ importing while maintaining balanced K+ homeostasis is an adaptive strategy for tolerating long-term salt stress. ICP-MS analysis identified the petioles and leaves as Na-hyperaccumulators, with a maximum content of over 80 g kg−1 DW under salt stress. Mapping of the Na-hyperaccumulation trait onto the phylogenetic relationships revealed that water lily plants might have a long evolutionary history from ancient marine plants, or may have undergone historical ecological events from salt to fresh water. Ammonium transporter genes involved in nitrogen metabolism were downregulated, whereas NO3−-related transporters were upregulated in both the leaves and petioles, suggesting a selective bias toward NO3− uptake under salt stress. The morphological changes we observed may be due to the reduced expression of genes related to auxin signal transduction. In conclusion, the floating leaves and submerged petioles of the water lily use a series of adaptive strategies to survive salt stress. These include the absorption and transport of ions and nutrients from the surrounding environments, and the ability to hyperaccumulate Na+. These adaptations may serve as the physiological basis for salt tolerance in water lily plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tropical water lily is an aquatic plant with high ornamental value, but it cannot overwinter naturally at high latitudes. The temperature drop has become a key factor restricting the development and promotion of the industry. Results: The responses of Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea rubra to cold stress were analyzed from the perspective of physiology and transcriptomics. Under the cold stress, Nymphaea rubra had obvious leaf edge curling and chlorosis. The degree of peroxidation of its membrane was higher than that of Nymphaea lotus, and the content of photosynthetic pigments also decreased more than that of Nymphaea lotus. The soluble sugar content, SOD enzyme activity and CAT enzyme activity of Nymphaea lotus were higher than those of Nymphaea rubra. This indicated that there were significant differences in the cold sensitivity of the two varieties. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that many stress response genes and pathways were affected and enriched to varying degrees under the cold stress, especially plant hormone signal transduction, metabolic pathways and some transcription factor genes were from ZAT gene family or WKRY gene family. The key transcription factor ZAT12 protein in the cold stress response process has a C2H2 conserved domain, and the protein is localized in the nucleus. Under the cold stress, overexpression of the NlZAT12 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana increased the expression of some cold-responsive protein genes. The content of reactive oxygen species and MDA in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was lower, and the content of soluble sugar was higher, indicating that overexpression of NlZAT12 can improve the cold tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana. Conclusion: We demonstrate that ethylene signalling and reactive oxygen species signalling play critical roles in the response of the two cultivars to cold stress. The key gene NlZAT12 for improving cold tolerance was identified. Our study provides a theoretical basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of tropical water lily in response to cold stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water lilies (Nymphaea L.) are ancient angiosperms that can be cultivated in both fresh and brackish water. Water lily plants have adapted morphologically and physiologically to the aqueous environment. Nonetheless, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms that enable water lily to acclimate to saline conditions, restricting its production and distribution. To illustrate the role of roots in water lily salinity tolerance, we investigated the adaptive regulation of the water lily root system under high salinity. Aspects of its root architecture, including root length, surface area, volume, and tip number, were significantly reduced by salt stress. Transcriptome sequencing showed that 120 genes were upregulated and 1214 genes were downregulated under salt stress. The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in oxidoreductase activity, structural molecule activity, and transmembrane transporter activity. Most ion transporter genes were downregulated, suggesting that water lily may partially close ion channels and/or transporters to avoid excessive ion accumulation or ion imbalance under long-term salt stress. Genes related to NO3− transport were both up- and downregulated, whereas genes related to ammonium transport were uniformly downregulated, suggesting that transcriptional changes may play a role in balancing nitrogen metabolism under long-term saline conditions. The roots showed relatively high concentrations of Na+ and had the ability to hyper-accumulate Na+ under salt stress. These findings provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms that enable water lily roots to tolerate salinity and lay a foundation for the breeding of salt-tolerant cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, the white and red water lily cultivars' stems are consumed as vegetables in Bangladesh. However, data on the nutritional benefits and antioxidant properties of these aquatic plant's stem are scant. Considering the aforementioned possibilities, the goal of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value, anti-nutritional factors, and antioxidant activity of two common Nymphaea species such as Nymphaeanouchali (white variety), and Nymphaea rubra (red variety) grown in Bangladesh. The proximate analysis and mineral content were determined by following AOAC methods. Crude fiber content was significantly higher in the white lily (19.56±0.68%) compared to the red cultivar (16.24±1.05%). Conversely, the red lilyshowed ahigher value (18.52±1.01%) for ash content than the white species (15.44±0.79%). However, the varieties had no significant differences in moisture, protein, fat, and carbohydrate content. Both stems were rich in essential minerals, whereas Na and Cu were significantly higher in white water lily (WWL), however, the red water lily (RWL) stem possessed significantly copious amounts of K and P. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between two species in the case of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn content. The assay showed that the total phenoliccontents (mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid contents (mg QE/g) were16.51±0.05and 15.48±02,476±0.1 and 7.846±0.1 in white and red water lily stems respectively. In addition, the anti-nutrient screening revealed that both species were positive for saponin and tannin. Furthermore, the extract of RWL stem showed more antioxidant activity (IC50 value 28.48±0.12µg/ml) against DPPH than WWL (IC50 value 36.67±0.09 µg/ml). Thus, water lily stems can be incorporated into our diet as a potential natural source of antioxidants and vital elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybridization is common and considered as an important evolutionary force to increase intraspecific genetic diversity. Detecting hybridization events is crucial for understanding the evolutionary history of species and further improving molecular breeding. The studies on identifying hybridization events through the phylogenomic approach are still limited. We proposed the conception and method of identifying allopolyploidy events by phylogenomics. The reconciliation and summary of nuclear multi-labeled gene family trees were adopted to untangle hybridization events from next-generation data in our novel phylogenomic approach. Given horticulturalists' relatively clear cultivated crossbreeding history, the water lily family is a suitable case for examining recent allopolyploidy events. Here, we reconstructed and confirmed the well- resolved nuclear phylogeny for the Nymphaeales family in the context of geological time as a framework for identifying hybridization signals. We successfully identified two possible allopolyploidy events with the parental lineages for the hybrids in the family Nymphaeaceae based on summarization from multi-labeled gene family trees of Nymphaeales. The lineages where species Nymphaea colorata and Nymphaea caerulea are located may be the progenitors of horticultural cultivated species Nymphaea 'midnight' and Nymphaea 'Woods blue goddess'. The proposed hybridization hypothesis is also supported by horticultural breeding records. Our methodology can be widely applied to identify hybridization events and theoretically facilitate the genome breeding design of hybrid plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue lotus, also known as Nymphaea caerulea (Nymphaeaceae), is a water lily found globally in lakes and rivers. With its long history of use in Egyptian culture, blue lotus has been associated with spiritual rituals and health benefits. Nowadays, blue lotus is still consumed as a tea or tincture to induce relaxation and heightened spiritual awareness. In this study, six authentic N. caerulea extracts from trusted sources and eleven commercial products were analyzed using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Authentic blue lotus extracts were produced in industrial settings. Overall, the extracts were a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic alcohols, fatty acids, phenyl derivatives, diterpenoids, phytosterols, and stigmastanes. Apomorphine and nuciferine, which are responsible for psychoactive effects of the blue lotus flower, were virtually absent from the authentic blue lotus extract. Although blue lotus has a long history of use, the safety data on the plant and its extracts is limited; however, together with the analytical data, the available information does not indicate major safety concerns for the topical application of authentic blue lotus flower concrete or absolute when diluted as a fragrance ingredient.

The textile industry is very important because its products are widely used by society, however, this activity has a great contribution to the contamination of water resources due to its effluents that contain large amounts of colorants, among which is the blue of methylene (MB) and methyl orange (MO) that can cause damage to the health of living being. For this reason the present study concerned the removal of these dyes by adsorption using Eichhornia Crassipes (Water lily) with different treatments. The results show that the chemisorption removal process using two sites per dye molecule having an exothermic nature for the water-treated lily and for the NaOH-treated lily is endothermic. The maximum adsorption capacities of 228.9 mg/g for MB (60 °C) and 155.38 mg/g (30 °C) for MO with the NaOH treatment were achieved. The SEM analysis shows that there are significant changes in the surface due to the treatments. The XRD patterns indicate that with the pretreatment with NaOH the crystallinity of WL increases while the treatment with water maintains the presence of amorphous cellulose. In the FTIR spectra, the bands corresponding to different functional groups such as lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose that participate in the adsorption of both dyes are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation consists of taking advantage of the capacity of certain plants to absorb, accumulate, or metabolize contaminants. In this study, Eichornia crassipes (water lily) treated with water (WLW) and NaOH (WLN) was investigated as an adsorbent for removal of Ni(II) and Cu(II) present in aqueous solution, focusing on determining the most efficient conditions (adsorbent concentration, contact time, pretreatment, temperature). The results showed that equilibrium adsorption was favorable and carried out by a multilayer physical process with both bioadsorbents. The maximum adsorption at 30 °C in WLW and WLN was 349 and 293.8 mg/g of Ni(II), respectively, and 294.1 and 276.3 mg/g of Cu(II), respectively. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the removal in both metals was spontaneous and exothermic. The Avrami model was the most adequate in the kinetic study of Ni(II) and Cu(II) removal in both treatments, which revealed that the adsorption process was carried out by several mechanisms. In the characterization of the adsorbents, it was determined that the functional groups of WL as well as the attractive forces on the surface of the materials participated in the metal removal process.

【Objective】This study aimed to comprehensively understand the metabolic differences of different tissues of water lily flowers to provide a theoretical basis for the precise application of water lily in the field of extraction, processing and functional food.【Method】Nymphaea ‘Panama Pacific’ was used to detect metabolites from petals, pistils and stamens by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry（LC-MS）. The experimental data were analyzed by cluster analysis and multivariate statistical analysis. The specific metabolites of various tissues were searched by Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes（KEGG）.【Result】A total of 1084 metabolites were detected from water lily flowers. The contents of metabolites in pistil, stamen and petal were significantly different. It was found that there were 553 differential metabolites between pistil and petal, 569 differential metabolites between pistil and stamen, and 613 differential metabolites between petal and stamen. In terms of dominant metabolite species, there were 138 dominant metabolites in petals, which were significantly enriched in 3 metabolic pathways: Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, flavonoid biosynthesis and citrate cycle. The dominant metabolites of pistils were 165,which were significantly enriched in 4 pathways including biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, flavonoid biosynthesis, cyanoamino acid metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. There were 206 dominant metabolites in stamens, which were significantly enriched in 3 metabolic pathways: Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, biosynthesis of plant hormones, indole alkaloid biosynthesis. The contents of aspartic acid, tyrosine and glutamate in pistil were relatively high. And the contents of vincristine and tetrahydropalmatine in stamens were relatively high. Especially as a natural anticancer drug, the content of vincristine in stamens was about 1192 times that of pistils and 553 times that of petals, respectively.【Conclusion】The contents of metabolites in different tissues of water lily flowers are significantly different. The dominant metabolites of each tissue are significantly enriched in eight metabolic pathways, including phenylpropane biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, and indole alkaloid biosynthesis. The non-targeted metabonomics technology can effectively screen the dominant metabolites in different tissues of lotus, and provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of water lily flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nymphaea thermarum is classified in the Nymphaeaceae, and is the smallest water lily in the world. It has been extinct its native environment and needs urgent protection. Here, we report and characterize the complete chloroplast genome of N. thermarum. The total length of the chloroplast genome is 159,849 bp and the GC content is 39.2% (A: 30.1%, C: 20.0%, G: 19.2%, T: 30.8%). The chloroplast genome consists of 8 rRNA, 37 tRNA, and 85 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis of N. thermarum fully resolved this taxon in a clade with Nymphaea capensis. The chloroplast genome of N. thermarum provides scientific guidance for its conservation genetics and also contributes genome resources for the phylogenetic relationship of Nymphaea.

The water lily (Nymphaea tetragona) is an ancient angiosperm that belongs to the Nymphaeaceae family. As a rooted floating-leaf plant, water lilies are generally cultivated in fresh water, therefore, little is known about their survival strategies under salt stress. Long-term salt stress causes morphological changes, such as the rapid regeneration of floating leaves and a significant decrease in leaf number and surface area. We demonstrate that salt stress induces toxicity soon after treatment, but plants can adapt by regenerating floating leaves that are photosynthetically active. Transcriptome profiling revealed that ion binding was one of the most-enriched GO terms in leaf-petiole systems under salt stress. Sodium-transporter-related genes were downregulated, whereas K+ transporter genes were both up- and downregulated. These results suggest that restricting intracellular Na+ importing while maintaining balanced K+ homeostasis is an adaptive strategy for tolerating long-term salt stress. ICP-MS analysis identified the petioles and leaves as Na-hyperaccumulators, with a maximum content of over 80 g kg−1 DW under salt stress. Mapping of the Na-hyperaccumulation trait onto the phylogenetic relationships revealed that water lily plants might have a long evolutionary history from ancient marine plants, or may have undergone historical ecological events from salt to fresh water. Ammonium transporter genes involved in nitrogen metabolism were downregulated, whereas NO3−-related transporters were upregulated in both the leaves and petioles, suggesting a selective bias toward NO3− uptake under salt stress. The morphological changes we observed may be due to the reduced expression of genes related to auxin signal transduction. In conclusion, the floating leaves and submerged petioles of the water lily use a series of adaptive strategies to survive salt stress. These include the absorption and transport of ions and nutrients from the surrounding environments, and the ability to hyperaccumulate Na+. These adaptations may serve as the physiological basis for salt tolerance in water lily plants.

Water lilies (Nymphaea L.) are ancient angiosperms that can be cultivated in both fresh and brackish water. Water lily plants have adapted morphologically and physiologically to the aqueous environment. Nonetheless, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms that enable water lily to acclimate to saline conditions, restricting its production and distribution. To illustrate the role of roots in water lily salinity tolerance, we investigated the adaptive regulation of the water lily root system under high salinity. Aspects of its root architecture, including root length, surface area, volume, and tip number, were significantly reduced by salt stress. Transcriptome sequencing showed that 120 genes were upregulated and 1214 genes were downregulated under salt stress. The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in oxidoreductase activity, structural molecule activity, and transmembrane transporter activity. Most ion transporter genes were downregulated, suggesting that water lily may partially close ion channels and/or transporters to avoid excessive ion accumulation or ion imbalance under long-term salt stress. Genes related to NO3− transport were both up- and downregulated, whereas genes related to ammonium transport were uniformly downregulated, suggesting that transcriptional changes may play a role in balancing nitrogen metabolism under long-term saline conditions. The roots showed relatively high concentrations of Na+ and had the ability to hyper-accumulate Na+ under salt stress. These findings provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms that enable water lily roots to tolerate salinity and lay a foundation for the breeding of salt-tolerant cultivars.

Solar-powered steam generation equipment has experienced considerable advancement in recent years as it offers a cleaner and greener method for freshwater production. However, the devices always suffer from a complicated process, high cost, and salt accumulation, which hinder their further application. Here, inspired by the water lily, a highly efficient and antisalt accumulation interfacial solar-driven steam generation device was designed by using the tannic acid-Fe 3+ complex as photothermal material. The designed evaporator could be quickly unfolded within 24 s after being irradiated with light and then produce fresh water. It folded within 10 s and then sank into water for removing the accumulated salt after removing the irradiation sources. In addition, the tannic acid-Fe 3+ complex on the evaporator surface and the angle of the evaporator allowed light to be reflected several times within the evaporator, effectively increasing the solar energy conversion efficient (2.22 kg/(m 2 ·h)), and apparently, the overall evaporation efficiency of 139.18% was achieved under 1 sun illumination. Moreover, it exhibited an extraordinary antisalt accumulation capacity (by working continuously for 7 days in 10 wt % saline water and 80% reduction in salt accumulation) as well as a low price ($ 1.11/m 2 ). This design would provide a strategy to prepare an antisalt accumulation solar steam devices.

Nymphaeaceae are early diverging angiosperms with large flowers characterized by showy petals and stamens not clearly whorled but presenting a gradual morphological transition from the outer elements to the inner stamens. Such flower structure makes these plant species relevant for studying flower evolution. MADS-domain transcription factors are crucial components of the molecular network that controls flower development. We therefore isolated and characterized MADS-box genes from the water lily Nymphaea caerulea. RNA-seq experiments on floral buds have been performed to obtain the transcript sequences of floral organ identity MADS-box genes. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses confirmed their belonging to specific MADS-box gene subfamilies. Their expression was quantified by RT-qPCR in all floral organs at two stages of development. Protein interactions among these transcription factors were investigated by yeast-two-hybrid assays. We found especially interesting the involvement of two different AGAMOUS-like genes (NycAG1 and NycAG2) in the water lily floral components. They were therefore functionally characterized by complementing Arabidopsis ag and shp1 shp2 mutants. The expression analysis of MADS-box genes across flower development in N. caerulea described a complex scenario made of numerous genes in numerous floral components. Their expression profiles in some cases were in line with what was expected from the ABC model of flower development and its extensions, while in other cases presented new and interesting gene expression patterns, as for instance the involvement of NycAGL6 and NycFL. Although sharing a high level of sequence similarity, the two AGAMOUS-like genes NycAG1 and NycAG2 could have undergone subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization, as only one of them could partially restore the euAG function in Arabidopsis ag-3 mutants. The hereby illustrated N. caerulea MADS-box gene expression pattern might mirror the morphological transition from the outer to the inner floral organs, and the presence of transition organs such as the petaloid stamens. This study is intended to broaden knowledge on the role and evolution of floral organ identity genes and the genetic mechanisms causing biodiversity in angiosperm flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nymphaea spp., Thai water lilies are aquatic plants. They contain phenolic pigments that play a major role in free radical scavenging. Melanoma is strong aggressive skin cancer-associated with oxidative stress. This study, to determine the effect of Nymphaea spp. extracts on cell apoptosis, cellular migration and invasion through the role of cellular oxidants in B16 melanoma cells. Methods: Free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic were investigated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) methods and Folin-Denis test, respectively. Cytotoxic were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Cell apoptosis was confirmed by flow cytometry. Cellular oxidants, cellular migration and invasion were determined with 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), wound healing and Boyden chamber assay, respectively. Results: Nymphaea pubescens showed higher capacity of scavenging free radical activity than Nymphaea stellate and also related phenolic content. Nymphaea pubescens extract was toxic to B16 melanoma cells. High concentrations cell apoptosis was induced. Contrastingly, low concentrations showed a decrease in cellular oxidants associated with the suppression of cancer cell progression. In B16 melanoma cell, Nymphaea pubescens extract was able to inhibit B16 melanoma cell migration and invasion through the low doses. Interestingly, the high doses of extract showed a potential of cytotoxicity to induce melanoma cell death. At the low doses, Nymphaea pubescens extract might suppress melanoma cells progression by interfering with both cellular migration and invasion capacity. Conclusion: Hence, Nymphaea pubescens extract induced cellular apoptosis and it also suppressed cancer cell progression by reducing oxidative stress in B16 melanoma cells.

Nymphaea thermarum is classified in the Nymphaeaceae, and is the smallest water lily in the world. It has been extinct its native environment and needs urgent protection. Here, we report and characterize the complete chloroplast genome of N. thermarum. The total length of the chloroplast genome is 159,849 bp and the GC content is 39.2% (A: 30.1%, C: 20.0%, G: 19.2%, T: 30.8%). The chloroplast genome consists of 8 rRNA, 37 tRNA, and 85 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis of N. thermarum fully resolved this taxon in a clade with Nymphaea capensis. The chloroplast genome of N. thermarum provides scientific guidance for its conservation genetics and also contributes genome resources for the phylogenetic relationship of Nymphaea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The developed trapping cell device can be used as a collector for analysis of biogenic volatiles from live plants. A convenient and easy-moving, modified, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) device was developed for monitoring a living plant's volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It consisted of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle as a sampling chamber, and certain variables were considered when using the HS-SPME device, including the material used and the fiber position, the direction of the airstream, and the distance between the sample and the fan. The results from varying those factors, generated by the orthogonal array design (OAD) method, were used to optimize the modified HS-SPME conditions. Based on the current literature regarding extracting fragrances by SPME, we selected polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the fiber materials. Using the OAD method, PDMS/DVB was found to be the better fiber material when it was parallel to the fan, and also when the airstream provided positive pressure to the sample with the fan near the sample. The device was used to sample biogenic volatile compounds emitted from fresh Nymphaea caerulea (water lily) flowers, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. For the method validation, under the optimum conditions, the calculated detection limit value of the model compound (butyl decanoate) was 0.14 ng on column, which was equal to 1.41 ppm for the injection. The relative standard deviations of the intra-day and inter-day precisions were 1.21% and 3.05%. Thirty-three compounds were separated and identified. The main components in the vapor phase of N. caerulea were benzyl acetate (10.4%), pentadecane (15.5%), 6,9-heptadecadiene (40.1%), and 8-heptadecene (15.3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intended to apply the constructed wetland for improving the water quality of the surface run-off mainly the river water of Tukad Badung. The constructed wetland consisted of four combined types such as 1) the sub-surface model without the vegetation and the surface with the combination of the sweet flag water lily vegetation; 2) the sub-surface model with the sweet flag vegetation and the surface with the water lily vegetation; 3) the sub-surface model without the vegetation and the surface with the water lily vegetation; and 4) the surface with the sweet flag vegetation and the surface with the water lily vegetation. The methodology uses the Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). The result showed that the physical model-4 produced the optimal result and has the best process result of the pollutant decomposition. The result is hoped to give an input to the government to develop the constructed wetland for increasing the water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve accessions of water lily (Nymphaea spp.) differing in flower colour and opening time were selected from diverse locations of the water lily growing tracts of Thrissur district. These accessions were evaluated based on the width as well as length of leaf lamina, length of notch on lamina, length of mature flower bud, circumference of mature flower bud, diameter of fully opened flower, number of petals and number of stigmatic appendages in the flower. The study revealed that there was significant variability among the accessions for all the characters evaluated. DMRT was carried out and the accessions were grouped taking diameter of fully opened flower as well as the size of mature flower bud as the decisive characters for grouping. Significant correlations were observed between flower size and leaf size as well as flower size and length of mature flower bud. Hence, leaf size can be taken as an indicator of the flower size of the accession. Selection programmes based on length of lamina will be effective in improving the population, since PCV, GCV, H2 and GG were the highest for this character.

Water lilies are popular ornamental cut-flowers with significant economic and cultural value. However, stem bending affects the preservation of cut-flowers during their vase life. To gain further insights into the molecular mechanisms of stem bending, transcriptome profiling, hormone measurement, and morphological analysis were performed using the stems of the 'Blue Bird' water lily. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 607 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with the dorsal and ventral stems of the water lily, of which 247 were up-regulated and 360 were down-regulated. Significant differences in genes associated with plant hormones, calcium ions, glucose metabolism, and photosynthesis pathways genes involved in the dorsal and ventral areas of the curved stem. In particular, DEGs were associated with the hormone synthesis, gravity response, starch granules, Ca 2+ ions, and photosynthesis. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with that of the transcriptome sequence analysis. A total of 12 hormones were detected, of which abscisic acid, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, indole-3-carboxaldehyde and jasmonic acid were significantly differentially expressed in the dorsal and ventral stems, and were significantly higher in the dorsal stem than in the ventral stem. The cell morphology in the dorsal and ventral areas of the curved stem clearly changed during vase life. The direction of starch granule settlement was consistent with the bending direction of the water lily stem, as well as the direction of gravity. In conclusion, stem bending in water lily cut-flowers is regulated by multiple factors and genes. This study provides an important theoretical basis for understanding the complex regulatory mechanism of water lily stem bending., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Li, Sheng, Xu, Li, Lin, Zhou, Zhao, Song and Wang.)

A convenient and easy-moving, modified, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) device was developed for monitoring a living plant’s volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It consisted of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle as a sampling chamber, and certain variables were considered when using the HS-SPME device, including the material used and the fiber position, the direction of the airstream, and the distance between the sample and the fan. The results from varying those factors, generated by the orthogonal array design (OAD) method, were used to optimize the modified HS-SPME conditions. Based on the current literature regarding extracting fragrances by SPME, we selected polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the fiber materials. Using the OAD method, PDMS/DVB was found to be the better fiber material when it was parallel to the fan, and also when the airstream provided positive pressure to the sample with the fan near the sample. The device was used to sample biogenic volatile compounds emitted from fresh Nymphaea caerulea (water lily) flowers, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. For the method validation, under the optimum conditions, the calculated detection limit value of the model compound (butyl decanoate) was 0.14 ng on column, which was equal to 1.41 ppm for the injection. The relative standard deviations of the intra-day and inter-day precisions were 1.21% and 3.05%. Thirty-three compounds were separated and identified. The main components in the vapor phase of N. caerulea were benzyl acetate (10.4%), pentadecane (15.5%), 6,9-heptadecadiene (40.1%), and 8-heptadecene (15.3%).

The order Nymphaeales, consisting of three families with a record of eight genera, has gained significant interest from botanists, probably due to its position as a basal angiosperm. The phylogenetic relationships within the order have been well studied; however, a few controversial nodes still remain in the Nymphaeaceae. The position of the Nuphar genus and the monophyly of the Nymphaeaceae family remain uncertain. This study adds to the increasing number of the completely sequenced plastid genomes of the Nymphaeales and applies a large chloroplast gene data set in reconstructing the intergeneric relationships within the Nymphaeaceae. Five complete chloroplast genomes were newly generated, including a first for the monotypic Euryale genus. Using a set of 66 protein-coding genes from the chloroplast genomes of 17 taxa, the phylogenetic position of Nuphar was determined and a monophyletic Nymphaeaceae family was obtained with convincing statistical support from both partitioned and unpartitioned data schemes. Although genomic comparative analyses revealed a high degree of synteny among the chloroplast genomes of the ancient angiosperms, key minor variations were evident, particularly in the contraction/expansion of the inverted-repeat regions and in RNA-editing events. Genome structure, and gene content and arrangement were highly conserved among the chloroplast genomes. The intergeneric relationships defined in this study are congruent with those inferred using morphological data.