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First morning urine (FMU) assessment would be a practical and convenient solution for clinically acceptable detection of underhydration prior to competition/training, and for the general public. Thus, we thus sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of FMU as a valid indicator of recent (previous 24 hr, 5 days average) hydration practices. For 5 consecutive days and one final morning, 67 healthy women (n = 38) and men (n = 29; age: 20 [1] years, body mass index: 25.9 [5.5]) completed 24-hr diet logs for total water intake (from beverages and foods, absolute and relative to body mass), 24-hr urine and FMU collection (last morning only) for osmolality (Osm), specific gravity (SG), and color (Col), and morning blood sampling for plasma osmolality and copeptin. Correlations determined significance and relationship strength among FMU and all other variables. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratios were employed using previously reported values to indicate underhydration (total water intake < 30 ml/kg, osmolality > 500, and >800 mOsm/kg, specific gravity > 1.017, and copeptin > 6.93 pmol/L). FMU_Osm and FMU_SG were significantly correlated (p <.05) to all variables except the previous 5-day plasma osmolality. FMU_Col was only significantly correlated with other color time intervals and total water intake per gram. FMU_Osm held greatest utility (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity >80%) overall, with the best outcome being FMU_Osm indicating a previous 24-hr osmolality threshold of 500 mOsm/kg (FMU_Osm criterion >710 mOsm/kg and positive likelihood ratio = 5.9). With less effort and cost restriction, FMU is a viable metric to assess underhydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding what facilitates and hinders water drinking is crucial to inform interventions for preventing underhydration. Using the Situated Assessment Method2, we extended previous research by examining what influences water drinking in daily life. We studied 213 UK adults, assessing 13 potential predictors (e.g. thirst, availability of other drinks) of their typical water intake across 10 everyday situations (e.g. during work, dinner). Participants then reported their actual water intake in these situations over three alternating days during a 1‐week follow‐up. We evaluated the variability of water intake and its influences across individuals and situations and the prospective relationship between these influences and water intake. The 13 identified predictors explained substantial proportions of variation in water intake. Factors like habitualness (e.g. subjective effort), self‐relevance (e.g. health consciousness) and immediate feedback (e.g. taste) were positively associated with water intake. However, the influence of these factors varied significantly across individuals and situations. Our results suggest that various interrelated predictors facilitate and hinder water drinking behaviour, emphasising the importance of using comprehensive behaviour theories to inform research in this domain. They also align with growing evidence that reward may regulate habitual behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Increased intake of sweets or sugar craving may occur in response to chronic stress representing a risk factor for development of eating disorders and obesity. However, no safe treatment of stress‐induced sugar craving is available. In this study we analysed effects of two Lactobacillus strains on food and sucrose intake in mice before and during their exposure to a chronic mild stress (CMS). Research Methods & Procedures: C57Bl6 mice were gavaged daily for 27 days with a mix of L. salivarius (LS) LS7892 and L. gasseri (LG) LG6410 strains or with 0.9% NaCl as a control. Following 10 days of gavage, mice were individually placed into the Modular Phenotypic cages, and after 7 days of acclimation were exposed to a CMS model for 10 days. Food, water and 2% sucrose intakes as well as meal pattern were monitored. Anxiety and depressive‐like behaviour were analysed by standard tests. Results: Exposure of mice to CMS was accompanied by increased size of sucrose intake in the control group likely reflecting the stress‐induced sugar craving. A consistent, about 20% lower total sucrose intake, was observed in the Lactobacilli‐treated group during stress which was mainly due to a reduced number of intakes. Lactobacilli treatment also modified the meal pattern before and during the CMS, showing a decrease of meal number and an increase of meal size with a tendency of reduced total daily food intake. Mild anti‐depressive behavioural effects of the Lactobacilli mix were also present. Conclusion: Supplementation of mice with LS LS7892 and LG LG6410 decreases sugar consumption suggesting a potential utility of these strains against stress‐induced sugar craving. Key points: Chronic mild stress increases sugar intake in miceL. salivarius (LS) and L. gasseri (LG) probiotics mix reduces sugar intake in stressed miceLS and LG probiotics mix decreases number of meals and increases water intake in miceLS and LG probiotics mix displays mild anti‐depressive effects in stressed miceLS and LG probiotics strains mix can be useful for stress‐induced sugar craving [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding what facilitates and hinders water drinking is crucial to inform interventions for preventing underhydration. Using the Situated Assessment Method2, we extended previous research by examining what influences water drinking in daily life. We studied 213 UK adults, assessing 13 potential predictors (e.g. thirst, availability of other drinks) of their typical water intake across 10 everyday situations (e.g. during work, dinner). Participants then reported their actual water intake in these situations over three alternating days during a 1‐week follow‐up. We evaluated the variability of water intake and its influences across individuals and situations and the prospective relationship between these influences and water intake. The 13 identified predictors explained substantial proportions of variation in water intake. Factors like habitualness (e.g. subjective effort), self‐relevance (e.g. health consciousness) and immediate feedback (e.g. taste) were positively associated with water intake. However, the influence of these factors varied significantly across individuals and situations. Our results suggest that various interrelated predictors facilitate and hinder water drinking behaviour, emphasising the importance of using comprehensive behaviour theories to inform research in this domain. They also align with growing evidence that reward may regulate habitual behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for early detection of prostate cancer (PCa) is common but controversial. In rural areas, PSA is widely used for screening because it is convenient and early-stage PCa often shows no symptoms. Studies suggest that PSA levels are linked to factors like unhealthy lifestyles, obesity, lack of exercise, inflammation, and aging. Proper use and interpretation of PSA are crucial for healthcare providers, especially in primary care settings. This study aims to explore the prevalence and factors linked to higher PSA levels in rural men. Methods: We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study from March to December 2023 in the western coastal region of Taiwan. Men aged 40-75 years participated, completing a lifestyle questionnaire and providing blood samples for cardiometabolic biomarkers and PSA levels. PSA levels of ≥ 4.0 ng/mL were considered elevated. We used propensity score matching (PSM) and genetic matching (GM) for analysis, followed by regression analysis. Results: In total, 3347 male adults with a mean age of 56.3 years (SD=11.8, range 40-75), and without cancer-related diseases, were enrolled. Findings indicated that 3.9% (n=130) of men aged 40-75 years had a PSA ≥ 4 ng/mL. and many of them did not adopt health-related behaviors, including inadequate servings of vegetables, water intake, and engaging in regular exercise. Furthermore, more than half of the participants had high blood pressure, and over one-quarter exhibited a higher waist-hip ratio and cardiometabolic diseases. After employing propensity score matching (PSM) and genetic matching (GM) with respect to age and education, the multivariate logistic regression model indicated that less water intake (p<0.01), higher waist-hip ratio (> 0.95) (p<0.05), and being diagnosed with cardiometabolic diseases (p<0.05) were significantly associated with a higher serum PSA level. Conclusion: This study revealed that inadequate water intake and obesity related diseases are significant risk factors associated with elevated PSA levels among male adults living in rural areas. It is important for frontline healthcare providers to carefully interpret the meaning of a high PSA level. Additionally, launching a longitudinal study is necessary to further investigate its relation to PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the optimal adaptation period for mice at different developmental stages during metabolic cage experiments, aiming to provide a reference for conducting metabolic research using mice. Methods A total of 80 male C57BL/6J mice at three developmental stages (weaning period M1, adolescent M2, and adulthood M3) were subjected to a 7-day metabolic cage experiment. Data on food intake, water intake, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, body weight, and activity levels were recorded every five minutes. The collected data were processed using time series decomposition and comprehensive cluster analysis. Statistical differences were compared using repeated measures ANOVA combined with t-test to determine the optimal adaptation period. Results Significant differences in metabolism were observed among mice in different developmental stages (P<0.01). Compared with adolescent (M2) and adult (M3) mice, weaned mice (M1) exhibited lower activity level (P<0.01) and less distinct circadian rhythm. M1 mice had higher oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and energy expenditure, as well as a lower respiratory quotient (all P<0.001), indicating that they mainly relied on fat as an energy source. Analysis of food intake, water intake, and energy expenditure revealed significant differences between the first light cycle (0-12 h) and the second light cycle (24-36 h) across all developmental stages (all P<0.05) . However, there was no significant difference in daily food intake or water intake after 24 hours (both P>0.05). Comprehensive cluster analysis of multiple indicators showed that the overall indicators of mice during the first 24 hours in the metabolic cages did not cluster with those of the subsequent 6 days, demonstrating significant differences. Conclusion Metabolic cage experiment can be used to detect continuous physiological changes in mice. The results suggest that mice can adapt to new metabolic cages environment within 24 hours, providing a theoretical basis for the design of metabolic experiments using mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: It is vitally important that methods to combat climate change-induced effects on water availability are studied in agriculture. We have previously determined the voluntary water usage of modern broilers and, in this article, further explore the molecular differences between meat-type chickens that consume more or less water than average. We show here that sugar metabolites and the expression of glucose transporter genes in the kidneys are different between these birds. These differences can aid in the selection of birds that drink less water than average for the same feed intake and body weight gain. This could help reduce the use of water in the poultry industry. Molecular differences exist between birds with high residual water intake (HRWI) compared to those with low residual water intake (LRWI). Residual water intake (RWI) is defined as the difference between the water intake of a bird and the expected water intake corrected for metabolic body weight, feed intake, and body weight gain. Tissue metabolomic analysis revealed significantly increased kidney glucose, fructose, and arabitol in the LRWI group compared to the HRWI group. mRNA expression analysis of apical sodium glucose cotransporters SGLT1, SGLT4, SGLT5, and SGLT6 showed decreased expression of SGLTs 1, 5, and 6 in LRWI birds (p < 0.05), whereas SGLT4 expression was increased compared with HRWI birds (p < 0.01). An analysis of basal glucose transporters GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT5, and GLUT9 showed significantly increased GLUT2 expression in LRWI birds compared with HRWI birds (p < 0.01). We postulate that SGLT4 is the main apical transporter in chicken kidneys and that its increased expression reduces these birds' need for water, resulting in less drinking. This is balanced by the increased expression of the basal transporter GLUT2, indicating better glucose retention, which may partly explain the physiological mechanism behind why these birds drink less water. Innately driven broiler water intake could therefore be influenced by the expression of kidney solute transporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study shows variations in the volumes of water consumption and disposal, as well as the mass of pollutant discharges in the Russian part of the Ural River basin under changing socioeconomic and technological conditions and gives estimates of water quality transformations in the river. It was found that since 1990 to 2022, water withdrawal for meeting the needs of the population and economy in the Russian part of the Ural River basin decreased by 3.9 times. The water turnover factor in the basin increased from 70.3 to 91.6%. The mass of most pollutants in the discharged wastewater has decreased by 3–20 times, though five pollutants show an appreciable increase in their discharge volumes. In the upper reaches of the Ural River, the water quality estimated by the specific value of combinatory water pollution index has practically not changed in 2008–2020, while in its middle reaches, an increase in water quality was recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional hydration assessment methods, while accurate, are often invasive and impractical for routine monitoring. In response, innovative non-invasive techniques such as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), electrodermal activity (EDA), electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring, and urine color charts have emerged, offering greater comfort and accessibility for patients. These methods use various types of sensors to capture a range of bio-signals, followed by machine learning-based classification or regression methods, providing real-time feedback on hydration status, which is crucial for effective management and prevention of urinary stones. This review explores the principles, applications, and efficacy of these non-invasive techniques, highlighting their potential to transform hydration monitoring in clinical and everyday settings. By facilitating improved patient compliance and enabling proactive hydration management, these approaches align with contemporary trends in personalized healthcare. This article presents a literature review on non-invasive approaches to hydration assessment, focusing on their significance in preventing kidney stone disease and enhancing kidney health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the effects of early water intake after elective cesarean delivery on maternal satisfaction and gastric emptying. Methods A total of 90 parturients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia between Jan 2024 and Mar 2024, were randomly divided into 2 groups: the W group, who received 100 mL of oral water intake, and the C group, who received 10 mL of water, approximately 10 min after surgery. The primary outcome was maternal satisfaction with early oral intake after cesarean delivery; the secondary outcomes included maternal degree of thirst and hunger, gastric emptying assessed by ultrasonography, body temperature, degree of shivering, thermal comfort score, time to postoperative first flatus, and time to initiation of lactation, and gastric emptying assessed by ultrasonography. Results The VAS scores of maternal satisfaction 120 min after water intake in group C and group W were (46.7±19.8) mm and (76.8±16.9) mm, respectively (P< 0.001). At 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after water intake, the numerical rating scale (NRS) score of maternal thirst in group W was lower than that in group C (P<0.01). At 90 min post-intake, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of gastric antrum in group W had returned to the baseline level. At 120 min after oral intake, there was no significant difference in gastric antrum CSA between the two groups. At 90 min and 120 min after oral intake, the cases of gastric antrum CSA>10.3 cm2 in group W were 3 (6.7%) and 2 (4.4%), respectively, and there were no significant differences between the two groups. Changes in maternal residual gastric volume were consistent with CSA. There were no significant differences in postoperative blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, the degree of shivering, thermal comfort score, time to flatus, or time to lactation between the two groups. Conclusion Fully conscious parturients who drank 100 mL of water early after cesarean delivery reported greater satisfaction and experienced reduced thirst. Furthermore, there was no delay in maternal gastric emptying as a result of early oral water intake postcesarean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to prepare a ternary hierarchical rough particle to accelerate the anti-corrosive design for coastal concrete infrastructures. Design/methodology/approach: A kind of micro-nano hydrophobic ternary microparticles was fabricated from SiO2/halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and recycled concrete powders (RCPs), which was then mixed with sodium silicate and silane to form an inorganic slurry. The slurry was further sprayed on the concrete surface to construct a superhydrophobic coating (SHC). Transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mappings demonstrate that the nano-sized SiO2 has been grafted on the sub-micron HNTs and then further adhered to the surface of micro-sized RCP, forming a kind of superhydrophobic particles (SiO2/HNTs@RCP) featured of abundant micro-nano hierarchical structures. Findings: The SHC surface presents excellent superhydrophobicity with the water contact angle >156°. Electrochemical tests indicate that the corrosion rate of mild steel rebar in coated concrete reduces three-order magnitudes relative to the uncoated one in 3.5% NaCl solution. Water uptake and chloride ion (Cl-) diffusion tests show that the SHC exhibits high H2O and Cl- ions barrier properties thanks to the pore-sealing and water-repellence properties of SiO2/HNTs@RCP particles. Furthermore, the SHC possesses considerable mechanical durability and outstanding self-cleaning ability. Originality/value: SHC inhibits water uptake, Cl- diffusion and rebar corrosion of concrete, which will promote the sustainable application of concrete waste in anti-corrosive concrete projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between water and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, health behaviors, and self-perceived health status using data from the 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS). The subjects included in this analysis were 57,302 Korean adolescents from the 7th to 12th grades. The intake patterns of water and SSBs were categorized into four groups: Group I, adequate water intake (≥4 cups/day) and low frequency of SSB intake (≤1–2 times/week); Group II, adequate water intake and high frequency of SSB intake; Group III, inadequate water intake (<4 cups/day) and low frequency of SSB intake; Group IV, inadequate water intake and high frequency of SSB intake (≥3 times/week). Complex sample analyses were used for considering strata, clusters, and weights for samples. Significant differences were observed in the distribution of sociodemographic characteristics between the water and SSB intake groups. As grade levels increased or if students were female, there was a significant increase in the proportion of students characterized by low water intake and high consumption of SSB. Adolescents with healthier beverage habits, characterized by adequate water intake and low frequency of SSB consumption (Group I), generally abstained from smoking and alcohol, were more physically active, and maintained a desirable diet, reporting a better perceived health status. In contrast, those with higher SSB consumption and inadequate water intake (Group IV) were more likely to perceive their health as poor, with higher rates of smoking and alcohol use, lower physical activity levels, and poorer dietary habits compared to Group I. In conclusion, adolescents with desirable beverage consumption habits differed by sex and grade and they reported positive health behaviors and better overall health status. This suggests that there is a need for more active education and intervention in schools and families, as well as increased efforts by adolescents to promote healthy beverage habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that municipal drinking water may be the cause of gastrointestinal illness (GII) outbreaks, but it is still unclear to what extent drinking water contributes to endemic GII. To explore this, we conducted a prospective cohort study among 6,955 adults in five municipalities in Sweden, collecting monthly GII episodes and mean daily cold drinking water consumption through SMS (Short Message Service). When the association between drinking water consumption and GII (all symptoms) and acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI, vomiting and/or three loose stools during a 24-h period) were assessed, there were indications that the association departed from linearity, following a unimodal shape. Among consumers in surface water areas, the highest risk of GII and AGI was generally seen among the average consumers, while the opposite was seen among groundwater consumers. The association however also seemed to be affected by neighbouring communities. The results of the study indicate that there is indeed an association between drinking water consumption and endemic GII, but the nature of this association is complex and likely affected by multiple factors, for example, water source type in the home and degree of exposure to drinking water from additional sources. HIGHLIGHTS Association between drinking water consumption and endemic GII was non-linear.; Raw water type affected the association, with the risk of GII being higher in surface water areas.; Association is also likely affected by exposure to drinking water from different water sources.;

Purpose. To analyze the state of water resources of the Podilsk region and the territorial features of water use in order to optimize their use. Methods. Methods of system-structural analysis, statistical, cartographic, modeling. Rresults. The current state and peculiarities of the use of water resources in the territory of the administrative districts of the Podilsk region were analyzed according to the indicators of total water intake from natural water bodies, the use of fresh water in general and the sectoral structure of water use. The main consumers of water resources in the region are industrial enterprises and housing and communal services. The largest share of underground water intake is in Ternopil Oblast, and the smallest in Vinnytsia, which is related to natural reserves of underground water. The largest volumes of water intake from natural water bodies and the use of fresh water are observed in the Khmelnytskyi region, and the smallest - in the Ternopil region. The analysis of the dynamics of water use indicators over the period 2020-2022 determined a decrease in the volume of water intake, especially in 2022, in all regions of the region. The largest share of water is used in the regions of the region for production needs. Conclusions. The dynamics of water consumption in all regions of the region has a tendency to decrease the volume of water intake. There are certain differences in the amount of surface and underground water intake. For many administrative districts and territorial communities, the problem of rational use of water resources is relevant.

Hydration status plays a key role in healthy ageing, and it is potentially affected by several factors, including drug consumption. However, research on this issue to date is scarce, especially in highly vulnerable groups, such as the elderly. We aimed to study the relationship linking hydration status, analysed by means of a validated questionnaire, 24 h urine analysis, body composition assessment, and drug consumption in a sample of old adults. A total of 144 elders were included in the study. Cardiovascular drug consumption was significantly associated with a lower water intake in men (β = −0.282, p = 0.029). Moreover, urinary analysis revealed that total drug intake as well as the consumption of diuretics and cardiovascular drugs were associated with poorer hydration status, whereas genito-urinary drugs were associated with an opposite effect, and these results were confirmed in terms of body composition. Hence, total drug consumption (β = −0.205), diuretic (β = −0.408), cardiovascular (β = −0.297), and genito-urinary drugs (β = 0.298) were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with total body water. The obtained results confirmed the impact of chronic treatment with certain drugs on hydration status. Nutritional interventions may be of great interest in certain population groups in order to prevent complications due to altered hydration status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve water access while working and contribute to fewer heat-related illnesses (HRI), backpack hydration systems were provided to over 200 farmworkers to use during the 2022 growing season. Acceptability of the water intake intervention was assessed among farmworkers in eastern North Carolina, USA. With a pre-established community–university partnership, the acceptability of the intervention was assessed using a cross-sectional survey. The backpack brand selected included a 3-liter water bladder and attached drinking hose. Data analysis included descriptive and correlation statistics. Among 47 male, migrant farmworkers, most (90%) reported the hydration backpack to be acceptable or completely acceptable to workplace fluid intake. Most (53%) reported using the backpack some of the time, compared to 28% who used it often. The participants reported an average of 4.8 (SD 2.2) liters of water intake from the backpack on a typical workday. Most reported the backpack improved the quantity and frequency of their water consumption. This study was an important first step in implementation of hydration backpack systems as an HRI-preventative intervention among farmworkers. Future interventional studies could assess the efficacy of the backpacks on health outcomes, including incidence of dehydration and symptoms of HRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ensuring adequate hydration is critical for breastfeeding women, yet their water consumption patterns and hydration status is poorly understood. This study investigates the water consumption patterns and estimated water balance among women, practicing exclusive, mixed, and no breastfeeding methods. Methods: 529 healthy women completed the Nursing Water Balanced Questionnaire (N-WBQ). Participants were distributed across breastfeeding groups as follows: exclusive (39.7%), mixed (31.9%), and no breastfeeding (28.4%). Results: Significant differences were noted in water consumption patterns among breastfeeding groups regarding intake from beverages (p < 0.001), juices (p = 0.019), coffee (p < 0.001), and milk (p = 0.015). Water intake from liquids, except for drinking water (p < 0.001), juices (p = 0.024) and coffee (p < 0.001) differed significantly among groups in women with adequate total water intake based on recommendation, with exclusive breastfeeding mothers prioritizing plain water over other beverages. Total water loss (p < 0.001) and estimated water balance (p < 0.001) significantly varied among breastfeeding groups, with exclusive breastfeeding mothers to exhibit the lowest water balance (−475.36 mL/day), indicating potential dehydration risk. Apart from plain water, water from foods, coffee and milk significantly contributed to positive water balance. Conclusions: Our findings highlight a risk of dehydration in this population, while water consumption patterns are influenced by breastfeeding method, likely affected by varying lactational demands and lifestyle factors. Further research to develop more accurate and individualized methods for assessing water balance in breastfeeding women is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that municipal drinking water may be the cause of gastrointestinal illness (GII) outbreaks, but it is still unclear to what extent drinking water contributes to endemic GII. To explore this, we conducted a prospective cohort study among 6,955 adults in five municipalities in Sweden, collecting monthly GII episodes and mean daily cold drinking water consumption through SMS (Short Message Service). When the association between drinking water consumption and GII (all symptoms) and acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI, vomiting and/or three loose stools during a 24-h period) were assessed, there were indications that the association departed from linearity, following a unimodal shape. Among consumers in surface water areas, the highest risk of GII and AGI was generally seen among the average consumers, while the opposite was seen among groundwater consumers. The association however also seemed to be affected by neighbouring communities. The results of the study indicate that there is indeed an association between drinking water consumption and endemic GII, but the nature of this association is complex and likely affected by multiple factors, for example, water source type in the home and degree of exposure to drinking water from additional sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Both short and long sleep durations are associated with decreased kidney function; however, few studies have examined the relationship between sleep, hydration status, and plain water intake. This study aimed to assess the relationship between sleep quality, hydration status, and plain water intake in pregnant women. Methods: A cross-sectional study method was used to collect data from 380 pregnant women with regular examinations at the hospital between May 2019 and February 2021. Results: There were statistically significant differences in daily plain water intake (x2 = 14.118, p = 0.001), PSQI score (x2 = 77.708, p < 0.001), sleep duration (x2 = 67.569, p > 0.001), subjective sleep quality (x2 = 67.441, p = 0.001), time to fall asleep (x2 = 64.782, p < 001), sleep disorders (x2 = 70.853, p < 0.001), and daytime dysfunction (x2 = 38.441, p < 0.001) among different hydration status groups. Ordinal logistic regression results indicated that the intake of plain water ≥1500 mL/d (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.24~0.67), good subjective sleep quality (OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.07~0.32), short time to fall asleep (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.14~0.70), 8 h of sleep (OR = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.02~0.17), 6–7 h of sleep (OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.07~0.54), no sleep disturbance (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.11~0.89), and high sleep efficiency (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.03~0.79) were factors that were correlated with optimal hydration status. Sleep duration and daytime dysfunction partially mediated the effect of plain water intake on hydration status. The mediating effect of sleep duration was −0.036, accounting for 14.006% of the overall effect. The mediating effect of daytime dysfunction was −0.024, accounting for 9.459% of the overall effect. Conclusion: The hydration status in pregnant women may be affected by daily plain water intake and sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice bean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi], an annual legume in the genus Vigna, is a promising crop suitable for cultivation in a changing climate to ensure food security. It is also a medicinal plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine; however, little is known about the medicinal compounds in rice bean. In this study, we assessed the diuretic effect of rice bean extracts on mice as well as its relationship with the contents of eight secondary metabolites in seeds. Mice gavaged with rice bean extracts from yellow and black seeds had higher urinary output (5.44–5.47 g) and water intake (5.8–6.3 g) values than mice gavaged with rice bean extracts from red seeds. Correlation analyses revealed significant negative correlations between urine output and gallic acid (R = −0.70) and genistein (R = −0.75) concentrations, suggesting that these two polyphenols negatively regulate diuresis. There were no obvious relationships between mice diuresis-related indices (urine output, water intake, and weight loss) and rutin or catechin contents, although the concentrations of both of these polyphenols in rice bean seeds were higher than the concentrations of the other six secondary metabolites. Our study findings may be useful for future research on the diuretic effects of rice bean, but they should be confirmed on the basis of systematic medical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the assessment of prospects for increasing the potential and capacity of water intakes in the city of Kropyvnytskyi, Kirovohrad region, are presented in article. The research was conducted in order to solve the problems of uninterrupted supply of drinking water to the population in the event of a reduction in the capacity of the Dnipro-Kirovohrad waterworks or a temporary suspension of its distribution water networks in the region as a result of russian aggression. The geological, structural and hydrogeological features of the territory of the Kirovohrad region are presented, and the characteristics of aquifers, their depth and the lithology of water-bearing rocks are given. The task and justification of setting up a complex of geophysical exploration methods, and the method of performing works are presented. The selected complex of geophysical methods and methods of interpretation of field materials allows us to identify with sufficient certainty the places of distribution of fractured groundwater. According to the analysis of available geological, geophysical and hydrogeological data near the city of Kropyvnytskyi, six promising areas are recommended for the search and exploration of underground water for drinking water supply. The results of geophysical studies conducted for the Suslovo area of the Kirovohrad region to determine the position of the optimal drilling points for additional exploratory and exploratory hydrogeological wells within the existing water intake are presented. The priority tasks for increasing the capacity of water intakes in the city of Kropyvnytskyi are substantiated. Geological, geophysical, and hydrogeological studies, as well as the study of hydrogeological conditions and sanitary protection zones for the further design of water intake structures from local water supply sources, have been substantiated for the selected prospective prospecting areas of the Kropyvnytskyi district for the search for groundwater.

Excessive and uncontrolled consumption of alcohol can cause alcohol use disorder (AUD), but its pharmacological mechanisms are not fully understood. Inhibiting the reverse mode activity of the sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) can reduce the risk of alcohol withdrawal seizures, suggesting that NCX could play a role in controlling alcohol consumption. Here, we investigated how two potent inhibitors of NCX reverse mode activity, SN-6 (NCX1) and KB-R7943 (NCX3), affect voluntary alcohol consumption in adult male and female rats using the intermittent alcohol access two-bottle choice paradigm. Initially, animals were trained to drink 7.5% ethanol and water for four weeks before administering SN-6 and KB-R7934. Afterward, their alcohol intake, preference, and water intake were recorded 2 and 24 h after exposure to water and 7.5% ethanol. SN-6 significantly reduced alcohol consumption by 48% in male and 36% in female rats without affecting their water intake. Additionally, SN-6 significantly reduced alcohol preference in females by 27%. However, KB-R7943 reduced alcohol consumption by 42% in female rats and did not affect alcohol preference or water intake. These findings suggest that alcohol exposure increased NCX reverse activity, and targeting NCX1 could be an effective strategy for reducing alcohol consumption in subjects susceptible to withdrawal seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Water consumption is believed to be a key factor in weight management strategies, yet the existing literature on the subject yields inconsistent findings. To systematically assess the scientific evidence regarding the effect of water intake on adiposity, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among overweight and obese populations. Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant articles published up to December 2023. The summary weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using the DerSimonian–Laird random-effects model. Results: In this meta-analysis of eight RCTs, interventions to promote water intake or to substitute water for other beverages as compared to the control group resulted in a summary WMD of −0.33 kg (95% CI = −1.75–1.08, I2 = 78%) for body weight, −0.23 kg/m2 (95% CI = −0.55–0.09, I2 = 0%) for body mass index (BMI), and 0.05 cm (95% CI = −1.20–1.30, I2 = 40%) for waist circumference (WC). Among RCTs substituting water for artificially sweetened beverages, summary WMD was 1.82 kg (95% CI = 0.97–2.67, I2 = 0%) for body weight and 1.23 cm (95% CI = −0.03–2.48, I2 = 0%) for WC. Conversely, among RCTs substituting water for sugar-sweetened beverages, summary WMD was −0.81 kg (95% CI = −1.66–0.03, I2 = 2%) for body weight and −0.96 cm (95% CI = −2.06–0.13, I2 = 0%) for WC. Conclusions: In conclusion, water intake may not significantly impact adiposity among overweight and obese individuals. However, replacing sugar-sweetened beverages with water might offer a modest benefit in inducing weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore the behavior patterns of students and working adults regarding the duration and quality of sleep and water intake in an urban environment and to identify the relationship between nighttime sleep extent and water intake with mood and cognitive performance. Methods: This was a descriptive correlational study conducted at Islamic International Medical College, Riphah University at the Pathology department from March to June 2022. A total of 160 participants with age range of 20 to 50 years completed a self-report questionnaire regarding sleep patterns, water intake, and perceptions of mood, concentration, and memory. Analyzed the relationship between sleep duration, water intake, mood, mindfulness/ concentration, and memory using Kendall's Tau-b correlation coefficient in SPSS 22. Results: A significant number (28.7%) of participants had a sleep duration of ≤ 6 hours, with 41.3% sleeping after midnight. 82.5% of the participants switch off-screen just before sleeping. 63.7% have a routine water intake of less than 2 L/day. An aberrant statistically significant negative correlation between total sleeping hours and mood (τb = -.313, p = 0.004) was identified, showing a negative effect on mood with a sleeping time of ≥ 9 hours when compared with the other two groups (6-9 hours, τb = - .689, p = 0.001, ≤ 6hours, τb = - .697, p = 0.001). A significant correlation between daily water intake and concentration was found, wherein a decrease in daily water intake showed a negative effect on concentration (τb = .289, p = 0.008). Conclusions: Sleep duration and water intake patterns may affect mood and cognitive performance. Regular sufficient nighttime sleep and adequate hydration may help improve cognitive functioning and mood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the performance, feed efficiency, feeding behavior, and cortisol concentrations of lambs ranked into different groups of Residual Feed Intake (RFI) and Residual Intake and Gain (RIG). Forty Santa Inês lambs with a mean initial age of 120 ± 30 days and mean initial (IBW) and final body weight (FBW) of 28.9 ± 3.2 and 43.7 ± 3.9 kg, respectively, were used. The animals were fed at an automatic feed and water station (Intergado®) for 60 days and classified at the end of the experiment as low-RFI/RIG, medium-RFI/RIG, and high-RFI/RIG according to RFI and RIG. Performance, feed efficiency measures, ingestive behavior, temperament, and cortisol concentrations were measured, and Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the variables studied. The variables that differed most between RFI groups were dry matter intake, feed conversion, and feed efficiency, with better values in efficient animals (RFI−). Regarding the RGI groups, the average daily gain of animals classified as RIG- was 19.37% lower than that of animals classified as RIG± and 39.28% lower than that of animals classified as RIG+. Only the hourly feeding rate per day (p = 0.04) differed significantly between RFI and RIG classes, while no differences were observed for the ingestive behavior variables or cortisol. The number of visits to the feed bunk (total, with or without intake) showed no correlation with any performance or efficiency measure. Identifying animals ranked into different RFI and RIG classes shows that more efficient animals have a lower feed intake for the same weight gain and spend less time at the feed bunk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the assessment of prospects for increasing the potential and capacity of water intakes in the city of Kropyvnytskyi, Kirovohrad region, are presented in article. The research was conducted in order to solve the problems of uninterrupted supply of drinking water to the population in the event of a reduction in the capacity of the Dnipro-Kirovohrad waterworks or a temporary suspension of its distribution water networks in the region as a result of russian aggression. The geological, structural and hydrogeological features of the territory of the Kirovohrad region are presented, and the characteristics of aquifers, their depth and the lithology of water-bearing rocks are given. The task and justification of setting up a complex of geophysical exploration methods, and the method of performing works are presented. The selected complex of geophysical methods and methods of interpretation of field materials allows us to identify with sufficient certainty the places of distribution of fractured groundwater. According to the analysis of available geological, geophysical and hydrogeological data near the city of Kropyvnytskyi, six promising areas are recommended for the search and exploration of underground water for drinking water supply. The results of geophysical studies conducted for the Suslovo area of the Kirovohrad region to determine the position of the optimal drilling points for additional exploratory and exploratory hydrogeological wells within the existing water intake are presented. The priority tasks for increasing the capacity of water intakes in the city of Kropyvnytskyi are substantiated. Geological, geophysical, and hydrogeological studies, as well as the study of hydrogeological conditions and sanitary protection zones for the further design of water intake structures from local water supply sources, have been substantiated for the selected prospective prospecting areas of the Kropyvnytskyi district for the search for groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy cows may suffer thermal stress during the colder seasons especially due to their open-air housing systems. Free water temperature (FWT) and feed temperature (FT) are dependent on ambient temperature (AT) and can be critical for maintaining body and reticulorumen temperature (RT) in cold conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of FWT and FT on RT fluctuations, and of AT on RT and drinking and eating behaviors in late-lactation cows during cold exposure. Data were collected from 16 multiparous lactating cows for four 6-d periods during the autumn and winter seasons. The cows (224 ± 36 days in milk; mean ± SD) had an average milk yield (MY) of 24.8 ± 4.97 kg/d and RT of 38.84 ± 0.163 °C. Daily average AT ranged from 4.38 to 17.25 °C. The effects of the temperature and amount of the ingested water or feed on RT change and recovery time, and the effect of the daily AT on RT, feed and water intake, and drinking, eating, and rumination behaviors were analyzed using the generalized additive mixed model framework. Reticulorumen temperature change and recovery time were affected by FWT (+0.0596 °C/°C and −1.27 min/°C, respectively), but not by FT. The amount of the ingested free water and feed affected RT change (−0.108 °C/kg drink size and −0.150 °C/kg meal size, respectively), and RT recovery time (+2.13 min/kg drink size and + 3.71 min/kg meal size, respectively). Colder AT decreased RT by 0.0151 °C/°C between 9.91 and 17.25 °C AT. Cows increased DM intake (DMI) by 0.365 kg/d per 1 °C drop in AT below 10.63 °C, but with no increase in MY. In fact, MY:DMI decreased by 0.0106/°C as AT dropped from 17.25 to 4.38 °C. Free water intake (FWI) was reduced by 0.0856 FWI:DMI/°C as AT decreased from 17.25 to 8.27 °C. Cold exposure influenced animal behavior with fewer drink and meal bouts (−0.432 and −0.290 bouts/d, respectively), larger drink sizes (+0.100 kg/bout), and shorter rumination time (−5.31 min/d) per 1 °C decrease in AT from 17.25 °C to 8.77, 12.53, 4.38, and 10.32 °C, respectively. In conclusion, exposure to low AT increased feed intake, reduced water intake, and changes in eating, drinking and rumination behaviors of dairy cows in late lactation. Additionally, the consequences of cold exposure on cows may be aggravated by ingestion of feed and free water at temperatures lower than the body, potentially impacting feed efficiency due to the extra energetic cost of thermoregulation.

Abstract Increased water intake is recommended for kidney transplant recipients; however, its efficacy remains controversial. We hypothesized that pre-existing histological findings of the allograft might modulate the impact of water intake. We retrospectively analyzed 167 adults with living-donor kidney transplants (April 2011–May 2020; median observation period, 77 months) whose baseline biopsy data were available. We compared the chronic-change group (n = 38) with the control group (n = 129) to assess the impact of self-reported daily water intake on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The range distribution of water intake was as follows: − 1000 ml (n = 4), 1000–1500 ml (n = 23), 1500–2000 ml (n = 64), 2000–2500 ml (n = 57), 2500–3000 ml (n = 16), and 3000 − ml (n = 3). Donor age was significantly higher in the chronic-change group. In the control group, the ΔeGFR/year increase was correlated with water intake. However, the increase in the water intake of the chronic-change group significantly decreased ΔeGFR/year (1000–1500 ml: + 1.95 ml/min/1.73 m2 and > 2000 ml: − 1.92 ml/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.014). This study suggested a potential influence of increased water intake on recipients with marginal grafts in living donor kidney transplantation.

Molecular differences exist between birds with high residual water intake (HRWI) compared to those with low residual water intake (LRWI). Residual water intake (RWI) is defined as the difference between the water intake of a bird and the expected water intake corrected for metabolic body weight, feed intake, and body weight gain. Tissue metabolomic analysis revealed significantly increased kidney glucose, fructose, and arabitol in the LRWI group compared to the HRWI group. mRNA expression analysis of apical sodium glucose cotransporters SGLT1, SGLT4, SGLT5, and SGLT6 showed decreased expression of SGLTs 1, 5, and 6 in LRWI birds (p < 0.05), whereas SGLT4 expression was increased compared with HRWI birds (p < 0.01). An analysis of basal glucose transporters GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT5, and GLUT9 showed significantly increased GLUT2 expression in LRWI birds compared with HRWI birds (p < 0.01). We postulate that SGLT4 is the main apical transporter in chicken kidneys and that its increased expression reduces these birds’ need for water, resulting in less drinking. This is balanced by the increased expression of the basal transporter GLUT2, indicating better glucose retention, which may partly explain the physiological mechanism behind why these birds drink less water. Innately driven broiler water intake could therefore be influenced by the expression of kidney solute transporters.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between water and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, health behaviors, and self-perceived health status using data from the 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS). The subjects included in this analysis were 57,302 Korean adolescents from the 7th to 12th grades. The intake patterns of water and SSBs were categorized into four groups: Group I, adequate water intake (≥4 cups/day) and low frequency of SSB intake (≤1–2 times/week); Group II, adequate water intake and high frequency of SSB intake; Group III, inadequate water intake (

Increased water intake is recommended for kidney transplant recipients; however, its efficacy remains controversial. We hypothesized that pre-existing histological findings of the allograft might modulate the impact of water intake. We retrospectively analyzed 167 adults with living-donor kidney transplants (April 2011–May 2020; median observation period, 77 months) whose baseline biopsy data were available. We compared the chronic-change group (n = 38) with the control group (n = 129) to assess the impact of self-reported daily water intake on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The range distribution of water intake was as follows: − 1000 ml (n = 4), 1000–1500 ml (n = 23), 1500–2000 ml (n = 64), 2000–2500 ml (n = 57), 2500–3000 ml (n = 16), and 3000 − ml (n = 3). Donor age was significantly higher in the chronic-change group. In the control group, the ΔeGFR/year increase was correlated with water intake. However, the increase in the water intake of the chronic-change group significantly decreased ΔeGFR/year (1000–1500 ml: + 1.95 ml/min/1.73 m2 and > 2000 ml: − 1.92 ml/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.014). This study suggested a potential influence of increased water intake on recipients with marginal grafts in living donor kidney transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study used an owner-directed online questionnaire to collect data regarding their food and water provision for their pet cats. The survey was conducted in 2019. Methods: The anonymous online 30-question survey was available via vetprofessionals.com. Results: A total of 1172 cat owners fully completed the questionnaire. The respondents each owned a median of two cats (range 1–6). They reported being most strongly motivated to feed a particular ration because of palatability, observed and/or expected health benefits, or that the diet was/is perceived as 'natural'. The majority of owners (n = 946, 80.7%) fed their cats exclusively a commercially purchased complete wet food, dry kibble diet or mixture of both. Compared with a previous (unpublished) survey conducted by the same authors in 2013,1 there were substantial increases in the number of owners feeding therapeutic diets (26.6% vs 0.7%) and the inclusion of raw meat in cats' rations (15.6% vs 3.7%). The proportion of respondents providing at least one feeding station per cat was 83.1%, with significant use of enrichment feeding methods (29.1%). Conclusions and relevance: Veterinarians need to be aware of changing trends in cat feeding to provide owners with appropriate support. Veterinary advice was frequently sought by owners and can be used as an opportunity to improve cat health and welfare, particularly in multi-cat households, but was not often influential to client decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring skin hydration is important for dermatology research, cosmetic practice, and daily skincare; it provides valuable insight into skin assessment and predicts treatment outcomes. This study investigated the level of skin hydration on various parts of the body in female university students, utilizing corneometry for measurement. Demographic, water intake, skincare, and exercise habit data were collected. The highest hydration levels were on the face (n = 40), followed by cleavage skin (n = 42), neck skin (n = 48), and leg skin (n = 42). Differences were observed between the chin and forehead (106.06 ± 21.06 vs. 91.20 ± 26.68; p = 0.001) and the chin and cheek (106.06 ± 21.06 vs. 92.00 ± 27.63; p > 0.001). The differences in the hydration measurement results on cleavage were not significant (right clavicle 55.1 ± 12.93; left clavicle 51.84 ± 10.00; sternum 53.55 ± 16.3; p = 0.379). On the neck, the middle point exhibited the highest hydration (left 41.7 ± 11.3; middle 49.2 ± 12; right 47.2 ± 8.2; p > 0.001). The skin on the thigh was significantly drier than that on the shank (31.09 ± 6.89 vs. 33.54 ± 6.28; p = 0.008). Water consumption was positively associated with skin hydration and the amount of physical activity. We conclude that every skin area is characterized by different levels of hydration. Water intake and physical activity contribute to improved skin hydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical-surgical nurses must be aware of hyponatremia in patients and the potential for progression to severe hyponatremia (central pontine myelinolysis). Nurses should track serum sodium to be aware of mental status changes as hyponatremia develops and the spectrum of hyponatremia that can progress to pontine injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In the near future, several areas of the world will be affected by climate change, reducing their water availability. More than 90% of goats are found in Asia and Africa, and it is believed that these animals would be more resilient to climate change. Their milk is a good source of nutrients, contributing to the food security of the poorest and rural communities. Considering that milk is mostly water, it is essential to understand how the goat mammary gland can respond at a productive, cellular, hormonal, and blood level when faced with reduced water intake scenarios, as well as analyzing prospects in terms of more sustainable goat milk production. Due to climate change, diverse territories of the planet will suffer from water restrictions. Goats are perceived as the most resilient ruminants in this scenario. So, various studies have focused on describing how a lower water intake influences milk production, especially in breeds adapted to desert environments. In water-stress situations, goats lose up to 32% of their body weight (BW), the rate of passage is reduced, and the digestibility of the feed increases. When goats consume water again, the rumen prevents hemolysis and osmotic shock from occurring. Regarding milk production, the response varies depending on the breed and the level of water restriction, maintaining the milk volume or reducing it by up to 41%. Systemically, it decreases the urinary volume and glomerular filtration rate, increasing blood osmolality and the vasopressin (ADH) concentration. Studies are scarce regarding changes in blood flow to the mammary gland, but there would be a reduction in blood flow velocity of up to 40% without changing blood pressure. New studies must be undertaken to determine which breeds or crosses are the best adapted to changing environmental conditions and to improve our understanding of the changes that occur at the morphophysiological level of the caprine mammary gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfactants present in natural surface waters negatively affect the self-purification processes of water due to foaming, oxygen deficiency and eutrophication of water reservoirs. Consumed with water, they adversely affect human health. The purpose of the research conducted in the period from 2019 to 2022 was to determine the effectiveness of removing anionic and non-ionic surfactants in the process of artificial infiltration carried out at surface water intakes. The research was carried out on an experimental field installation located at the surface water infiltration intake. The experimental installation consisted of three metering wells (piezometers) located on the way between the infiltration pond and the collecting well. Water samples collected from the pond, from piezometers and from the well allowed to assess the change in concentrations of selected surfactants during the flow of water through the ground from the pond to the well. The analysis of the content of non-ionic surfactants was carried out by the method of iodobismutane determination with the final measurement of bismuth-thiourea (BiAS-thio) absorbance. A simplified method for the determination of anionic surfactants using methylene blue (MBAS) was used to measure the concentration of anionic surfactants. The presented studies carried out during the pandemic in 2019–2022 show a significant increase in the concentration of non-ionic surfactants in water collected from the infiltration pond. The presented research results indicate that artificial infiltration can be treated as a robust and effective barrier eliminating surfactants from treated water before the treatment plant technology. The main effect of surfactant removal occurs in the first section of the ground flow. Interpretation of the results allowed to conclude that the sediment layer at the bottom of the infiltration pond plays a major role in the removal of surfactants. Biodegradation is the main process responsible for the removal of non-ionic and ionic surfactants in the infiltration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A passive wedge screen, thanks to its many functional and environmental advantages, has recently become a popular type of surface water intake for municipal and industrial purposes. The design solutions proposed in this paper for a passive wedge wire screen intake model and two different deflectors have been experimentally tested under conditions that can be considered as no-flow conditions at the hydraulic flume. There was only a slight flow associated with the operation of the screen, while there was almost no flow in the hydraulic channel itself, such that it would be considered a watercourse. A hydraulic analysis was carried out, including velocity distribution around the screen as well as the determination of head losses with or without deflectors installed inside the screen. Lower inlet and inflow velocities to the surface of the water intake reduce the risk of injury or death to small fish and fry as well as attracting pollutants understood as sediments, debris, and plant remains floating in the river. In order to achieve the lowest possible maximum inlet and inflow velocities at the highest possible intake capacity, it was necessary to equalize the approach velocity distributions. It was shown that by using the proposed deflectors, the approach velocity distributions were equalized and the maximum values of inflow and inlet velocities were reduced. A water intake screen with a deflector with an uneven porosity distribution equalized the approach velocities better than a deflector with equal openings, but the differences were small. Installing the wedge screen model reduced the maximum inlet velocity from exceeding 2 m/s to a value of 0.08 m/s, and after installing deflectors with equal and unequal openings to values of 0.06 m/s and 0.05 m/s, respectively. In addition to laboratory tests, the paper describes the numerical simulations performed in ANSYS Fluent software. The results of the simulations made it possible to obtain a broader study, as well as to compare the velocity values obtained at the measuring points during the laboratory tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To estimate the economic impact of preventing urinary tract infections (UTI) by increasing water intake among women with recurrent UTI and low fluid intake across seven countries: France, United Kingdom, Spain, United States of America, Mexico, China and Australia. Methods A Markov model was developed to compare costs and outcomes of UTIs associated with low fluid intake in women versus a strategy of primary prevention by increasing water intake. Model inputs were based on randomized controlled trial data which found that increasing water intake by 1.5 L/day decreased the risk of developing cystitis by 48% in women with low fluid intake and recurrent UTI. A time horizon of 10 years was used; outcomes were from the payer perspective and included both direct and indirect costs, reported in 2019 United States dollars ($). Discounting rates varied by country. Scenarios of increasing levels of compliance to the increased water intake strategy were evaluated. Results The total cost of one UTI episode, including diagnostics, treatment and complications, ranged from $2164 (Mexico) to $7671 (Australia). Assuming 80% compliance with the increased water intake strategy over a 10-year time horizon, the number of UTIs prevented ranged from 435,845 (Australia) to 24150,272 (China), resulting in total savings of 286 million (Australia) to $4.4 billion (China). Across all countries, increased water intake resulted in lower cost and fewer UTIs compared with low water intake. Conclusion Preventing recurrent UTIs by increasing water intake would reduce both the clinical and economic burden associated with UTI. Public, healthcare professionals and patients should be made aware about the preventive positive impact of appropriate water intake on UTIs.

Abstract Background Electrolyte supplementation may be a risk factor for gastric mucosal lesions, but relevant evidence is limited in horses. Hypothesis Investigate the effects of PO sodium chloride (NaCl) supplementation on the gastric mucosa of exercising horses. We hypothesized that NaCl supplementation would neither cause nor exacerbate existing gastric mucosal damage. Animals Fifteen 3‐year‐old healthy Warmblood stallions from a stud farm. Methods Placebo‐controlled study with a crossover design. Horses were fed either a NaCl pellet at a dosage adequate to replace the electrolyte losses in 10 L sweat or a placebo for 19 days with a washout period of 14 days between treatments. The gastric mucosa was evaluated by gastroscopy before and after treatment. Blood samples were collected for evaluation of acid‐base status, packed cell volume (PCV), and total protein, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Urine was collected, and urine specific gravity, electrolyte, creatinine, and urea concentrations were measured. Results The initial prevalence of gastric mucosal lesions was 85%. Sodium chloride pellets did not adversely affect the gastric mucosa and treatment did not significantly alter the hematologic and serum biochemical variables. Urine creatinine concentrations significantly decreased and urinary sodium concentrations significantly increased after supplementation with NaCl pellets. Water intake did not significantly differ between treatments. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Daily NaCl pellet supplementation is a palatable and safe way to replace electrolyte losses from sweating in exercising horses and has no negative effects on the gastric mucosa.

Background: Ensuring adequate hydration is critical for breastfeeding women, yet their water consumption patterns and hydration status is poorly understood. This study investigates the water consumption patterns and estimated water balance among women, practicing exclusive, mixed, and no breastfeeding methods. Methods: 529 healthy women completed the Nursing Water Balanced Questionnaire (N-WBQ). Participants were distributed across breastfeeding groups as follows: exclusive (39.7%), mixed (31.9%), and no breastfeeding (28.4%). Results: Significant differences were noted in water consumption patterns among breastfeeding groups regarding intake from beverages (p < 0.001), juices (p = 0.019), coffee (p < 0.001), and milk (p = 0.015). Water intake from liquids, except for drinking water (p < 0.001), juices (p = 0.024) and coffee (p < 0.001) differed significantly among groups in women with adequate total water intake based on recommendation, with exclusive breastfeeding mothers prioritizing plain water over other beverages. Total water loss (p < 0.001) and estimated water balance (p < 0.001) significantly varied among breastfeeding groups, with exclusive breastfeeding mothers to exhibit the lowest water balance (−475.36 mL/day), indicating potential dehydration risk. Apart from plain water, water from foods, coffee and milk significantly contributed to positive water balance. Conclusions: Our findings highlight a risk of dehydration in this population, while water consumption patterns are influenced by breastfeeding method, likely affected by varying lactational demands and lifestyle factors. Further research to develop more accurate and individualized methods for assessing water balance in breastfeeding women is needed.

Abstract The most important design index of water intakes is critical submergence depth of the intake. The depth at which the air core formed by the vortex is about to enter the intake. The emergence of a vortex and air entry into the intake increase head loss and decrease discharge coefficient. The reservoir geometric asymmetry, presence of unevenness in the bottom of the reservoir and angle of approach flow are among the factors that influence formation of the vortex and critical submergence depth. In this research, a physical model has been used to investigate the effect of reservoir geometry on the critical submergence depth. This model is designed in such a way that it can produce the strongest type of vortices with air core and with different strengths. The results showed that by creating asymmetry in the flow approaching the water intake (with side blockage in upstream), the presence of even 10% side blockage can have a great effect on the formed vortex and increase the critical submergence depth by about two times. To create uneven conditions on the reservoir bottom, blockages were created on the bottom of the reservoir upstream of the intake. The results showed that the blockage up to half of the height below the intake caused an increase of about 10–25% of the critical submergence depth, in low and high Froude numbers, respectively. However, in blockages more than half of the height below the intake, this effect increases about 60% of the critical submergence depth. In addition, the effect of the slope of the intake head wall on the order (type) of the vortex and its stability and instability was studied, and it was found that the order of the vortex decreases with the increase in the slope of the head wall toward the vertical position. Also, by increasing the slope of the head wall, the vortices form in an unstable manner. The vertical head wall can act as an anti-vortex structure and cause a reduction in critical submergence depth.

Urolithiasis represents the formation of mineral, organic or inorganic deposits in the kidneys, pelvis or bladder. Lithiasis can be formed at any level of the urinary tract (upper and lower) as a result of a dysmetabolism, urinary obstruction (anatomical or pathological) or an infection (cause or effect). The study approaches in all its complexity the urinary lithiasis, in felines and humans, comparing the etiopathogenetic induced context and the consequent therapeutic approaches, in veterinary medicine, following the protocols recommended and applied in human medicine. Lithiasis elements with urinary localization due to their irritative and/or obstructive effects constitute a challenge in the non-surgical treatment of such uro-nephrological disorders, with an appreciable incidence in the pathology of the urinary tract in pets, especially in felines, dissolution and/or lithotripsy allowing the treatment of such disorders (especially involving the lower urinary tract).

Horses can distinguish sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes, but little is known about their preferences for various tastants. Understanding horse taste preferences can aid in increasing water intake by adding a preferred tastant or by masking an unpleasant taste to encourage administration of medications, for example. The quantity of water intake by horses was examined over five separate trials involving a two-choice preference test between tap water and water containing varying concentrations of sucrose (0-50g/100ml), citric acid (0-2.43mg/100ml), quinine (0-30mg/100ml) or a mix of sucrose (10mg/100ml)/citric acid (1.31mg/100ml) and sucrose (10mg/100ml)/quinine (20mg/100ml). Horses (n = 5) showed a weak preference for sweetened water up to 10mg/100ml (p < .001), with a rejection at higher concentrations. Horses rejected all concentrations of both sour (n = 12 horses; p < .001) and bitter (n = 6 horses; p < .001) solutions. In the mixed tastant trials, sucrose mixed with citric acid was only weakly rejected compared to the sucrose solution alone, which was moderately rejected (n = 5 horses; p < .001). Similarly, mixed sucrose/quinine solution intake increased over the quinine solution alone (n = 9 horses; p < .001). There was a large variation among individual horses within each trial, with some horses strongly rejecting sucrose solutions and others strongly preferring citric acid solutions. No horse indicated a preference for bitter solution in any trial. Age (p < .001), breed (p < .001), and exercise (p = .004) all influenced total fluid intake in the sour trial, not dependent on treatment (p = .063). These preliminary results show that some horses appear to prefer sweet and a preferred tastant can mask a less preferred tastant.

Background: To estimate the economic impact of preventing urinary tract infections (UTI) by increasing water intake among women with recurrent UTI and low fluid intake across seven countries: France, United Kingdom, Spain, United States of America, Mexico, China and Australia. Methods: A Markov model was developed to compare costs and outcomes of UTIs associated with low fluid intake in women versus a strategy of primary prevention by increasing water intake. Model inputs were based on randomized controlled trial data which found that increasing water intake by 1.5 L/day decreased the risk of developing cystitis by 48% in women with low fluid intake and recurrent UTI. A time horizon of 10 years was used; outcomes were from the payer perspective and included both direct and indirect costs, reported in 2019 United States dollars ($). Discounting rates varied by country. Scenarios of increasing levels of compliance to the increased water intake strategy were evaluated. Results: The total cost of one UTI episode, including diagnostics, treatment and complications, ranged from $2164 (Mexico) to $7671 (Australia). Assuming 80% compliance with the increased water intake strategy over a 10-year time horizon, the number of UTIs prevented ranged from 435,845 (Australia) to 24150,272 (China), resulting in total savings of 286 million (Australia) to $4.4 billion (China). Across all countries, increased water intake resulted in lower cost and fewer UTIs compared with low water intake. Conclusion: Preventing recurrent UTIs by increasing water intake would reduce both the clinical and economic burden associated with UTI. Public, healthcare professionals and patients should be made aware about the preventive positive impact of appropriate water intake on UTIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Electrolyte supplementation may be a risk factor for gastric mucosal lesions, but relevant evidence is limited in horses. Hypothesis: Investigate the effects of PO sodium chloride (NaCl) supplementation on the gastric mucosa of exercising horses. We hypothesized that NaCl supplementation would neither cause nor exacerbate existing gastric mucosal damage. Animals: Fifteen 3‐year‐old healthy Warmblood stallions from a stud farm. Methods: Placebo‐controlled study with a crossover design. Horses were fed either a NaCl pellet at a dosage adequate to replace the electrolyte losses in 10 L sweat or a placebo for 19 days with a washout period of 14 days between treatments. The gastric mucosa was evaluated by gastroscopy before and after treatment. Blood samples were collected for evaluation of acid‐base status, packed cell volume (PCV), and total protein, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Urine was collected, and urine specific gravity, electrolyte, creatinine, and urea concentrations were measured. Results: The initial prevalence of gastric mucosal lesions was 85%. Sodium chloride pellets did not adversely affect the gastric mucosa and treatment did not significantly alter the hematologic and serum biochemical variables. Urine creatinine concentrations significantly decreased and urinary sodium concentrations significantly increased after supplementation with NaCl pellets. Water intake did not significantly differ between treatments. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Daily NaCl pellet supplementation is a palatable and safe way to replace electrolyte losses from sweating in exercising horses and has no negative effects on the gastric mucosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to being recognised for involvement in cardiovascular control and hydromineral balance, the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) has also been associated with the neuroendocrine control of energy balance. One of the main brain sites for angiotensin II (ANG II)/type 1 receptor (AT1R) signalling is the subfornical organ (SFO), a circumventricular organ related to the control of autonomic functions, motivated behaviours and energy metabolism. Thus, we hypothesised that circulating ANG II may act on the SFO AT1R receptors to integrate metabolic and hydromineral balance. We evaluated whether food deprivation can modulate systemic RAS activity and Agrt1a brain expression, and if ANG II/AT1R signalling influences the hypothalamic expression of mRNAs encoding neuropeptides and food and water ingestion in fed and fasted Wistar rats. We found a significant increase in both ANG I and ANG II plasma levels after 24 and 48 h of fasting. Expression of Agrt1a mRNA in the SFO and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) also increased after food deprivation for 48 h. Treatment of fasted rats with low doses of losartan in drinking water attenuated the decrease in glycemia and meal‐associated water intake without changing the expression in PVN or arcuate nucleus of mRNAs encoding selected neuropeptides related to energy homeostasis control. These findings point to a possible role of peripheral ANG II/SFO‐AT1R signalling in the control of refeeding‐induced thirst. On the other hand, intracerebroventricular losartan treatment decreased food and water intake over dark time in fed but not in fasted rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]