4,408 results on '"Water Engineering"'
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2. پژوهشنامه مدیریت حوزه آبخیز
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watershed ,watershed management ,water resources ,water supply ,water engineering ,River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General) ,TC401-506 - Published
- 2024
3. شکل برای حفاظت و بهره برداری از منابع آب -T تربیت مهندسان
- Author
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بنفشه زهرایی
- Abstract
Expert manpower is the most important capacity needed to face crises. Qualitative and quantitative unsustainability of water resources and growing water scarcity has become one of the country's biggest environmental challenges and has endangered the livability of parts of the country. Some experts consider the technocratic approach by the graduates of water engineering related fields as one of the factors influencing the formation and continuation of the water crisis in the country. In this article, the abilities that a water engineer must have to face today's challenges are examined and the weaknesses of the existing educational system in the country in strengthening these abilities are examined. Based on the surveys, water engineering education programs in many leading universities in other countries have been modified to train T-shaped specialists. This type of specialists have deep knowledge in the specific field of water engineering and in other related technical fields, they have a limited level of information to work in teams with different specializations, as well as to understand the interrelationships between water, food, energy, environment and climate systems. Furthermore, T-shaped professionals have better understanding of nexus relationships between water, food, energy, environment, and climate systems and have been empowered for management and leadership. In this research, while explaining the knowledge components of the T-shaped professional personality, the way to design educational programs for the training of such engineers are explained. The findings of this research can be used for improvement of water engineering education programs in universities in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. فناوریهای پیشرفته در بهرهوری آب
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water science and technology ,water engineering ,water management ,water technology ,Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,TD201-500 - Published
- 2024
5. رویکردهای نوین در مهندسی آب و محیط زیست
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water engineering ,water science and technology ,water resources management ,hydraulic engineering ,hydrologic engineering ,hydrology ,Hydraulic engineering ,TC1-978 - Published
- 2024
6. Optimised maintenance scheduling for wastewater systems
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Draude, S., Keedwell, Ed, and Kapelan, Zoran
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water engineering ,GIS ,python ,Maintenance scheduling ,NSGA2 ,Multi-objective optimisation ,Multi-criteria decision making - Abstract
Effective functioning of sewer systems is critical for everyday life of people in the urban environment. This is achieved, among other things, by the means of regular, planned maintenance of these systems. Operational maintenance of the sewerage system involves various activities such as visual inspection, flushing, root cutting, CCTV inspections, desilting and jetting. Large district areas require significant budgets and resources to perform these necessary maintenance tasks at various locations around the region at regular intervals. Planning and scheduling these tasks can be challenging due to the ranging priorities, for example travel. Inefficient travel between different locations can result in a large amount of unproductive time, resulting in the delay of the completion of tasks. Review of the literature and of current industry practice revealed that the existing methodologies do not specifically address these issues. Therefore, the overall aim of this research is to develop a novel methodology for effective maintenance of sewerage systems. The maintenance scheduling issue was formulated and solved as an optimisation problem. To help solve this problem the following objectives were created: to reduce the crew travel time, to reduce the total cost of a crew member's day, and to increase the priority score of the maintenance jobs that were completed. At present water utilities do not always complete all their assigned maintenance jobs planned for the month. The configuration of the algorithm will mean that the most critical jobs are completed at the start of the month. The developed maintenance scheduling methodology is general, allowing it to be applied to any wastewater or clean water maintenance proactive or planned problem. This method has been developed and tested with maintenance managers using historical data provided by Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water (DCWW). The new methodology was tested on one case study. The results obtained from the case study demonstrate that the new methodology is capable of determining optimal, low cost maintenance schedules in a time efficient manner when compared to the corresponding existing company schedules. Daily productivity improves by 26% when the model is applied to scheduling in the case study. Given this, the method has the potential to be applied within water utilities, and DCWW are currently implementing it into their systems.
- Published
- 2022
7. Performance evaluation of various hydrological models with respect to hydrological responses under climate change scenario: a review.
- Author
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Bihon, Yilak Taye, Lohani, Tarun Kumar, Ayalew, Abebe Temesgen, Neka, Bogale Gebremariam, Mohammed, Abdella Kemal, Geremew, Getachew Bereta, and Ayele, Elias Gebeyehu
- Abstract
Studies reviewed in this paper show anomaly for temperature pertaining to streamflow and rainfall showing different trends, especially in Ethiopia to support the research findings and interpretation. There are many hydrological models, including 54 physically distributed, lumped, and conceptual hydrological models, of which 28 have been used in Ethiopian river basins. The models include the most adaptable and commonly used SWAT model applicable from small areas up to large basins. It is indeed a challenge to use a single hydrological model as the data rely on consistency, limitation-free, and exactly fitted output. The overall performance of individual physically-based, conceptual, and machine learning (ML) models varied at different watersheds. Reasonably, ML performs very well, up to 0.99 for R2 and NSE and up to 0.001 for PBIAS. Inopportunely, using a single hydrological model has its limitations; ensemble multi-individual models, coupling or hybridization of physical or conceptual models with machine learning, combining evolutionary optimization algorithms with ML, and also comparisons of multi-single hydrological models, and selecting the best one are recommended options. No single hydrological model is indispensable and can be termed as better than the other for any watershed. Somewhat, ML outperforms SWAT but cannot be considered an absolute substitute. The size of the watershed, the number of data used, and the ratio between calibrations year to validation year do not have a clear correlation with the performance, particularly for the SWAT model accounted for in this review. Optimization algorithms explore multiple options and choosing the right one is a tedious task before a final decision is taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. Evaluation of land suitability areas for irrigation using GIS and AHP-based tools in the case of Zenti River Catchment, Gofa district, Ethiopia.
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Worku, Diriba, Boja, Abuye, and Fantu, Adugna
- Abstract
Land potential assessment has enormous use for smallholder farmers for the sustainable utilization of scarce physical land resources. The study area is faced with a significant lack of available studies on irrigation land suitability due to limited information regarding soil and land resources. This scarcity of data poses a significant challenge in effectively assessing the suitability of land for irrigation purposes. The study aimed to assess the land suitability for irrigation in the case of the Zenti River Catchment, Ethiopia. To achieve the objectives, soil properties, land use/cover, slope, and proximity to a perennial river were used. This was accomplished by using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) and GIS-based tools. Soil samples were collected and used as criteria for irrigation suitability analysis: soil salinity, soil reaction (pH), soil organic matter, soil cation exchange capacity, and soil moisture content. To evaluate the land suitability for irrigation potential, the weighted linear combination analysis of AHP and reclassified thematic layers were overlaid in the Arc GIS tool. The result showed that soil suitability and land slope factors shared higher weights of 40% and 30%, respectively. A large portion of the study area falls in a high (19%) to moderate (37%) irrigation potential zone. Decision-makers can utilize this information to plan and allocate resources for irrigation projects in the most suitable locations. Moreover, smallholder farmers can benefit from understanding, which areas are suitable for irrigation, allowing them to make informed decisions when selecting land for cultivation and adopting proper management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Paleohydraulics and Complexity Theory: Perspectives on Self Organization of Ancient Societies.
- Author
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Ortloff, Charles R.
- Subjects
COMPLEXITY (Philosophy) ,WATER table ,WATER supply ,SPECIALTY crops ,WELL water ,HYDRAULIC engineering ,FOUNTAINS - Abstract
Complexity theory provides a path toward understanding the development of ancient Andean societal progress from early settlements to later high population states. The use of modern hydraulic engineering methods to develop an understanding of the technical achievements of ancient societies (paleohydraulics), when combined with complexity theory, provides a path toward understanding the role of hydraulic engineering achievements to guide population increase and societal group cooperation on the path from early kin settlements to later statehood. An example case illustrating the paleohydraulics-complexity theory connection is presented for advancement of the pre-Columbian Bolivian Tiwanaku (600–1100 CE) society through their seasonal control of groundwater levels in urban city areas. This feature provided well water availability for city housing, public fountains, city hygienic and health benefits from the control of habitation dampness levels, water on a year-round basis for intra-city specialty crops, and the structural foundational stability of monumental religious structures. Commensurate with this application, Tiwanaku raised-field systems utilized groundwater control technologies to support multi-cropping agriculture to support growing population demands. Paleohydraulics theory together with complexity theory is applied to other major South American ancient societies (Caral, Tiwanaku, Chimú, Wari, Inka) to illustrate the influence of advanced hydraulic engineering technologies on advances from early origins to statehood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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10. Beitrag zum Abflussverhalten seitlich angeströmter Wehranlagen an alpinen Flüssen
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Lindermuth, Adrian
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Water Engineering ,Flood Control ,Austria ,bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology ,bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNR Natural disasters - Abstract
Controlled offline flood retention basins have proven to be a suitable measure to reduce the risk of flooding for downstream areas by means of a targeted capping of the peak discharge. In current flood protection projects they are therefore used on the one hand in case of an extreme event to prevent the failure of existing linear protection measures, and on the other hand with the aim of compensating the increased discharge caused by the implementation of protection measures. The required discharge reduction is achieved by means of controllable inlet structures, which are usually arranged laterally from the channel in the slope area and therefore correspond to side weirs in their design and flow direction. Previous studies have shown that the complex three-dimensional flow behavior and the associated discharge coefficient of these weirs are significantly influenced by a number of geometric and hydraulic parameters.
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- 2023
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11. Untersuchung und Optimierung eines Fischschutz- und Fischleitsystems für den Einsatz an Laufwasserkraftanlagen
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Kammerlander, Heidi
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Fish ,Fish Migration ,Water Engineering ,Austria ,bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNA Primary industries::KNAF Fisheries & related industries ,bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology - Abstract
Hydropower plants delay or even hinder downstream fish migration in river systems without any solutions for fish protection and downstream passage. In contrast to upstream passage fishways, the development and dimensioning of efficient downstream passage fishways for native, potamodromous species are still a great challenge due to a lack of knowledge. This particularly concerns applications at medium and large scale hydropower plants, where the commonly recommended technical solutions like physical barriers (guidance screens with horizontal or vertical bars) are not practicable due to operational issues. Further, there is still a lack of research about downstream passage behavior in general and the biological efficiency of fish protection and guidance structures, particularly of the dominant fish species in Austrian river regions. This Ph.D. thesis deals about an innovative fish protection and guidance system, the Flexible Fish Fence.
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- 2023
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12. Water engineering in lead free CsCu2I3 perovskite for high performance planar heterojunction photodetector applications.
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Bai, Kailei, Fan, Zihao, Zhao, Guocheng, He, Xiaoyue, Zhu, Zibo, Pan, Shusheng, Ge, Jun, and He, Chenguang
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- *
SOLAR cells , *PHOTODETECTORS , *HETEROJUNCTIONS , *PEROVSKITE , *SINGLE crystals , *WATER purification - Abstract
In this study, lead-free single crystal perovskite CsCu 2 I 3 was synthesized by anti-solvent evaporation-assisted crystallization. Then CsCu 2 I 3 /CuI planar heterojunction was prepared by water treatment to form nanostructured CuI film on the surface of CsCu 2 I 3 single crystal. Due to the enhanced light trapping by the porous CuI surface layer, the photodetector performances are significantly improved. The CsCu 2 I 3 /CuI lateral photodetector exhibits high sensitivity from violet to deep ultraviolet region, with the typical responsivity of 1.20, 0.59 and 0.84 A/W for 420 nm, 360 nm and 250 nm at 5 V bias, respectively. The typical response times are 119 ms (rise) and 287 ms (fall). Our findings provide a new perspective to engineer the photoelectric properties of inorganic perovskites through surface modification by water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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13. Holzsperren – Entwurf und Konstruktion.
- Author
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Suda, Jürgen, Krättli, Walter, and Schwarz, Massimiliano
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HYDRAULIC engineering , *GEOTECHNICAL engineering , *WOODEN building , *DAMS , *TIMBER - Abstract
Timber checkdams – design and construction This article focuses on the most important design specifications for a durable construction of timber barriers. Since wood is a biogenic material, the fact of biogenic wood degradation must be considered in the design and construction. Furthermore, areas that are heavily stressed by abrasion must be designed replaceable. Particular attention should be paid to the correct design of the flood section, the connections of the timber components and the infills. The relevant constructive solutions from the literature and from the results of an expert seminar are summarized in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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14. Book Reviews: Natural Resources
- Author
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Wang, Lawrence K., Wang, Mu-Hao Sung, Wang, Lawrence K., Series Editor, Wang, Mu-Hao Sung, Series Editor, and Hung, Yung-Tse, editor
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- 2021
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15. Simulation of relative energy loss downstream of multi-gate regulators using ANN
- Author
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Mohamed F. Sauida
- Subjects
civil, environmental and geotechnical engineering ,water engineering ,hydraulic engineering ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
Regulators are commonly used to control and measure the flow in streams and irrigation canals. The number of opened gates and their arrangements significantly affected the flow characteristics downstream (DS) of multi-gate regulators. For the first time, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is utilized to forecast the relative energy loss of the submerged hydraulic jump (H.J) generated DS of multi-gate regulators under various arrangements of opened gates. The data used for training the network was collected from experimental work conducted at the Hydraulic Research Institute (HRI) on a model of a regulator with five vents. Different flow conditions and different expansions are used through the experimental program. Seventy percent of the data is used to train the network, while the rest of the data is used to validate and test the developed ANN model. A tanh activation function is used in the hidden layer of the ANN network, which consists of 8–11-1. The determination coefficients (R2) and MRAE of the ANN model were 0.9278 and 0.016, respectively. Also, an empirical prediction equation is developed using statistical multiple line regression (MLR). The results show that ANN is more accurate than MLR and the preceding theoretical model. The ANN model can be utilized to determine the optimal multi-gate operation scenario for multi-vent regulators.
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- 2022
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16. Research on non-destructive testing technology of hydraulic engineering based on improved ALO algorithm and wireless network
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Chenghua Fu, Yanfang Pan, and Haoran Shi
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Water engineering ,Improved ALO algorithm ,Wireless network ,Water injection test ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
The anti-seepage wall project is an important part of the anti-seepage system of water conservancy and hydropower projects, and it is the basic facility and barrier to resist floods and ensure the safety of people's lives and property. This paper analyzes the wireless communication GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) technology. After establishing a mathematical model and determining the optimal sensor deployment scheme, the mesh-type sensor network type is determined, and the overall design scheme of the system is analyzed. The wireless network completes the field information collection and instruction transmission, and transmits the field information to the remote monitoring platform for unified processing. In order to effectively improve the node coverage of wireless sensor networks, a network coverage optimization method based on a hybrid strategy to improve the Antlion algorithm is proposed. The continuity boundary shrinkage factor is used to improve the search traversal of the algorithm and accelerate the convergence speed. Dynamic weight coefficients are introduced during the elitization phase to balance the global exploration and local development capabilities of the algorithm. Combining the precocious convergence judgment mechanism and the dynamic hybrid mutation method, the algorithm can effectively jump out of the local optimum. The comparison experiments on 4 benchmark functions verify the effectiveness of the improved strategy. The water injection test was used to detect and evaluate the integrity and impermeability of the plastic concrete impervious wall. The drilling and excavation verification results confirmed the effectiveness and practicability of the method.
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- 2021
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17. Innovative Concepts and Applications for Smart Water Cities
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Oberascher, Martin
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Water Engineering ,bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology - Abstract
Smart cities are emerging worldwide, including economic, institutional, social, and technical concepts in interaction with existing infrastructure to achieve sustainability and increase quality of life. Additionally, digitalisation projects in the field of urban water infrastructure (UWI) aim to increase capacity of existing infrastructure to deal with future challenges caused by climate change, growing of urban population, and maintenance. Therefore, efficient and reliable information- and communication technologies (ICT) represent a key factor for the exchange of measurement data (e.g., monitoring environmental parameters) and interconnections between different participants. However, ICT and system-wide management are not yet widely deployed and mainly concentrated on main points in network-based UWI (e.g., combined sewer overflows, inlet point of district meter areas). In this context, especially the Internet of Things (IoT) concepts enables a large-scale implementation of measurement devices even at underground and remote structures, increasing data availability significantly. Following, new possibilities in the management of network-based UWI are emerging. The research aim of this doctoral dissertation is to contribute to the ongoing development of smart water cities by developing innovative concepts in the field of urban drainage and water distribution network including nature-based solutions.
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- 2022
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18. Untersuchungen zum Einsatz hochauflösender bathymetrischer LIDAR Daten in der2D-Abflusssimulation und Habitatmodellierung
- Author
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Jocham, Stefan
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Water Engineering ,bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology - Abstract
In the present thesis, the use of high-resolution bathymetric survey data from Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry (ALB) in hydrodynamic-numerical (HN) modelling and physically based habitat modelling is investigated. Two near-natural river reaches at the river Lech in Bavaria and the river Ahr in South Tyrol were exemplary used therefore.
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- 2022
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19. Modeling transient flow dynamics around a bluff body using deep learning techniques
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Li, Shicheng, Yang, James, He, Xiaolong, Li, Shicheng, Yang, James, and He, Xiaolong
- Abstract
The significance of understanding the flow past a bluff body (BB) lies in its relevance to ocean, structural, and environmental applications. Capturing the transient flow behaviors with fine details requires extensive computational power. To address this, the present study develops an improved method for modeling the complex flow dynamics around a BB under steady and unsteady conditions. It is a deep learning (DL)-enhanced reduced-order model (ROM) that leverages the strengths of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for model reduction, convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) for feature extraction and temporal modeling, and Bayesian optimization for hyperparameter tuning. The model starts with dimensionality reduction, followed by DL optimization and forecasting, and terminates with flow field reconstruction by combining dominant POD modes and predicted amplitudes. The goal is to establish a DL-driven ROM for fast and accurate modeling of the flow evolution. Based on the comparison of millions of data samples, the predictions from the ROM and CFD are considerably consistent, with a coefficient of determination of 0.99. Furthermore, the ROM is ∼10 times faster than the CFD and exhibits a robust noise resistance capability. This study contributes a novel modeling approach for complex flows, enabling rapid decision-making and interactive visualization in various applications, e.g., digital twins and predictive maintenance., QC 20240213
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- 2024
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20. Urban stormwater quality: A review of methods for continuous field monitoring
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Razguliaev, Nikita, Flanagan, Kelsey, Muthanna, Tone, Viklander, Maria, Razguliaev, Nikita, Flanagan, Kelsey, Muthanna, Tone, and Viklander, Maria
- Abstract
Urban stormwater is contaminated by a wide range of substances whose concentrations vary greatly between locations, as well as between and during rain events. This literature review evaluates advantages and limitations of current methods for using continuous water quality monitoring for stormwater characterization and control. High-temporal-resolution measurements have been used to improve the understanding of stormwater quality dynamics and pollutant pathways, facilitate the performance evaluation of stormwater control measures and improve operation of the urban drainage system with real-time control. However, most sensors used to study stormwater were developed for either centralized water treatment or natural water contexts and adaptation is necessary. At present, the primary application of interest in stormwater – characterization of pollutant concentrations – can only be achieved through the use of indirect measurements with site-specific relationships of pollutants to basic physical-chemical parameters. In addition, various problems arise in the field context, associated with intermittent or variable flow rates, the accumulation of debris and sediment, adverse conditions for electrical equipment and human factors. Obtaining reliable continuous stormwater quality data requires the adoption of best practices, including the calibration and regular maintenance of sensors, verification of data and accounting for the considerable uncertainties in data; however, the literature review showed that improvement is needed among the scientific community in implementing and documenting these practices., Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-03-27 (hanlid);Full text license: CC BY 4.0
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- 2024
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21. Decision support tools of sustainability assessment for urban stormwater management – A review of their roles in governance and management
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Sun, Zhengdong, Deak Sjöman, Johanna, Blecken, Godecke-Tobias, Randrup, Thomas B., Sun, Zhengdong, Deak Sjöman, Johanna, Blecken, Godecke-Tobias, and Randrup, Thomas B.
- Abstract
Urban areas face growing sustainable challenges arising from stormwater issues, necessitating the evolution of stormwater management concept and practice. This transformation not only entails the adoption of a multifunctional, holistic, and sustainable approach but also involves the integration of water quality and quantity considerations with governance and management aspects. A means to do so is via decision support tools. However, whilst existing studies using the tools by employing sustainability assessment principles or as indicators to plan blue-green infrastructures and strategies, uncertainties remain regarding how decision support tools encompass governance and management dimensions. The aim of this review study is to provide much-needed clarity on this aspect, in doing so, a systematic review of decision support tools used in sustainability assessment within the stormwater management context is conducted, focusing on their abilities to include governance and management. Findings encompass governance aspects, such as actors, discourses, rules, and resources considered, and explore how these relate to long-term management. The results reveal the recognized potential of decision support tools in facilitating governance and management for sustainable stormwater management, however, future research and efforts need to be allocated in: (i) Exploring practical challenges in integrating all sustainability assessment pillars with consistent criteria into decision support tools, to determine the optimal use of all criteria in fostering open and informed stormwater governance and management. (ii) Understanding how to engage diverse stormwater actors with future decision support tools, to secure ownership and relevance. (iii) Using retrospective (ex-post) sustainability assessments to provide more tangible knowledge and to support long-term management., Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-04-09 (joosat);Full text license: CC BY
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- 2024
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22. Data integration in asset management of municipal pipe networks in Sweden: Challenges, gaps, and potential drivers
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Okwori, Emmanuel, Viklander, Maria, Hedström, Annelie, Okwori, Emmanuel, Viklander, Maria, and Hedström, Annelie
- Abstract
This study involved a survey of Swedish water utilities to evaluate their pipe-network data-collection objectives, usage, storage, and exchange routines. Factors impacting data integration (and the associated benefits) were also identified. Results showed that current data storage and exchange routines can be augmented to support commonly identified objectives and data utilisation needs, especially in larger water utilities. Levels of awareness of the opportunities for and benefits gained through asset management processes and data integration varied between utilities. Further research on the benefits of data integration in pipe network asset management is required to develop an evidence base on benefits accrued in practice, especially considering metadata, the diversity of legacy systems still in operation, costs and policy use., Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-01-01 (hanlid);Full text license: CC BY, Stormwater & Sewers
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- 2024
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23. Groundwater delineation for sustainable improvement and development aided by GIS, AHP, and MIF techniques
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Ehsan, Muhsan, Shabbir, Haider, Al-Quraishi, Ayad M. Fadhil, Al-Ansari, Nadhir, Ahmad, Zulfiqar, Abdelrahman, Kamal, Sohail, Muhammad Tayyab, Manzoor, Zaira, Shafi, Ahsan, Elbeltagi, Ahmed, Ehsan, Muhsan, Shabbir, Haider, Al-Quraishi, Ayad M. Fadhil, Al-Ansari, Nadhir, Ahmad, Zulfiqar, Abdelrahman, Kamal, Sohail, Muhammad Tayyab, Manzoor, Zaira, Shafi, Ahsan, and Elbeltagi, Ahmed
- Abstract
Exploration of groundwater is an integral part of viable resource growth for society, economy, and irrigation. However, uncontrolled utilization is mainly reported in urban and industries due to the increasing demand for water in semi-arid and arid regions of the world. In the background, groundwater demarcation for potential areas is vital in meeting necessary demand. The current study applied an integrated method comprising the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multiple influence factors (MIF), combined with a linear regression curve and observatory well data for groundwater prospects mapping. Thematic maps such as flow direction, flow accumulation, elevation map, land use land cover, slope, soil texture, hill shade, geomorphology, normalized vegetation index, and groundwater depth map were generated utilizing remote sensing techniques. The relative weight of each parameter was estimated and then assigned to major and minor parameters. Potential zones for groundwater were classified into five classes, namely very good, good, moderate, poor, and very poor, based on AHP and MIF methods. A spatially explicit sensitivity and uncertainty analysis method to a GIS-based multi-criteria groundwater potential zone model is presented in this research. The study addressed a flaw in the way groundwater potential mapping results are typically presented in GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis studies, where discrete class outputs are used without any assessment of their certainty with respect to variations in criteria weighting, which is one of the main contributors to output uncertainty. The study region is categorized based on inferred results as very poor, poor, marginal, and very good in potential ground quality 3.04 km2 is considered extremely poor, 3.33 km2 is considered poor, 64.42 km2 is considered very good, and 85.84 km2 is considered marginal zones, which shows reliable and potential implementation. The outcomes of AHP and MIF were validated by linear regressi, Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-04-02 (signyg);Funder: King Saud University (RSP2024R351);Full text license: CC BY
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- 2024
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24. Hybrid river stage forecasting based on machine learning with empirical mode decomposition
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Heddam, Salim, Vishwakarma, Dinesh Kumar, Abed, Salwan Ali, Sharma, Pankaj, Al-Ansari, Nadhir, Alataway, Abed, Dewidar, Ahmed Z., Mattar, Mohamed A., Heddam, Salim, Vishwakarma, Dinesh Kumar, Abed, Salwan Ali, Sharma, Pankaj, Al-Ansari, Nadhir, Alataway, Abed, Dewidar, Ahmed Z., and Mattar, Mohamed A.
- Abstract
The river stage is certainly an important indicator of how the water level fluctuates overtime. Continuous control of the water stage can help build an early warning indicator of floods along rivers and streams. Hence, forecasting river stages up to several days in advance is very important and constitutes a challenging task. Over the past few decades, the use of machine learning paradigm to investigate complex hydrological systems has gained significant importance, and forecasting river stage is one of the promising areas of investigations. Traditional in situ measurements, which are sometime restricted by the existing of several handicaps especially in terms of regular access to any points alongside the streams and rivers, can be overpassed by the use of modeling approaches. For more accurate forecasting of river stages, we suggest a new modeling framework based on machine learning. A hybrid forecasting approach was developed by combining machine learning techniques, namely random forest regression (RFR), bootstrap aggregating (Bagging), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), and artificial neural network (ANN), with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to provide a robust forecasting model. The singles models were first applied using only the river stage data without preprocessing, and in the following step, the data were decomposed into several intrinsic mode functions (IMF), which were then used as new input variables. According to the obtained results, the proposed models showed improved results compared to the standard RFR without EMD for which, the error performances metrics were drastically reduced, and the correlation index was increased remarkably and great changes in models’ performances have taken place. The RFR_EMD, Bagging_EMD, and AdaBoost_EMD were less accurate than the ANN_EMD model, which had higher R≈0.974, NSE≈0.949, RMSE≈0.330 and MAE≈0.175 values. While the RFR_EMD and the Bagging_EMD were relatively equal and exhibited the same accuracies higher than th, Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-03-07 (hanlid);Funder: Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University;Full text license: CC BY
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- 2024
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25. Saline groundwaters counteract up-flow of contaminants- implications for radionuclide repositories?
- Author
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Neretnieks, Ivars and Neretnieks, Ivars
- Abstract
The high-level nuclear waste, HLW, from Swedish and Finnish reactors will be deposited in crystalline rock at depths around 500 m. The waste is enclosed in steel canisters protected against corrosion by a 5 cm thick copper shell, which ensures a lifetime far longer than 100 000 years. Should some canister be breached any leaking nuclides will have decayed to so low activity that even if they reached the biosphere, they would cause minimal risk to humans. The cost of the copper is significant. The dismantling of the nuclear reactors, with induced activity must also be disposed of and this waste volume is much larger than that of the HLW, which makes it impossible to protect it in the same way. This paper explores if by locating the waste at larger depth where the ground water is more saline, and where the hydraulic conductivity of the rock is lower up-flow of contaminated water can be ensured to be negligible because the denser water at larger depth counteracts up-flow due to negative buoyancy. Several processes that could cause local up-flow are addressed, such as infiltration of meteoric water, impact of surface topology, heat production of the waste, geothermal gradient, salinity gradient, hydraulic conductivity heterogeneities and salt migration between seeping water and salt in matrix pore water. Flow and transport simulations using data from extensive field investigations over more than ten years with scores of km deep boreholes suggest that a HLW repository at around one km depth may be sufficient to hinder up-flow to the biosphere., QC 20240216
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- 2024
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26. Vägen mot en hållbar hantering av vatten och avlopp i en urban miljö år 2070, under ett förändrat klimat
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Lundgren, Lisa and Lundgren, Lisa
- Abstract
En hållbar hantering av vatten och avlopp (VA) är avgörande för att skydda miljön och människors hälsa. Ansvaret kan dock inte enbart läggas på VA-sektorn, utan hela samhället behöver vidta åtgärder för att hantera utmaningar relaterade till befolkningstillväxt, urbanisering och klimatförändringar. I denna studie tillämpades en backcastingmetod för att föreslå en väg mot framtidsvisionen: Hållbar hantering av vatten och avlopp i staden år 2070, under ett förändrat klimat. En grupp experter bedömde att följande nyckelfaktorer är särskilt viktiga för att uppnå visionen: ”VA-systemet tillhandahåller säkert vatten” ”Vattenanvändningen i staden är hållbar” ”VA-systemet bidrar till den cirkulära ekonomin” ”VA-systemet bidrar inte till övergödning” ”VA-systemet sprider minimalt med föroreningar” ”VA-systemet är klimatresilient” Baserat på dessa nyckelfaktorer identifierades indikatorer, möjligheter, hinder samt åtgärder i nutid. Enligt expertgruppen är det särskilt kritiskt och brådskande att vidta åtgärder för att minska belastningen på VA-systemet. Belastningen kan exempelvis reduceras genom minskad dricksvattenförbrukning, ökad återanvändning av vatten, reducerade vattenförluster, lokal hantering av dagvatten, implementering av källsorterande avloppsystem och uppströmsåtgärder. Dessutom var investeringskostnader ett återkommande hinder, och det är därför viktigt att politiker är medvetna om behovet för att kunna utforma effektiva lagar och styrmedel. För att analysera åtgärdernas effekter inkluderades även beräkningsexempel med Uppsala tätort som fallstudie. Analysen visade att Uppsala inte kommer att uppnå framtidsvisionen med nuvarande målsättningar. En rekommendation till Uppsala är därför att tillämpa backcasting för att identifiera och kvantifiera ytterligare åtgärder med utgångspunkt i denna studie. Denna rekommendation riktas även till Svenskt Vatten, men även till andra sektor, Sustainable management of water and wastewater (W&WW) is crucial for protecting the environment and human health. However, the responsibility cannot solely rest on the W&WW sector, but the entire society needs to take action to deal with challenges related to population growth, urbanization and climate change. In this study, a backcasting method was applied to propose a pathway towards the future vision: Sustainable urban water and wastewater management in 2070, under a changing climate. A group of experts assessed the following keyfactorsas particularly important to achieve the vision: "The W&WW system provides safe water" "Water usage in the city is sustainable" "The W&WW system contributes to the circular economy" "The W&WW system does not contribute to eutrophication" "The W&WW system spreads minimal pollutants" "The W&WW system is climate resilient" Based on these key factors, indicators, opportunities, obstacles, and actions in the present were identified. According to the expert group, it is particularly critical and urgent to take actions to reduce the burden on the W&WW system. The burden can be reduced, for example through decreased drinking water consumption, increased reuse of water, reduced water losses, local management of stormwater, implementation of source-sorting wastewater systems and upstream measures. In addition, investment costs were a recurring obstacle, and it is therefore important that the politicians are aware of the need to be able to design effective laws and policies. In order to analyze the effects of the actions, calculations examples with Uppsala as a case study were included. The analysis showed that Uppsala will not achieve the future vision with current objectives. A recommendation for Uppsala is therefore to apply backcasting to identify and quantify additional actions based on this study. This recommendation is also directed towards Svenskt Vatten, but also to other sectors where it is necessary
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- 2024
27. Förutsättningar för hantering av länshållningsvatten från tunnelproduktion i byggandet av Ostlänken : Återanvändning av näringsämnen genom bevattning
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Johansson, Elias and Johansson, Elias
- Abstract
When a tunnel is built in rock, a type of water is formed as a residual product. This tunnel wateris formed due to construction processes such as drilling requiring water and groundwater thatinfiltrates into the tunnel. The water can cause environmental damage if it is released directlyinto nature and needs to be treated. Usually, therefore, the water is purified regardingconcentrations of suspended matter, oil, metals, nitrogen and basic pH values. In this degree project water analysis data, after a local purification in the tunnel area, has beenobtained from 17 different tunnel projects and processed to look into the water quality in theseprojects. The parameters from the analysis data processed are the concentrations of nitrogen,arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, zinc, chloride, and suspended matter aswell as pH value and conductivity. The results show a large variation in the average valuesbetween the projects and also that a flocculation step in the purification lowers the averageconcentrations for most metals. An analysis of the suitability of using tunnel water for irrigation and fertilization purposes hasalso been carried out by examining the differences in the characteristics of tunnel watercompared to irrigation and fertilizer sources. The result shows that the average concentrationsof the metals chromium and nickel exceed the average concentrations found in groundwaterand surface water in several projects. This means that the tunnel water with respect to thesetwo metals differs from natural sources of irrigation water. According to FAO's guidelines forirrigation water, the average chloride content and average conductivity of the tunnel water isalso elevated and means that the use of the water for irrigation may need to be partly limited.However, this influence needs to be investigated more for Swedish conditions, När en tunnel byggs i berg uppkommer länshållningsvatten, vilket är en restprodukt som måsteomhändertas. Länshållningsvattnet bildas med anledning av att processer som exempelvisborrning kräver vatten samt att grundvatten tränger in i tunneln. Länshållningsvattnet behöverrenas då det kan påverka miljön negativt om det släpps ut direkt i naturen. Vanligtvis renasdärför vattnet med avseende på suspenderat material, olja, metallhalter, basiska pH-värden ochkvävehalter. I arbetet har vattenanalysdata, efter en lokal rening i tunnelområdet, inhämtats från 17 olikatunnelprojekt och bearbetats för att utreda vattnets innehåll i dessa projekt. De parametrarfrån analysdatan som behandlats är koncentrationerna av kväve, arsenik, bly, kadmium, krom,kvicksilver, nickel, zink, klorid och suspenderat material samt pH-värde och konduktivitet. Iresultatet ses en stor variation i medelvärdena mellan projekten och även att ett flockningssteg ireningen sänker medelhalterna för de flesta metaller. En utredning av lämpligheten att använda länshållningsvatten i bevattnings- och gödslingssyftehar också utförts. Detta gjordes genom att klargöra vilka skillnader som finns i halterna avmetaller, kväve och klorid samt i pH-värdet och konduktiviteten hos länshållningsvatten, jämförtmed befintliga bevattnings- och gödselkällor. Resultatet visar att medelhalterna av metallernakrom och nickel överskrider medelhalterna som finns i grundvatten och ytvatten i flera projekt.Detta innebär att länshållningsvattnet med avseende på dessa två metaller skiljer sig från naturligakällor av bevattningsvatten. Enligt FAO:s riktvärden för bevattningsvatten är länshållningsvattnetsmedelkloridhalt och medelkonduktivitet dessutom förhöjd och innebär att användningen avvattnet till bevattning kan behöva begränsas. Denna påverkan behöver dock utredas mer försvenska förhållanden.
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- 2024
28. Resurseffektiv bevattning i ett föränderligt klimat
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Rahman, Salman and Rahman, Salman
- Abstract
Södra Gotland (Storsudret) är ett av de mest utsatta områdena i Sverige när det kommer till torka under somrarna. Trots stora mängder nederbörd har jordbrukare problem med bevattning då öns geologi påverkar lagringen av vatten i form av grundvatten negativt. Vilket beror på att berggrunden består främst av kalk, märgel och märgelsten. Dålig tillgång till vatten kombinerat med långa och varma somrar har medfört att skörden minskat markant under de senaste åren. Bevattningstekniker som används i dagsläget är inte bra på att utnyttja vatten på ett hållbart och effektivt sätt. Dessutom har kostnaderna ökat för många jordbrukare på Gotland med avseende på de ökande elpriserna. Bevattning kräver el och vissa bönder har exempelvis inte tillgång till el vid sina åkrar och måste därmed dra el vilket ökar kostnaderna markant. Behovet av mer resurseffektiva och hållbara bevattningstekniker är stort och något som behöver undersökas mer djupgående. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka ifall ett automatiserat bevattningssystem som drivs av solenergi faktiskt är möjligt att implementera. Detta utifrån olika kriterier såsom kostnad, energianvändning, skördemängd, klimatpåverkan och vattenanvändning. Därefter jämföra mot ett mer konventionellt system som används i dagsläget och därmed undersöka vilka skillnader det finns. Det var två system som valdes i studien. System 1 var ett potentiellt automatiserad rampbevattningssystem och system 2 ett konventionellt rampbevattningssystem. Båda systemen sattes in i verklighetsbaserade scenario (en åker i södra Gotland) för att få en mer realistisk överblick. Därefter användes en multikriterieanalys för att jämföra båda systemen mot varandra utifrån valda kriterier. Sist av allt användes en SWOT-analys för att sammanknyta all resultat som togs fram i studien. Resultatet visade att det är i teorin möjligt att bygga ett helt automatiserat bevattningssystem so, The southern part of Gotland (Storsudret) is one of the most exposed areas in Sweden when it comes to drought during the summers. Despite large amounts of rainfall, farmers have problems with irrigation as the island’s geology negatively affects the storage of water in the form of groundwater. Poor access to water combined with long and hot summers has meant that the harvest has decreased significantly in recent years. Irrigation techniques used today are not good at using water sustainably and efficiently. In addition, costs have increased for many farmers in Gotland concerning the increasing electricity prices. Irrigation requires electricity and some farmers, for example, do not have access to electricity in their fields and thus have to get electricity, which increases costs significantly. The need for more resource-efficient and sustainable irrigation techniques is great and something that needs to be investigated in more depth. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an automated irrigation system powered by solar energy is realistically possible to implement. This was based on various criteria such as cost, energy requirements, yield, etc., and then compare against a more conventional system that is currently used and thus examines what differences there are. Two systems were chosen in the study. System one was a potentially automated irrigation system and system two was a conventional ramp irrigation system. Both systems were put into a reality-based scenarios (a field in southern Gotland) to get a more realistic overview. Multi-criteria analysis was then used to compare both systems against each other based on selected criterias. Afterward, a SWOT analysis was also carried out to summarize all the results that were produced in the study. The result showed that it is theoretically possible to build a fully automated irrigation system powered by solar energy and that there are both positive and negative parts to the system com- pared to convent
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- 2024
29. Uni- och multiderivata metoder för upptäckt av avvikelser i dammar
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Fridén, Håkan, Jacobson, Anton, Björk, Anders, Fridén, Håkan, Jacobson, Anton, and Björk, Anders
- Abstract
Dammövervakning är ett stort och viktigt område för svenska dammägare. Det är en utmaning att kontinuerligt övervaka en dammkonstruktion med dess givare och snabbt kunna reagera på förändringar som visar på en avvikelse i dammen. Rapporten behandlar metoder för datorbaserad upptäckt av givar- och kommunikationsfel samt tillämpning av multivariata metoder för att upptäcka och visualisera avvikande tillstånd för en damm.Rapporten är en redovisning av det tredje av en rad forskningsprojekt. Projektet har drivits av IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB under 2022–2023. Alla projekt har finansierats av Energiforsk och Stiftelsen Institutet för Vatten- och Luftvårds-forskning (SIVL) och har som mål att implementera övervakning, detektion och visualisering av givarfel samt övergripande tillståndsövervakning av dammar inklusive varning när tillståndet rör sig mot icke normalt område. Ett syfte för detta projekt har varit att fördjupa kunskapen kring de metoder vi använder genom att komplettera med ytterligare en fallstudie som är av annan karaktär än de tidigare, både gällande dammen och dess övervakningsgivare. Ett andra syfte har varit att öka kunskapen och kompetensen både på bredden och på djupet för branschen. Ett tredje syfte har varit att hitta sätt att öka lättillgängligheten av de resultat som våra metoder ger.I de tidigare två projekten i serien har vi utvecklat och installerat en generell övervakningsapplikation som körs i realtid hos två av dammägarna, med dataöverföring från och till deras signaldatabaser. Vi har utvecklat metoder för fristående övervakning av enskilda signaler, univariat övervakning samt påbörjat utveck-lingen av multivariat övervakning. I det här projektet har de samlade erfarenheterna använts för att ansluta en tredje damm, fallstudie III, och för att fortsätta utvecklingen av metodiken. En stor del av projektet har också ägnats åt resultat¬spridning i form av webbinarier, en djupare kurs för personal hos kraftbolagen om den använda metodiken och, Dam monitoring is a large and important area for Swedish dam owners. It is a challenge to continuously monitor a dam construction with its sensors and be able to quickly react to changes that indicate a deviation in the dam. The report covers methods for computer-based detection of sensor and communication errors and the application of multivariate methods to detect and visualize anomalous states for a dam.The report is an account of the third of a series of research projects. The project has been run by IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute AB during 2022–2023. All projects have been funded by Energiforsk and the SIVL foundation and with the aim to implement monitoring, detection, and visualization of sensor errors as well as overall condition monitoring of dams including warnings when the condition is moving towards a non-normal area. One purposes of this project has been to deepen the knowledge of the methods through an additional case study which has a different character both regarding the dam and its monitoring sensors. A second purpose has been to increase knowledge and competence both in breadth and depth for the involved industry. A third purpose has been to find ways to improve the accessibility of the results that our methods provide.In the previous two projects in the series, it was reported how we developed and installed a general monitoring application that runs in real time at two of the dam owners with data transfer from and to their signal databases. We have developed methods for independent monitoring of individual signals, univariate monitoring and started the development of multivariate monitoring.In this project, the accumulated experience has been used to connect a third dam, Case Study III, and to continue the development of the methodology. A large part of the project has also been devoted to dissemination of results in the form of webinars, a deeper course for staff at the power companies on the methodology used and the underlying the, Other funders:Energiforsks program för Dammsäkerhet.
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- 2024
30. Barriers to integrating sustainable stormwater management in urban environments in Sweden
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Sörensen, Johanna, Hanson, Helena, Sörensen, Johanna, and Hanson, Helena
- Abstract
Economic, knowledge-based, legislative, organizational, and political barriers hinder the efficient implementation of sustainable stormwater management in Sweden.A comprehensive approach involving legislative clarity, improved financial models, enhanced collaboration, and a shift in political priorities towards blue-green infrastructure is needed.Balancing urban development with urban green spaces remains a significant challenge, requiring strategies for multiple functions of stormwater solutions.
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- 2024
31. Invited perspective: Toward resilience-community-based approaches to managing combined sewer overflows in a changing climate
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Semenza, Jan C. and Semenza, Jan C.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Övervakning och underhåll av luftarsystem : Tillståndsbaserat underhåll för ökad energieffektivitet på avloppsreningsverk
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Bengtsson, Simon, Samuelsson, Oscar, Bengtsson, Simon, and Samuelsson, Oscar
- Abstract
Den här undersökningen är den första i sitt slag där prestandanför använda luftare från svenska avloppsreningsverk har testats.Resultaten visar att både igensättning och åldrande av luftaresker på svenska reningsverk och resulterar i ökad elanvändningför luftning. Samtidigt finns det möjligheter med tillståndsbaseratunderhåll som kan minska den onödiga elanvändningen.Med ökande koldioxidutsläpp och ökande elpriser har energieffektivisering blivit viktigt,inte minst för att uppnå målet om en klimatneutral VA-bransch. I de kommunalaavloppsreningsverken kan luftning av de biologiska bassängerna stå för hälften avreningsverkets totala elanvändning. Internationella studier indikerar att upp till 40 % avdenna elanvändning är onödig och beror på igensättning och åldrande membran. Mende svenska erfarenheterna är begränsade. Att kunskapen är begränsad beror troligenpå att det inte är allmänt känt i VA-Sverige hur prestandan i luftningsanläggningar kanövervakas på bästa sätt, hur rengöring av luftare utförs och hur stor potentialen förbesparingar är. Projektet har undersökt olika membranluftare från sex svenska reningsverk i enspecialbyggd försöksanläggning med renvatten och analyserat deras syreöverföringseffektivitet(SOTE) och tryckfallet över luftarna (DWP).Till skillnad från tidigare studier skilde det här projektet på effekter av åldrande avmembranmaterialet och igensättning av membranen, vilket är avgörande för att kunnavälja rätt underhållsåtgärd. Två metoder för att övervaka luftarnas tillstånd implementeradespå projektdeltagarnas reningsverk. Även om det fanns vissa praktiska utmaningarmed implementeringen så visar resultaten att det är fullt möjligt att övervakaförändringar i SOTE och DWP, antingen genom direkta mätningar eller med beräkningarutifrån befintliga data.Resultaten från renvattenförsöken visade att igensättning framför allt påverkadeDWP (upp till 40 mbar ökning) som därför är en lämplig parameter att övervaka föratt optimera rengöringsintervallet. Åldran, In this study, the performance of aeration diffusers from Swedish wastewater treatmentplants were tested for the first time. The results showed that fouling as well asageing of diffusers occur at Swedish treatment plants which leads to increased electricityusage for aeration. At the same time, there are opportunities with condition-basedmaintenance that can reduce unnecessary electricity use.With increasing CO2 emissions and electricity prices, energy efficiency has becomeimportant, not least to achieve the goal of a climate-neutral VA industry. At the municipalwastewater treatment plants, aeration of the biological treatment basins typicallyaccounts for half of the treatment plant’s total electricity usage, and internationalstudies indicate that up to 40 % of this electricity is wastage due to fouling and ageingof membranes. But the Swedish experiences are limited. The limited knowledge islikely related to that it is not commonly known in the Swedish water sector how theperformance of aeration systems can best be monitored, how maintenance cleaningcan be done and how large the potential savings are. In the project, membrane diffusersfrom six Swedish treatment plants were tested in a purposely built test facilitywith clean water and analysed with respect to oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE) anddynamic wet pressure (DWP). Unlike previous studies, the effects of ageing of themembrane material and fouling of the membranes were assessed separately, whichis crucial to choose the right mitigation action.Two methods for diffuser condition monitoring were implemented at treatmentplants within the participating organisations. Although there were some practicalchallenges with implementation, the results show that it is feasible to monitor changesin SOTE and DWP, either with direct measurements or calculations based on availabledata.The results from the clean water tests showed that fouling primarily affected DWP(up to 40 mbar increase) which is therefore a suitable parameter
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- 2024
33. Prediction of turbidity in a lake raw water source : Use of Artificial Intelligence in drinking water production
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Borzooei, Sina, Cascone, Claudia, Hållén, Joakim, Lavenius, Axel, Wilhelmsson, Jens, Fridén, Håkan, Strandberg, Johan, Borzooei, Sina, Cascone, Claudia, Hållén, Joakim, Lavenius, Axel, Wilhelmsson, Jens, Fridén, Håkan, and Strandberg, Johan
- Abstract
Turbidity, which is the cloudiness or haziness of water caused by large numbers of individual particles, is a critical factor for drinking water producers. High turbidity can harbour harmful microorganisms and reduce the effectiveness of disinfection processes, making it essential to monitor and manage to ensure safe drinking water.This study was conducted at the Rökebo water production plant, which produces drinking water for Sandviken and nearby areas, serving around 29,000 people. The treatment process includes several steps, such as chemical precipitation, filtration, UV treatment, and chlorination, to ensure the water is safe to drink. A new plant is being constructed to use only lake water and will include additional treatment steps to remove natural organic matter.Lake Öjaren is moderately sized, covering 21 square kilometres with an average depth of 4.66 meters, which means it is a shallow lake. The depth and shape of the lake influence how it responds to wind and weather, which can stir up sediments and affect water clarity. The catchment area of Lake Öjaren consists mainly of forest and moraine but has 5.5% clear-cuts, which contribute to higher turbidity levels in combination with heavy precipitation. Climate change is expected to bring warmer temperatures and more rain to Sweden, affecting Lake Öjaren’s water quality and availability. Projections indicate that runoff to the lake will increase by about 15%, which is more than the average for the area. Less precipitation will fall as snow, leading to more water flowing into the lake during winter. These changes will likely increase the levels of nutrients and organic matter in the lake, increasing turbidity and calling for an adaptation strategy at the drinking water plant. We tested several machine learning models to predict water turbidity, including ElasticNet Regression, RandomForestRegressor, GradientBoostingRegressor, and XGBoost. These models helped us understand which factors most affect turbidity., Turbiditet, som kan beskrivas som vattnets grumlighet orsakad av partiklar i vattenmassan, är en viktig faktor för dricksvattenproducenter. Hög turbiditet kan associeras med skadliga mikroorganismer och minska effektiviteten hos desinfektionsprocesser, vilket gör det nödvändigt att övervaka och hantera för att säkerställa ett säkert dricksvatten.Denna studie genomfördes vid Rökebo vattenverk, som producerar dricksvatten för Sandviken och närliggande områden för cirka 29 000 människor. Reningsprocessen innefattar flera steg som kemisk fällning, filtrering, UV-behandling och klorering för att säkerställa att vattnet är säkert att dricka. En ny anläggning byggs för att endast använda sjövatten och kommer att inkludera ytterligare reningssteg för att avlägsna naturligt organiskt material.Sjön Öjaren är medelstor och täcker 21 km2, med ett genomsnittligt djup på 4,7 m, vilket innebär att det är en grund sjö. Sjöns djup och form påverkar hur den påverkas av väder och vind. En grund sjö som har lång sträcka i den förhärskande vindriktningen innebär sannolikt att den är känsligare för att sediment rörs upp och påverkar vattnets klarhet. Avrinningsområdet för Öjaren består huvudsakligen av skog och morän, men har 5,5 % kalhyggen, vilket bidrar till högre nivåer av turbiditet i kombination med kraftig nederbörd. Klimatförändringarna förväntas medföra varmare temperaturer och mer regn till Sverige, vilket kommer att påverka vattenkvaliteten och tillgängligheten i sjön Öjaren. Prognoser indikerar att avrinningen till sjön kommer att öka med cirka 15 %, vilket är mer än genomsnittet för området. Detta beror på att mindre nederbörd kommer att falla som snö, vilket leder till mer vatten som flödar in i sjön under vintern. Dessa förändringar kommer sannolikt att öka nivåerna av näringsämnen och organiskt material i sjön, vilket ökar grumligheten och kräver en strategi för att hantera detta i vattenverket.I projektet testades flera olika maskininlärningsmodeller för att förutsäga va
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- 2024
34. Rening av organiska föroreningar i dagvattenbiofilter med och utan tillsats av biokol
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Beryani, Ali, Österlund, Heléne, Viklander, Maria, Blecken, Godecke-Tobias, Beryani, Ali, Österlund, Heléne, Viklander, Maria, and Blecken, Godecke-Tobias
- Abstract
Dag&Nät
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- 2024
35. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in oily wastewater from shipping with a focus on scrubber water
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Magnusson, Kerstin, Dela Cruz, Majbrit, Devers, Jason, H Christensen, Jan, Granberg, Maria, Magnusson, Kerstin, Dela Cruz, Majbrit, Devers, Jason, H Christensen, Jan, and Granberg, Maria
- Abstract
To reduce emissions of hazardous combustion gases to air, ship owners can switch to cleaner fuels or install so called “scrubbers”, onboard the ship. In a scrubber, combustions gases are sprayed with water and the dirty wash water, the scrubber water, is discharged to the sea. The number of ships with scrubbers and the volumes of discharged scrubber water have increased dramatically the past decade. When allowing the use of scrubbers, the focus was on improving the air quality, while the impact on the marine environment was not considered. We have here analysed polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), the most toxic fraction of oil, in scrubber water from ships, and reviewed recent ecotoxicological scientific literature on PAC toxicity to marine organisms. Our conclusion is that in areas with intense shipping there is a serious risk for negative effects on marine organisms.
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- 2024
36. Processmodellering för digitala tvillingar av framtidens avloppsvattenrening i Kungsbacka
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Lindblom, Erik U, Samuelsson, Oscar, Lundwall, Ted, Molin, Hanna, Lindblom, Erik U, Samuelsson, Oscar, Lundwall, Ted, and Molin, Hanna
- Abstract
Kungsbacka kommun behöver bygga ut Hammargårds avloppsreningsverk för att bibehålla den ekologiska statusen i Kungsbackafjorden, trots en ökade belastning från tillväxten i Kungsbacka med omnejd. Kommunen ser en möjlighet att dra nytta av digitala tekniker för att effektivisera både byggprocessen och de färdiga reningsverken.Processmodeller har använts som verktyg i de flesta faser i ett reningsverks livscykel, men det saknas praktiska exempel på hur det bör ske på ett handgripligt sätt i projekterings- och byggprocessen. Detta projekt initierades därför för att förstå hur processmodeller kan stödja processval och dimensionering inom partneringprojekt.
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- 2024
37. Konstgjord grundvattenbildning i avrinningsområden för småvåtmarker: Infiltrationenspåverkan på flödesvägar och säsongsvariationer
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Sjöström, Anton and Sjöström, Anton
- Abstract
When groundwater is diverted when constructing tunnels or buildings in, the seepage water must be disposed of. Artificial infiltration of water via the land surface is a method often proposed to compensate for the effects of the lowered groundwater level. Wetlands and small groundwater-dependent ponds often have high ecological value. To preserve their plant and animal life, they depend on maintaining their hydrological and ecological characteristics. Therefore, there is an interest in investigating how these types of wetlands are affected by artificial groundwater recharge in terms of water quality and hydrological conditions. The wetland's sensitivity to the infiltrating water is significant, as this determines the type of water that can be used for infiltration. To reflect the processes that occur during artificial groundwater recharge, a wetland in northern Uppland was used as a case study in this work. The area was modeled using hydrodynamic modeling in the MIKE SHE tool to generate flow fields. This was then used to develop water balances in the area and to calculate flow paths and times. The results showed that surface infiltration in the wetland's catchment area leads to large amounts of surface runoff to the wetland. Additionally, the transport times and distances to the wetland were short, especially during the spring and summer periods. This indicated that the infiltrating water would not undergo the soil chemical processes that alter the water's chemical character. The spring period brought a large amount of surface runoff due to the high water volume during the spring flood. This volume likely causes a dilution that makes the sensitivity not as high during this period. Summer, which is a drier period with lower water levels, therefore it had a higher sensitivity to the infiltrating water's chemistry. The conclusion was that the infiltrating water must be as similar as possible in chemical character to the pond's water, especially during the dry summer p
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- 2024
38. Hydrodynamic modelling of E. coli along the urban coast of Helsingborg
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Gudmundsson, Simon and Gudmundsson, Simon
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There is a recurring problem with too high levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) at beaches andaround the coastline of Helsingborg. E. coli is not always dangerous by itself but indicates potentialpresence of pathogens in the water. This study used the hydrodynamical model MITgcm to modelthe spread of E. coli in three dimensions outside of the urban coastline of Helsingborg in Öresund.In the model, E. coli is released from the sediment and from the wastewater outlets. The modeluses atmospheric data (such as wind, and temperature), initial conditions (such as stream andsalinity) and bathymetry. The simulated scenarios investigated the release of E. coli from awastewater outlet off the urban coast of Helsingborg, the release of E. coli from the sediment offthe urban coast of Helsingborg, and the release of E. coli from wastewater outlets located off theurban coasts of Landskrona, Malmö, Helsingör and Copenhagen. In these scenarios, the location,the depth of release, and the decay of E. coli were varied, and the modelling period was from 1May until 26 September 2019. It was found that E. coli released from the sediment could reachthe beaches, but the concentrations were not high enough to prevent the recreational use of thewater. Nevertheless, the sediment can be a contributing source to the total E. coli concentrationsat the beaches. E. coli from the wastewater outlet in Helsingborg affected the water quality onmultiple occasions causing concentrations above 100 cfu/100 ml. The modelling results for thewastewater outlets located in the other cities did not show any impact on the water quality inHelsingborg, but the simulated period was too short and covered unrepresentative streamconditions, necessitating further investigations. The limitations of the model include the coarsecomputational mesh, lack of input data on the magnitude of the E. coli releases, and uncertaintiesregarding the E. coli decay., Urbana Bad
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- 2024
39. Grundvattensituationen på sydöstra Runmarö
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Callerholm, Iris, Hohn, Isadora Galindo, Callerholm, Iris, and Hohn, Isadora Galindo
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Grundvattensituationen i kustnära områden är ansträngd, bland annat på grund av tunna jordlager. Värmdö kommun vill uppnå en hög permanentboendegrad i skärgården. För permanentboende krävs god dricksvattenförsörjning och i skärgården kommer dricksvattnet främst från små grundvattenmagasin. Små grundvattenmagasin är snabbreagerande vilket betyder att en förändring i vattenkonsumtion kommer ha en stor påverkan på vattentillgången, stora uttag kan i kustnära områden leda till saltvatteninträngning. För att säkerställa grundvatten av god kvalitet är det därför viktigt att magasinen aldrig understiger en viss fyllnadsgrad. Runmarö är en ö i Värmdö kommun där bostadsområden på dess sydöstra del enligt Värmdö kommun översiktliga grundvattenutredning har mycket låga nivåer i grundvattenreservoarerna vid slutet av torrperioden vid torrår. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka den nuvarande grundvattensituationen på sydöstra Runmarö, hur denna kan komma att påverkas av framtida klimatmönster, vilka vattenbesparande åtgärder som kan vidtas samt hur lokalbefolkningen ställer sig till dessa. Litteraturstudie, enkät- och intervjustudie, studiebesök på Runmarö och vattenbalansberäkningar i GWBal gjordes för att besvara undersökningens frågeställningar. På sydöstra Runmarö fanns två grundvattenbildningsområden, ett i Söderby och ett i Kila. Enkät- och intervjuundersökning fann lokalbefolkningens ungefärliga vattenanvändning, samt vilka vattenbesparande åtgärder som rimligen kan implementeras. Studiebesök undersökte områdenas geologi varefter grundvattenbalansberäkningar samt modelleringar kunde göras. Vattenuttag för permanentboende var högre än för fritidsboende enligt enkätundersökningen. Grundvattensituationen i Söderby var mer ansträngd och kunde inte försörja en större andel permanentboende än i nuläget, såvida inte vattenbesparande åtgärder infördes. I Kila var tillgången på grundvatten relativt god, och permanentboendegraden kan öka utan att riskera grundvattnets kvali, The groundwater situation in coastal areas is strained, partly due to thin soil layers. Värmdö Municipality aims to achieve a high rate of permanent residency in the archipelago. Permanent residents require a reliable drinking water supply, and in the archipelago, drinking water mainly comes from small groundwater reservoirs. Small groundwater reservoirs react quickly, which means that changes in water consumption will significantly impact water availability. Large withdrawals in coastal areas can lead to saltwater intrusion. To ensure good quality groundwater, it is important that the reservoirs never fall below a certain fill level. Runmarö is an island in Värmdö Municipality where residential areas in its southeastern part have very low levels in groundwater reservoirs at the end of the dry period during dry years, according to Värmdö Municipality, general groundwater investigation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current groundwater situation in southeastern Runmarö, how it may be affected by future climate patterns, what water-saving measures can be implemented, and how the local population views these measures. A literature review, survey, interview study, field visit to Runmarö, and water balance calculations in GWBal were conducted to answer the study's questions. In southeastern Runmarö, there were two groundwater formation areas, one in Söderby and one in Kila. The survey and interview study determined the approximate water usage of the local population, as well as which water-saving measures could reasonably be implemented. The field visit examined the geology of the areas, after which groundwater balance calculations and modeling could be performed. Water usage for permanent residents was higher than for seasonal residents, according to the survey. The groundwater situation in Söderby was more strained and could not support a larger proportion of permanent residents than at present, unless water-saving measures were implemented. In Kil
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- 2024
40. Vatten- och energibesparing på ett integrerat massa- och kartongbruk : Kartläggning av delflöden på Stora Enso Skoghalls bruk
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Lundqvist, Lova, Almarstrand, Madelene, Lundqvist, Lova, and Almarstrand, Madelene
- Abstract
Historically, Sweden has benefited from its freshwater lakes, which have kept water costs low and provided water-intensive industries with a competitive advantage. As a result, water usage within the Swedish industry has been extensive and often lacking consideration. Paper and pulp mills have been responsible for a larger majority of water usage. The future is characterised by climate change, which may increase global water scarcity and affect the Swedish industry. Meeting these challenges requires more efficient water usage and measures for reuse. The European Parliament and Council’s Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) provide a common framework for ensuring good water quality in sufficient quantity for future generations in Europe. They emphasise the need for resource-efficient and water-saving measures within the industry as an important part of the effort. Stora Enso supports the UN’s sustainable development goals, focusing on climate change, biodiversity, and circularity. Skoghall mill adopted a water goal to reduce freshwater usage, however, the goal was not achieved in 2023 due to production disruptions. The work continues into 2024 with the aim of further reducing water usage by 2030. Despite the will to save water, there are obstacles, such as missing flow meters and resources to track the usage. The mill suspects that cooling machines and the secondary heating system account for a large portion of the excess water, but reliable measurement methods are lacking. In this master thesis, a mapping of water flows at the Stora Enso Skoghall mill is conducted with the aim of reducing water consumption. The work includes interviews and control measurements at selected locations, with the purpose of identifying opportunities for water recirculation. An assessment of the existing flow meters at the facility has also been conducted, with help from suppliers to identify suitable alternatives for those with high measurement uncertainty or other issues. The tot
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- 2024
41. Dagvattenhantering på Arlanda Flygplats : En fallstudie av Tulldammen med multikriterieanalys
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Lagerqvist, Nicklas and Lagerqvist, Nicklas
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Airports have large, paved areas that generate significant surface runoff, containing various pollutants. To meet environmental quality standards and discharge requirements, effective stormwater management is crucial. This study investigated the purification effect and levels of outgoing pollutants for the stormwater pond Tulldammen at Arlanda Airport through a case study. Proposed stormwater solutions were evaluated using a multi-criteria analysis (MCA). The case study of Tulldammen evaluated the pond's purification effect and the levels of outgoing pollutants in relation to the environmental quality standards for the recipient, Märstaån. The examined substances, which pose challenges for the airport, included arsenic (As), copper (Cu), total organic carbon (TOC), and PFAS (specifically PFOS). The MCA was used to compare five different stormwater solutions: stormwater pond, wetland, underground filtration vault, dry pond, and biofilter. These were evaluated based on ten different criteria within the categories of environment, technology, economy, and social aspects. The criteria included purification effect, biodiversity, flight safety, system robustness, reconstruction possibilities, construction cost, operating cost, land use, recreational value, and risk of injury/work environment. The stormwater alternatives were scored based on qualitative and quantitative criteria and weighted according to the assessments by the operating company, Swedavia. The results of the study showed that arsenic levels exceeded the environmental quality standards, while TOC and copper were within acceptable limits. Data for PFOS was insufficient for a conclusive assessment. The purification effect of Tulldammen showed a large variation due to limited data. The results of the MCA ranked the dry pond as the best solution according to Swedavia's weighting. However, the sensitivity analysis showed that both the stormwater pond and the wetland scored highly, with the stormwater pond being th, Flygplatser har mycket stora hårdgjorda ytor som genererar betydande ytavrinning som innehåller olika föroreningar. För att uppfylla miljökvalitetsnormer och utsläppskrav är effektiv dagvattenhantering avgörande. Denna studie undersökte reningseffekten och utgående föroreningshalter för dagvattendammen Tulldammen vid Arlanda flygplats med hjälp av en fallstudie. Förslag på dagvattenlösningar har utvärderats i en multikriterieanalys (MKA). Fallstudien utvärderade Tulldammes reningseffekt och halterna av utgående föroreningar i förhållande till miljökvalitetsnormerna för recipienten Märstaån. De undersökta ämnena, som utgör problem för flygplatsen, inkluderade arsenik (As), koppar (Cu), totalt organiskt kol (TOC) och PFAS (specifikt PFOS). MKA användes för att jämföra fem olika dagvattenlösningar: dagvattendamm, våtmark, magasin med filter, torr damm och biofilter. Dessa utvärderades baserat på tio olika kriterier inom kategorierna miljö, teknik, ekonomi och sociala aspekter. Kriterierna inkluderade reningseffekt, biologisk mångfald, flygsäkerhet, systemets robusthet, ombyggnationsmöjligheter, anläggningskostnad, driftkostnad, ytbehov, rekreationsvärde och skaderisk/-arbetsmiljö. Dagvattenalternativen poängsattes utifrån kvalitativa och kvantitativa kriterier och viktades av företaget Swedavias bedömningar. Resultaten visade att arsenikhalterna överskred miljökvalitetsnormerna, medan halterna av TOC och Cu låg inom acceptabla gränser. Data för PFOS var otillräcklig för en bedömning. Reningseffekten för Tulldammen visade på en stor spridning där den tillgängliga datan var begränsad. Resultatet av MKA:n rankade torr damm som den bästa lösningen enligt Swedavias viktning. Känslighetsanalysen visade dock att både dagvattendamm och våtmark fick höga poäng, där dagvattendammen fick högre poäng än våtmarken. För framtida arbete rekommenderas en noggrann utvärdering av dessa lösningar, eventuellt i kombination med varandra, för att optimera dagvattenhanteringen.
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- 2024
42. Skyfallsmodellering : en jämförelse av metoder och känslighetsanalys för val av regn
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Magnusson, Astrid and Magnusson, Astrid
- Abstract
Skyfall orsakar översvämningar som kan ge stor påverkan på människor och våra samhällen. Med klimatförändringar ökar förekomsten av skyfall och flera kommuner i Sverige jobbar med sin beredskap mot skyfall genom att utföra skyfallsanalyser. Skyfallsanalyser kan göras med olika detaljeringsnivå, med olika mjukvaror och noggrannhet på variabler i modellerna, där syftet med analysen är den styrande faktorn för vilken nivå som bör användas. Två programvaror användes för att göra en kvantitativ utvärdering av två olika detaljnivåer för skyfallsanalys. En förenklad analys i SCALGO Live där kartering av lågpunkter och markanvändning utfördes. Den jämfördes med en detaljerad analys utförd i HEC-RAS för analys av avrinningens flöde över ytan med hänsyn till markens egenskaper samt topografi. I analyserna användes regn med 100 och 200 års återkomsttid, 4 h varaktighet och klimatfaktor 1,4. Jämförelsen visar att de olika modellerna beskriver vattnets rörelse över marken olika vilket främst ger skillnader i översvämningens utbredning i flödesvägar. Den förenklade analysen är snabb och bra för översiktlig analys medan den detaljerade ger fler värden för översvämningen med större utbredning med 0,28 km2för 100-årsregnet och 0,33 km2för 200-årsregnet.En känslighetsanalys utfördes i HEC-RAS med avseende på val av regn där regnens tidsvarians och val av regnstatistik studerades. Totalt studerades tio olika regn varav åtta var framtagna med regnstatistik från Dahlström (2010) och två från SMHI (2017). Typregnen var CDS-regn med skevhetsfaktorerna r = 0,37, 0,5 och 0,75 samt blockregn med konstant regnintensitet. Studerade återkomsttider för regnen var 100 och 200 år. Känslighetsanalysen visar att en högre skevhetsfaktor ökar flödet, volymen och utbredningen av avrinningen. Vidare ger blockregnen och SMHI:s regnstatistik betydligt mindre regn, flöden och översvämningar än CDS-regnen med Dahlströms regnstatistik trotts samma återkomsttid och varaktighet.
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- 2024
43. Rainwater harvesting in rural Kenya : How can a sufficient volume of safe drinking water be ensured though rainwater harvesting at schools?
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Allansson, Torun and Allansson, Torun
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One in four people in the world do not have access to safe drinking water. In rural Kenya almost half of the population lack basic service for safe drinking water. Rainwater harvesting is one way to collect the runoff excess in the rainy seasons for use during the rest of the year. Rainwater is usually of better water quality than water from other sources, like surface water or borehole water, which often has high salinity levels in Kenya. However, there are serious risks that rainwater may be contaminated during collection and that the harvested rainwater is not enough for the whole year. This study has therefore investigated the potential rainwater volume that can be harvested at schools in rural Kenya, and how safe drinking water quality can be ensured from the harvested rainwater. The results show that the harvested rainwater volume is sufficient for covering the drinking water demand of one litre per person per day the whole year, and that the harvested rainwater can cover other water usages as well, if actions are taken against the limiting factors (storage capacity, catchment area, and water consumption) at each school, and that water quality can be improved both through preventive actions and point-of-use water treatment technologies. Regular inspection of the rainwater harvesting systems is recommended to ensure that maintenance and preventive actions are performed. It is also recommended to monitor rainwater quality continuously., Var fjärde människa på jorden saknar tillgång till säkert dricksvatten. På Kenyas landsbygd saknar nästan hälften av befolkningen grundläggande tillgång till säkert dricksvatten. Regnvatteninsamling är ett sätt att ta vara på överflöd av vatten från regnperioder och använda det under resten av året. Regnvatten har ofta bättre vattenkvalitet än vatten från andra tillgängliga vattenkällor, som ytvatten eller brunnsvatten, som ofta har höga salthalter i Kenya. Men det finns stora risker att regnvattnet blir förorenat under insamlingsproessen och att det insamlade regnvattnet inte räcker hela året. Den här studien har därför undersökt den potentiella regnvattenvolym som kan samlas in på skolor på Kenyas landsbygd samt hur säkert dricksvatten kan säkerställas från det insamlade regnvattnet. Resultatet visar att den regnvattenvolym som kan samlas in är tillräcklig för att täcka dricksvattenbehovet på en liter per person per dag hela året och att regnvattnet även kan räcka för andra vattenanvändningsområden, om åtgärder sätts in mot de begränsande faktorerna (lagringskapacitet, insamlingsyta och vattenförbrukning) på varje skola, samt att vattenkvaliteten kan höjas både genom förebyggande åtgärder och småskaliga vattenreningstekniker. Regelbunden tillsyn av regnvatteninsamlingssystemen rekommenderas för att säkerställa att underhåll och förebyggande åtgärder genomförs. Kontinuerlig provtagning av regnvattnet är också rekommenderad.
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- 2024
44. Integrerad och hållbar dagvattenhantering i Borlänge : En studie av lokala strategier och klimatanpassningar
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Tawasali, Ehsan and Tawasali, Ehsan
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This thesis highlights the challenges and strategies associated with sustainable stormwater management in Borlänge. The study shows that climate change and increased urbanization have exacerbated the complexity of stormwater management, requiring innovative solutions that integrate sustainability and climate resilience. Through qualitative interviews with key personnel, case studies, and topographical analyses, the study identified that Borlänge faces significant challenges in its stormwater management. The aim of the study was to investigate how Borlänge's specific geographical conditions affect strategies for stormwater management, focusing on sustainability and climate resilience, and to identify the primary challenges and propose potential solutions. The results show that the lack of resources and specific expertise are major challenges. The existing systems are inadequate, and need upgrading to handle increased water flows and reduce the risk of flooding and damage. Advanced models like MIKE 21 are essential for accurate risk assessments and flood forecasts. Highland areas such as Muskboberget, located west of Borlänge, contribute to erosion and pollution transport to lowland areas in central Borlänge during heavy rainfall. Areas with low permeability, such as Domnarvet, are particularly vulnerable to contamination. By examining Borlänge's specific geographical conditions and how they affect stormwater management, this thesis provides detailed knowledge and recommendations that can be usedto develop locally adapted strategies., Denna uppsats lyfter fram de utmaningar och strategier som är kopplade till hållbar dagvattenhantering i Borlänge. Studien visar att klimatförändringar och ökad urbanisering har förvärrat komplexiteten i dagvattenhanteringen, vilket kräver innovativa lösningar som integrerar hållbarhet och klimatresiliens. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med nyckelpersoner, fallstudier och topografiska analyser har studien identifierat att Borlänge står inför betydande utmaningar i sin dagvattenhantering. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur Borlänges specifika geografiska förhållanden påverkar strategier för dagvattenhantering med fokus på hållbarhet och klimatresiliens. Den syftade även till att identifiera de primära utmaningarna och föreslå eventuella lösningar. Resultaten visar att bristen på resurser och specifik kompetens är stora utmaningar. De befintliga systemen är otillräckliga och behöver uppgraderas för att hantera ökade vattenflöden och minska risken för översvämningar och skador. Avancerade modeller som MIKE 21 är nödvändiga för noggranna riskbedömningar och översvämningsprognoser. Höjdområden, såsom Muskboberget väster om Borlänge, bidrar vid kraftig nederbörd till erosion och transport av föroreningar till låglandsområden i centrala Borlänge. Områden med låg genomsläpplighet, såsom Domnarvet, är särskilt utsatta för föroreningar. Genom att undersöka Borlänges specifika geografiska förhållanden och hur de påverkar dagvattenhanteringen bidrar uppsatsen med detaljerad kunskap och rekommendationer som kan användas för att utveckla lokalt anpassade strategier.
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- 2024
45. Implementering av gråvattenåtervinning i befintlig byggnad : en undersökning av dess potential och utmaningar
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Alexandersson, Eric, Cammerudh, Filip, Alexandersson, Eric, and Cammerudh, Filip
- Abstract
Water is an essential resource, and its significance is growing with the global populationincrease. Historically, Sweden has had ample supplies of clean water, but futurechallenges in drinking water availability cannot be ruled out. To conserve the availabledrinking water, several approaches are possible, one of which is greywater recycling.Greywater refers to wastewater from baths, dishwashing, and laundry. This usedgreywater can be purified and then reused as flush water for toilets. The purpose of this report is to investigate whether a greywater recycling system isfeasible to implement in an existing building, what investments are required, and whatsavings can be achieved. A greywater recycling system is designed, and a comparison ismade between a technical solution in an existing building versus a new building.Additionally, the potential of greywater recycling and the challenges involved areanalyzed. In this work, a case study was conducted where a hotel building was analyzed. Theexisting hotel building served as the basis for the design of a greywater recycling systemin both the existing structure and in a theoretical new construction. Calculations of waterflows and pipe sizing formed the basis for the design of the greywater recycling system.Throughout the work, a literature review was conducted to expand the understanding ofthe subject. Furthermore, information was gathered from experts to investigate thegeneral possibilities and challenges of greywater recycling. The results show that a greywater recycling system is designed the same way in anexisting building as in new construction. However, extensive measures are required in anexisting building when implementing a greywater system, which leads to it not beingoptimally feasible from an economic and sustainable perspective. Preliminary costestimates show that there is a significant economic difference between implementing asystem for recycling greywater in an existing building versus in a new construction.
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- 2024
46. OPTIMERING AV HÅLLBARA LEDNINGSSYSTEM I JÖNKÖPING KOMMUN MED HÄNSYN TILL FRAMTIDA KLIMATFÖRÄNDRINGAR
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El Bahji, Yasmina, David, Charbel, El Bahji, Yasmina, and David, Charbel
- Abstract
Introduction: This thesis focuses on evaluating the sustainability of water and sewerage renewal in Jönköping Municipality through document studies and simulations. The aim is to identify vulnerabilities within the stormwater system and present sustainable solutions to reduce the risk of flooding and backflow. By combining different investigation methods, the work aims to contribute with insights and solutions for long-term sustainable stormwater management. Method: The study uses a case study approach in the form of a document study to review relevant documents and laws governing stormwater management. This quantitative method is complemented by a further case study based on a simulation to gain a deeper understanding of stormwater management in the municipality of Jönköping and how different changes affect the system. Results: The chapter presents the data collection from the document study and the simulation, giving an overview of the stormwater management in the municipality and its effectiveness with respect to the identified vulnerabilities. The results of the study shows that an increasing trend of annual rainfall requires improved climate adaptation measures, and current infrastructures need to be optimized to cope with future conditions. Analysis: Here, the results of the document study and simulation are linked to the theoretical framework to analyse the effectiveness of stormwater management and its ability to meet the challenges of rising precipitation levels and urbanisation. Discussion: The discussion focuses on identifying and addressing vulnerabilities within the stormwater system and presenting sustainable solutions to address future challenges. By integrating knowledge from different sources and following guidelines from both national and local authorities, the municipality can create effective strategies for water supply renewal and stormwater management. A reflection on the methods used and their contribution to fulfil the research objective
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- 2024
47. Barriers and the future needs of the water and wastewater industry in the transformation towards Industry 4.0 : The Case of Sweden
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Pettersson, Sixten and Pettersson, Sixten
- Abstract
The water supply and sanitary services sector is essential for the urban society as we know it. Recently, challenges such as climate change, aging infrastructure, and a growing urban population have strained service quality. Simultaneously, Industry 4.0—a new paradigm shift in technologies, systems, and business models—offers promising solutions for the challenges of the global water and wastewater industry. In Sweden, the transition to Industry 4.0 has begun in various sectors, with some pioneering entities in the water and wastewater industry adopting its elements. This thesis examines the barriers faced by Swedish water and wastewater organizations in adopting and implementing Industry 4.0 and identifies the industry's needs to enhance technology adoption. A literature review was conducted to establish the theoretical framework for analyzing new technology adoption and to identify barriers from various industries' experiences with Industry 4.0. Additionally, semi-structured interviews with 17 individuals experienced in Industry 4.0 implementation within the Swedish water and wastewater sector were conducted. This resulted in 14 categories of barriers, grouped into themes using the TOE framework during qualitative analysis. The thesis found that Swedish water and wastewater organizations encounter numerous barriers within technological, organizational, and environmental contexts. Key barriers include security, compatibility, competence, resources, and external support. The study also highlighted the industry's need for increased standardization of technology and cybersecurity, as well as greater collaboration among universities, consultants, suppliers, research institutes, and policymakers. The thesis expands current knowledge on Industry 4.0 barriers and uncovers the perspectives and challenges of the Swedish water and wastewater industry., Sektorn för vattenförsörjning och sanitära tjänster är avgörande för det urbana samhället som vi känner det. På senare tid har utmaningar som klimatförändringar, åldrande infrastruktur och en växande urbanbefolkning lett till att kvaliteten på tjänsterna har blivit allt svårare att upprätthålla. Samtidigt erbjuder Industri 4.0—ett nytt paradigmskifte inom teknik, system och affärsmodeller —lovande lösningar på utmaningarna som den globala vatten- och avloppsindustrin står inför. I Sverige har övergången till Industri 4.0 påbörjats inom olika sektorer, med några föregångare inom vatten- och avloppsbranschen som har börja adopteras dess element. Denna masteruppsats undersöker de hinder som svenska vatten- och avloppsorganisationer står inför när det gäller att adoptera och implementera Industri 4.0 och identifierar branschens behov för att förbättra adoptionen av Industri 4.0. En litteraturstudie genomfördes för att etablera det teoretiska ramverket för att analysera införandet av ny teknik och för att identifiera hinder från olika branschers erfarenheter av Industri 4.0. Dessutom genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med 17 personer med erfarenhet av implementering av Industri 4.0 inom den svenska vatten- och avloppssektorn. Detta resulterade i 14 kategorier av hinder, som grupperades i teman med hjälp av TOE-ramverket under den kvalitativa analysen. Masteruppsatsen visade att svenska vatten- och avloppsorganisationer stöter på många hinder inom tekniska, organisatoriska och miljömässiga kontexter. De viktigaste barriärerna är säkerhet, kompatibilitet, kompetens, resurser och externt stöd. Studien belyste också branschens behov av ökad standardisering av teknik och cybersäkerhet, samt ökat samarbete mellan universitet, konsulter, leverantörer, forskningsinstitut och beslutsfattare. Masteruppsatsen utökar den nuvarande kunskapen om hinder för Industri 4.0 och lyfter den svenska vatten- och avloppsbranschens perspektiv och utmaningar., Written at Uppsala School of Entrepreneurship
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- 2024
48. Hur påverkar väderförhållanden färgtalet och turbiditeten i Mälaren och hur påverkas dricksvattenproduktionen vid Görvälnverket?
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Knutas, Josefin and Knutas, Josefin
- Abstract
Klimatförändringar såsom kraftigare skyfall, översvämningar, höga flöden eller långvarig torka blir vanligare i framtiden, och detta påverkar tillgängligheten av dricksvatten. Mälaren har de senaste decennierna blivit brunare och ett brunare vatten påverkar dricksvattenproduktionen genom att mer fällningskemikalier krävs för att rena vattnet, vilket medför högre kostnader, ökad energiåtgång och ökad förbrukning av de naturresurser som ingår i fällningskemikalierna. Ytterligare en parameter som påverkar dricksvattenproduktionen är turbiditeten. Klimatförändringar och mycket nederbörd har en påverkan på färgen och turbiditeten i vatten med bland annat ökad transport av humusämnen och partiklar från avrinningsområdena. Markanvändningen i avrinningsområdena har en påverkan på färgtalet och turbiditeten i Mälaren, där skogsmark har en brunifierande effekt och jordbruk bidrar med hög partikelhalt. Långvariga nederbördsperioder och höga flöden påverkar färg och turbiditet mest. Även snabb snösmältning och hög vårflod påverkar, samt milda vintrar utan is på Mälaren påverkar turbiditeten. Färg har en uppåtgående trend och ett färgtal på 50 mg Pt/l har redan uppnåtts för de maximala årsvärdena. För årsmedianerna beräknades Norrvattens interna krav på 50 mg Pt/l uppnås kring 2090. Turbiditeten har en nedåtgående trend, men analysen i denna studie är inte tillförlitlig då turbiditeten troligen inte har ett linjärt samband. Turbiditeten och halter av totalt organiskt kol (TOC) i utgående dricksvatten påverkades inte av extrema halter av färg eller turbiditet medan färg påverkades, speciellt 2023–2024, där Norrvattens interna krav överskreds många gånger. Dessa resultat påverkas dock av förändringar av dosering av aluminuimsulfatunder 2015 samt att mätningarna av TOC blev mer precisa efter år 2012, vilket påverkade de utgående halterna av färg, turbiditet och TOC.
- Published
- 2024
49. Numerical Modelling of Water Exchange between Fresh- and Seawater : A study of a 2D cross-section in Forsmark, Sweden
- Author
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Poncin, Tom and Poncin, Tom
- Abstract
As the interest in Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) has increased, so has the need for methods to quantify the flow. This study investigates the possibility in estimating this flow through studying the exchange between fresh- and seawater with a numerical 2D model created in COMSOL Multiphysics. The study has been conducted on an area in Forsmark, Sweden, where a cross-section was created with help of the measurements and investigations of the area, primarily SKB’s investigations concerning Foremark’s suitability for the final repository of long-lived nuclear waste. Three scenarios were simulated besides the reference scenario: seasonal changes in the exchange between fresh- and seawater due to groundwater level changes, changes in the exchange due to future salinity changes in the Gulf of Bothnia, and how fractures may influence the exchange. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on these parameters. This study shows that the quantification was not possible with this method, however through studying the saltwater intrusion it is expected to observe seasonal changes in exchange between fresh- and seawater and changes in exchange between fresh- and seawater due to changes in salinity. It is also shown that fractures have a significant impact. From the sensitivity analysis of groundwater level and salinity, it shows a change in groundwater level has a larger impact on the exchange between fresh- and seawater than a change in salinity., I takt med att intresset för submarint grundvattensutflöde (SGD) har ökat har behovet av metoder för att kvantifiera flödet ökat. Denna studie undersöker möjligheten att uppskatta detta flöde genom att studera utbytet mellan söt- och havsvatten med en numerisk 2D modell skapad i COMSOL Multiphysics. Studien har genomförts på ett område i Forsmark, Sverige, där en genomskärning har skapats med hjälp av de mätningar och undersökningar som tidigare genomförts i området, framför allt SKB:s undersökningar som behandlat Forsmarks lämplighet för slutligt förvar av långlivat kärnavfall. Tre scenarier har simulerats utöver referensscenariot: säsongsbaserade förändringar i söt- och havsvattenutbytet kopplat till förändringar i grundvattennivåer, förändringar i söt- och havsvattenutbytet kopplat till framtida förändringar i salthalten i Bottniska viken samt hur olika sprickor kan påverka söt- och havsvattenutbytet. Känsligheten i förändringar i dessa parametrar har även undersökts. Studien visar att kvantifieringen av flödet inte var möjligt med denna metod, men genom att studera saltvatteninträngningen går de att förvänta säsongsbaserade förändringar i söt- och havsvattenutbytet och förändringar i söt- och havsvattenutbytet av förändrade salthalter i den Bottniska viken samt att sprickor har stor påverkan. Av känslighetsanalysen av parametrarna grundvattennivå och salthalt så framgår att en förändring i grundvattennivå har större påverkan än en förändring i salthalt.
- Published
- 2024
50. Vägen mot hållbar vattenanvändning: Uppsala kommuns skolfastigheter i fokus
- Author
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Punitharupen, Thanika, Nilsson, Elin, Temesgen Negashe, Rodas, Johansson, Alice, Punitharupen, Thanika, Nilsson, Elin, Temesgen Negashe, Rodas, and Johansson, Alice
- Abstract
Vatten är en resurs på jorden som idag är central i många aspekter. Med en ökande population ochklimatförändringar blir vatten en begränsande resurs. I samhället krävs därmed idag en förbättradoch nyanserad vattenförbrukning där användningen optimeras och effektiviseras. I sambandmed samhällets utmaning att framställa och generera rent vatten ökar även kostnaden för vatten idagens kommuner vilket innebär en ytterligare utmaning för kommunens verksamheter. Uppsalakommun är en av kommunerna som har höjt vattentaxan och detta har de gjort med 28 %. Dettainnebär att Uppsala kommuns Skolfastigheter AB är i behov av att minska sin vattenanvändningmed 23 %. Syftet med denna rapport är därmed att hjälpa Skolfastigheter AB att kunna nå dennabesparing samt undersöka deras förbrukningsmönster. Rapporten undersökte förbrukningsmönster kring tappvattenanvändningen i sju skolor inomSkolfastigheter AB. Besparingar med snålspolande tekniker undersöktes djupare för de sjuskolorna samtidigt som en litteraturstudie undersökte recirkulerande duschar samt beröringsfriablandare som tekniska åtgärder för framtida skolor. Vilka vattenkrävande rutiner som kan finnasinom skolorna undersöktes via en zoomintervju samt en mejlintervju. Resultatet av rapportenvisar att det kan finnas årsvariationer och månadsvariationer i tappvattenanvändningen hos enskola inom Skolfastigheter AB. För samma skola förbrukade sommaren mer vatten än övrigaårstider, och helgdagar använde mindre vatten än vardagar. En eventuell rutin som krävde högtappvattenförbrukning fanns på samma skola där vatten spolade under en längre tid medan elevertvättade händerna. Snålspolande munstycken och snålspolande toaletter kunde ge en minskningpå 21.9 % vid en implementering av båda dessa tekniker i samtliga sju skolor. Beröringsfriablandare och recirkulerande duschar visade sig kunna vara åtgärder för framtida skolor. Det krävsdäremot vidare studier kring skolors användning av tappvatten för att fastställa hur stor besparingsnålsp
- Published
- 2024
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