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2. Assessing pig farm biosecurity measures for the control of Salmonella on European farms.

Author

Smith, Richard, May, HE, Burow, E, Meester, M, Tobias, TJ, Sassu, EL, Pavoni, E, Bartolo, Ilaria Di, Prigge, C, Wasyl, D, Zmudzki, J, Viltrop, A, Nurmoja, I, Zoche-Golob, V, Alborali, GL, Romantini, R, Dors, A, Krumova-Valcheva, G, Koláčková, I, Aprea, G, Daskalov, H, Smith, Richard, May, HE, Burow, E, Meester, M, Tobias, TJ, Sassu, EL, Pavoni, E, Bartolo, Ilaria Di, Prigge, C, Wasyl, D, Zmudzki, J, Viltrop, A, Nurmoja, I, Zoche-Golob, V, Alborali, GL, Romantini, R, Dors, A, Krumova-Valcheva, G, Koláčková, I, Aprea, G, and Daskalov, H

Abstract

Salmonella spp. is a common zoonotic pathogen, causing gastrointestinal infections in people. Pigs and pig meat are a major source of infection. Although farm biosecurity is believed to be important for controlling Salmonella transmission, robust evidence is lacking on which measures are most effective. This study enrolled 250 pig farms across nine European countries. From each farm, 20 pooled faecal samples (or similar information) were collected and analysed for Salmonella presence. Based on the proportion of positive results, farms were categorised as at higher or lower Salmonella risk, and associations with variables from a comprehensive questionnaire investigated. Multivariable analysis indicated that farms were less likely to be in the higher-risk category if they had 'Salmonella.

Published
2023

3. Assigning Defined Daily/Course Doses for Antimicrobials in Turkeys to Enable a Cross-Country Quantification and Comparison of Antimicrobial Use

Author

Joosten, Philip, Sarrazin, Steven, Chauvin, Claire, Moyano, Gabriel, Wadepohl, Katharina, Gompel, Liese Van, Wagenaar, Jaap A., Dewulf, Jeroen, Battisti, A., Caprioli, A., Aarestrup, F., Hald, T., Duarte, S., Wasyl, D., Krasucka, D., Biernacki, B., Szumilo, J., Daskalov, H., Saatkamp, H., Stärk, K., Sanders, P., David, J., Gonzalez-Zorn, B., Blaha, T., Brandt, M., Graveland, H., Schmitt, H., Luiken, R.E.C., Heederik, D.J.J., Mevius, D., van Essen, A., dIRAS RA-I&I I&I, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., and dI&I I&I-4

Subjects
Florfenicol, Veterinary medicine, PHARMACOKINETICS, Epidemiology, WASS, Antimicrobial resistance, Biochemistry, 0403 veterinary science, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics(all), chemistry.chemical_compound, turkeys, Pharmacology (medical), General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, FLORFENICOL, Avicultura, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Incidence (epidemiology), Bacteriologie, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Antimicrobial, Antimicrobial quantification, 3. Good health, Antimicrobial use, Infectious Diseases, Microbiology (medical), Turkeys, Farmacología veterinaria, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, 040301 veterinary sciences, Bedrijfseconomie, RM1-950, Biology, Microbiology, treatment incidence, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Antibiotic resistance, Business Economics, Bio-informatics & Animal models, Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models, Veterinary Sciences, antimicrobial resistance, Pharmacology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Epidemiologie, Treatment incidence, 030306 microbiology, Broiler, Bacteriology, antimicrobial use, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, quantification, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics(all), Defined daily dose, chemistry, Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek, antimicrobial, POULTRY, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, Flock, RESISTANCE
Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens our public health and is mainly driven by antimicrobial usage (AMU). For this reason the World Health Organization calls for detailed monitoring of AMU over all animal sectors involved. Therefore, we aimed to quantify AMU on turkey farms. First, turkey-specific Defined Daily Dose (DDDturkey) was determined. These were compared to the broiler alternative from the European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (DDDvet), that mention DDDvet as a proxy for other poultry species. DDDturkey ranged from being 81.5% smaller to 48.5% larger compared to its DDDvet alternative for broilers. Second, antimicrobial treatments were registered on 60 turkey farms divided over France, Germany and Spain between 2014 and 2016 (20 flocks per country). Afterwards, AMU was quantified using treatment incidence (TI) per 100 days. TI expresses the percentage of the rearing period that the turkeys were treated with a standard dose of antimicrobials. Minimum, median and maximum TI at flock level and based on DDDturkey = 0.0, 10.0 and 65.7, respectively. Yet, a huge variation in amounts of antimicrobials used at flock level was observed, both within and between countries. Seven farms (12%) did not use any antimicrobials. Aminopenicillins, polymyxins, and fluoroquinolones were responsible for 72.2% of total AMU. The proportion of treating farms peaked on week five of the production cycle (41.7%), and 79.4% of the total AMU was administered in the first half of production. To conclude, not all DDDvet values for broilers can be applied to turkeys. Additionally, the results of AMU show potential for reducing and improving AMU on turkey farms, especially concerning the usage of critically important antimicrobials.

Published
2021

4. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of antimicrobial usage patterns in 180 selected farrow-to-finish pig farms from nine European countries based on single batch and purchase data

Author

Sarrazin, Steven, Joosten, Philip, van Gompel, Liese, Wagenaar, Jaap, Graveland, H, Heederik, Dick, Schmitt, H, Luiken, Roosmarijn, Gompel, L Van, Mevius, Dik, van Essen, A, Gonzalez-Zorn, B, Moyano, G, Sanders, Pascal, Chauvin, C., David, J, Battisti, A, Caprioli, A, Dewulf, Jeroen, Blaha, T, Wadepohl, K, Brandt, M, Aarestrup, F, Hald, T., Duarte, S., Wasyl, D, Krasucka, D, Biernacki, B, Szumiło, J, Daskalov, H, Saatkamp, H, Stärk, K, One Health Microbieel, dIRAS RA-I&I I&I, LS Klinisch Onderzoek Wagenaar, Dep IRAS, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, dI&I I&I-4, Environmental and Occupational Health Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Laboratoire de Fougères - ANSES, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Laboratoire de psychologie sociale et de psychologie cognitive (LAPSCO), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 613754,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2013-7-single-stage,EFFORT(2013), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, pig, antibiotic resistance, analysis, Swine, Epidemiology, animal diseases, analyse, veterinary drug, antimicrobiens, antibiotiques, Toxicology, 0302 clinical medicine, Anti-Infective Agents, antibiotic, porcs, Pharmacology (medical), Veterinary drug, Public Health Surveillance, 030212 general & internal medicine, résistance, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Qualitative Research, 2. Zero hunger, Swine Diseases, Incidence (epidemiology), Antimicrobial, Europe, Infectious Diseases, medicine.drug, Microbiology (medical), médicament vétérinaire, Farms, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, 030106 microbiology, Coronacrisis-Taverne, Drug Prescriptions, 03 medical and health sciences, Qualitative analysis, Bio-informatics & Animal models, Enrofloxacin, medicine, Life Science, Animals, Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models, antimicrobial resistance, Pig farms, Pharmacology, Epidemiologie, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, business.industry, antimicrobial use, Group treatment, Young age, cochons, Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, business
Abstract

Objectives: Farm-level quantification of antimicrobial usage (AMU) in pig farms. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, AMU data on group treatments administered to a single batch of fattening pigs from birth to slaughter (group treatment data) and antimicrobials purchased during 1 year (purchase data) were collected at 180 pig farms in nine European countries. AMU was quantified using treatment incidence (TI) based on defined (DDDvet) and used (UDDvet) daily doses and defined (DCDvet) and used (UCDvet) course doses. Results: The majority of antimicrobial group treatments were administered to weaners (69.5% of total TIDDDvet) followed by sucklers (22.5% of total TIDDDvet). AMU varied considerably between farms with a median TIDDDvet of 9.2 and 7.1 for a standardized rearing period of 200 days based on group treatment and purchase data, respectively. In general, UDDvet and UCDvet were higher than DDDvet and DCDvet, respectively, suggesting that either the defined doses were set too low or that group treatments were often dosed too high and/or administered for too long. Extended-spectrum penicillins (31.2%) and polymyxins (24.7%) were the active substances most often used in group treatments, with the majority administered through feed or water (82%). Higher AMU at a young age was associated with higher use in older pigs. Conclusions: Collecting farm-level AMU data of good quality is challenging and results differ based on how data are collected (group treatment data versus purchase data) and reported (defined versus used daily and course doses).

Published
2019

6. Setting a baseline for global urban virome surveillance in sewage

Author

Nieuwenhuijse, D.F. (David F.), Oude Munnink, B.B. (Bas B.), Phan, M.V.T. (My V. T.), Hendriksen, R.S. (Rene S.), Bego, A. (Artan), Rees, C. (Catherine), Neilson, E.H. (Elizabeth Heather), Coventry, K. (Kris), Collignon, P. (Peter), Allerberger, F. (Franz), Rahube, T.O. (Teddie O.), Oliveira, G. (Guilherme), Ivanov, I. (Ivan), Sopheak, T. (Thet), Vuthy, Y. (Yith), Yost, C.K. (Christopher K.), Tabo, D.-A. (Djim-adjim), Cuadros-Orellana, S. (Sara), Ke, C. (Changwen), Zheng, H. (Huanying), Baisheng, L. (Li), Jiao, X. (Xiaoyang), Donado-Godoy, P. (Pilar), Coulibaly, K.J. (Kalpy Julien), Hrenovic, J. (Jasna), Jergović, M. (Matijana), Karpíšková, R. (Renáta), Elsborg, B. (Bodil), Legesse, M. (Mengistu), Eguale, T. (Tadesse), Heikinheimo, A. (Annamari), Villacis, J.E. (Jose Eduardo), Sanneh, B. (Bakary), Malania, L. (Lile), Nitsche, A., Brinkmann, A. (Annika), Saba, C.K.S. (Courage Kosi Setsoafia), Kocsis, B. (Bela), Solymosi, N. (Norbert), Thorsteinsdottir, T.R. (Thorunn R.), Hatha, A.M. (Abdulla Mohamed), Alebouyeh, M. (Masoud), Morris, D. (Douglas), O’Connor, L. (Louise), Cormican, M. (M.), Moran-Gilad, J. (Jacob), Battisti, A. (Antonio), Alba, P. (Patricia), Shakenova, Z. (Zeinegul), Kiiyukia, C. (Ciira), Ng’eno, E. (Eric), Raka, L. (Lul), Bērziņš, A. (Aivars), Avsejenko, J. (Jeļena), Bartkevics, V. (Vadims), Penny, C. (Christian), Rajandas, H. (Heraa), Parimannan, S. (Sivachandran), Haber, M.V. (Malcolm Vella), Pal, P. (Pushkar), Schmitt, H. (Heike), van Passel, M. (Mark), van de Schans, M.G.M. (Milou G.M.), Zuidema, T. (Tina), Jeunen, G.-J. (Gert-Jan), Gemmell, N. (Neil), Fashae, K. (Kayode), Wester, A.L. (Astrid Louise), Holmstad, R. (Rune), Hasan, R. (Rumina), Shakoor, S. (Sadia), Rojas, M.L.Z. (Maria Luz Zamudio), Wasyl, D. (Dariusz), Bosevska, G. (Golubinka), Kochubovski, M. (Mihail), Radu, C. (Cojocaru), Gassama†, A. (Amy), Radosavljevic, V. (Vladimir), Tay, M.Y.F. (Moon Y.F.), Zuniga-Montanez, R. (Rogelio), Wuertz, S. (Stefan), Gavačová, D. (Dagmar), Trkov, M. (Marija), Keddy, K. (Karen), Esterhuyse, K. (Kerneels), Cerdà-Cuéllar, M. (Marta), Pathirage, S. (Sujatha), Larsson, D.G.J. (D.G.Joakim), Norrgren, L. (Leif), Örn, S. (Stefan), Van der Heijden, T. (Tanja), Kumburu, H.H. (Happiness Houka), de RodaHusman, A.M. (Ana Maria), Njanpop-Lafourcade, B.-M. (Berthe-Marie), Bidjada, P. (Pawou), Nikiema-Pessinaba, S.C. (Somtinda Christelle), Levent, B. (Belkis), Meschke, J.S. (John Scott), Beck, N.K. (Nicola Koren), Van Dang, C. (Chinh), Tran, D.M.N. (Doan Minh Nguyen), Do Phuc, N. (Nguyen), Kwenda, G. (Geoffrey), Munk, P. (Patrick), Venkatakrishnan, S. (Shweta), Aarestrup, F.M. (Frank), Cotten, M. (Matthew), Koopmans D.V.M., M.P.G. (Marion), Nieuwenhuijse, D.F. (David F.), Oude Munnink, B.B. (Bas B.), Phan, M.V.T. (My V. T.), Hendriksen, R.S. (Rene S.), Bego, A. (Artan), Rees, C. (Catherine), Neilson, E.H. (Elizabeth Heather), Coventry, K. (Kris), Collignon, P. (Peter), Allerberger, F. (Franz), Rahube, T.O. (Teddie O.), Oliveira, G. (Guilherme), Ivanov, I. (Ivan), Sopheak, T. (Thet), Vuthy, Y. (Yith), Yost, C.K. (Christopher K.), Tabo, D.-A. (Djim-adjim), Cuadros-Orellana, S. (Sara), Ke, C. (Changwen), Zheng, H. (Huanying), Baisheng, L. (Li), Jiao, X. (Xiaoyang), Donado-Godoy, P. (Pilar), Coulibaly, K.J. (Kalpy Julien), Hrenovic, J. (Jasna), Jergović, M. (Matijana), Karpíšková, R. (Renáta), Elsborg, B. (Bodil), Legesse, M. (Mengistu), Eguale, T. (Tadesse), Heikinheimo, A. (Annamari), Villacis, J.E. (Jose Eduardo), Sanneh, B. (Bakary), Malania, L. (Lile), Nitsche, A., Brinkmann, A. (Annika), Saba, C.K.S. (Courage Kosi Setsoafia), Kocsis, B. (Bela), Solymosi, N. (Norbert), Thorsteinsdottir, T.R. (Thorunn R.), Hatha, A.M. (Abdulla Mohamed), Alebouyeh, M. (Masoud), Morris, D. (Douglas), O’Connor, L. (Louise), Cormican, M. (M.), Moran-Gilad, J. (Jacob), Battisti, A. (Antonio), Alba, P. (Patricia), Shakenova, Z. (Zeinegul), Kiiyukia, C. (Ciira), Ng’eno, E. (Eric), Raka, L. (Lul), Bērziņš, A. (Aivars), Avsejenko, J. (Jeļena), Bartkevics, V. (Vadims), Penny, C. (Christian), Rajandas, H. (Heraa), Parimannan, S. (Sivachandran), Haber, M.V. (Malcolm Vella), Pal, P. (Pushkar), Schmitt, H. (Heike), van Passel, M. (Mark), van de Schans, M.G.M. (Milou G.M.), Zuidema, T. (Tina), Jeunen, G.-J. (Gert-Jan), Gemmell, N. (Neil), Fashae, K. (Kayode), Wester, A.L. (Astrid Louise), Holmstad, R. (Rune), Hasan, R. (Rumina), Shakoor, S. (Sadia), Rojas, M.L.Z. (Maria Luz Zamudio), Wasyl, D. (Dariusz), Bosevska, G. (Golubinka), Kochubovski, M. (Mihail), Radu, C. (Cojocaru), Gassama†, A. (Amy), Radosavljevic, V. (Vladimir), Tay, M.Y.F. (Moon Y.F.), Zuniga-Montanez, R. (Rogelio), Wuertz, S. (Stefan), Gavačová, D. (Dagmar), Trkov, M. (Marija), Keddy, K. (Karen), Esterhuyse, K. (Kerneels), Cerdà-Cuéllar, M. (Marta), Pathirage, S. (Sujatha), Larsson, D.G.J. (D.G.Joakim), Norrgren, L. (Leif), Örn, S. (Stefan), Van der Heijden, T. (Tanja), Kumburu, H.H. (Happiness Houka), de RodaHusman, A.M. (Ana Maria), Njanpop-Lafourcade, B.-M. (Berthe-Marie), Bidjada, P. (Pawou), Nikiema-Pessinaba, S.C. (Somtinda Christelle), Levent, B. (Belkis), Meschke, J.S. (John Scott), Beck, N.K. (Nicola Koren), Van Dang, C. (Chinh), Tran, D.M.N. (Doan Minh Nguyen), Do Phuc, N. (Nguyen), Kwenda, G. (Geoffrey), Munk, P. (Patrick), Venkatakrishnan, S. (Shweta), Aarestrup, F.M. (Frank), Cotten, M. (Matthew), and Koopmans D.V.M., M.P.G. (Marion)

Abstract

The rapid development of megacities, and their growing connectedness across the world is becoming a distinct driver for emerging disease outbreaks. Early detection of unusual disease emergence and spread should therefore include such cities as part of risk-based surveillance. A catch-all metagenomic sequencing approach of urban sewage could potentially provide an unbiased insight into the dynamics of viral pathogens circulating in a community irrespective of access to care, a potential which already has been proven for the surveillance of poliovirus. Here, we present a detailed characterization of sewage viromes from a snapshot of 81 high density urban areas across the globe, including in-depth assessment of potential biases, as a proof of concept for catch-all viral pathogen surveillance. We show the ability to detect a wide range of viruses and geographical and seasonal differences for specific viral groups. Our findings offer a cross-sectional baseline for further research in viral surveillance from urban sewage samples and place previous studies in a global perspective.

Published
2020
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7. Setting a baseline for global urban virome surveillance in sewage

Author

Nieuwenhuijse, D.F., Oude Munnink, B.B., Phan, M.V.T., Hendriksen, R.S., Bego, A., Rees, C., Neilson, E.H., Coventry, K., Collignon, P., Allerberger, F., Rahube, T.O., Oliveira, G., Ivanov, I., Sopheak, T., Vuthy, Y., Yost, C.K., Tabo, D.-A., Cuadros-Orellana, S., Ke, C., Zheng, H., Baisheng, L., Jiao, X., Donado-Godoy, P., Coulibaly, K.J., Hrenovic, J., Jergović, M., Karpíšková, R., Elsborg, B., Legesse, M., Eguale, T., Heikinheimo, A., Villacis, J.E., Sanneh, B., Malania, L., Nitsche, A., Brinkmann, A., Saba, C.K.S., Kocsis, B., Solymosi, N., Thorsteinsdottir, T.R., Hatha, A.M., Alebouyeh, M., Morris, D., O’Connor, L., Cormican, M., Moran-Gilad, J., Battisti, A., Alba, P., Shakenova, Z., Kiiyukia, C., Ng’eno, E., Raka, L., Bērziņš, A., Avsejenko, J., Bartkevics, V., Penny, C., Rajandas, H., Parimannan, S., Haber, M.V., Pal, P., Schmitt, H., van Passel, M., van de Schans, M.G.M., Zuidema, T., Jeunen, G.-J., Gemmell, N., Fashae, K., Wester, A.L., Holmstad, R., Hasan, R., Shakoor, S., Rojas, M.L.Z., Wasyl, D., Bosevska, G., Kochubovski, M., Radu, C., Gassama†, A., Radosavljević, Vladimir, Tay, M.Y.F., Zuniga-Montanez, R., Wuertz, S., Gavačová, D., Trkov, M., Keddy, K., Esterhuyse, K., Cerdà-Cuéllar, M., Pathirage, S., Larsson, D.G.J., Norrgren, L., Örn, S., Van der Heijden, T., Kumburu, H.H., de RodaHusman, A.M., Njanpop-Lafourcade, B.-M., Bidjada, P., Nikiema-Pessinaba, S.C., Levent, B., Meschke, J.S., Beck, N.K., Van Dang, C., Tran, D.M.N., Do Phuc, N., Kwenda, G., Munk, P., Venkatakrishnan, S., Aarestrup, F.M., Cotten, M., Koopmans, M.P.G., Nieuwenhuijse, D.F., Oude Munnink, B.B., Phan, M.V.T., Hendriksen, R.S., Bego, A., Rees, C., Neilson, E.H., Coventry, K., Collignon, P., Allerberger, F., Rahube, T.O., Oliveira, G., Ivanov, I., Sopheak, T., Vuthy, Y., Yost, C.K., Tabo, D.-A., Cuadros-Orellana, S., Ke, C., Zheng, H., Baisheng, L., Jiao, X., Donado-Godoy, P., Coulibaly, K.J., Hrenovic, J., Jergović, M., Karpíšková, R., Elsborg, B., Legesse, M., Eguale, T., Heikinheimo, A., Villacis, J.E., Sanneh, B., Malania, L., Nitsche, A., Brinkmann, A., Saba, C.K.S., Kocsis, B., Solymosi, N., Thorsteinsdottir, T.R., Hatha, A.M., Alebouyeh, M., Morris, D., O’Connor, L., Cormican, M., Moran-Gilad, J., Battisti, A., Alba, P., Shakenova, Z., Kiiyukia, C., Ng’eno, E., Raka, L., Bērziņš, A., Avsejenko, J., Bartkevics, V., Penny, C., Rajandas, H., Parimannan, S., Haber, M.V., Pal, P., Schmitt, H., van Passel, M., van de Schans, M.G.M., Zuidema, T., Jeunen, G.-J., Gemmell, N., Fashae, K., Wester, A.L., Holmstad, R., Hasan, R., Shakoor, S., Rojas, M.L.Z., Wasyl, D., Bosevska, G., Kochubovski, M., Radu, C., Gassama†, A., Radosavljević, Vladimir, Tay, M.Y.F., Zuniga-Montanez, R., Wuertz, S., Gavačová, D., Trkov, M., Keddy, K., Esterhuyse, K., Cerdà-Cuéllar, M., Pathirage, S., Larsson, D.G.J., Norrgren, L., Örn, S., Van der Heijden, T., Kumburu, H.H., de RodaHusman, A.M., Njanpop-Lafourcade, B.-M., Bidjada, P., Nikiema-Pessinaba, S.C., Levent, B., Meschke, J.S., Beck, N.K., Van Dang, C., Tran, D.M.N., Do Phuc, N., Kwenda, G., Munk, P., Venkatakrishnan, S., Aarestrup, F.M., Cotten, M., and Koopmans, M.P.G.

Abstract

The rapid development of megacities, and their growing connectedness across the world is becoming a distinct driver for emerging disease outbreaks. Early detection of unusual disease emergence and spread should therefore include such cities as part of risk-based surveillance. A catch-all metagenomic sequencing approach of urban sewage could potentially provide an unbiased insight into the dynamics of viral pathogens circulating in a community irrespective of access to care, a potential which already has been proven for the surveillance of poliovirus. Here, we present a detailed characterization of sewage viromes from a snapshot of 81 high density urban areas across the globe, including in-depth assessment of potential biases, as a proof of concept for catch-all viral pathogen surveillance. We show the ability to detect a wide range of viruses and geographical and seasonal differences for specific viral groups. Our findings offer a cross-sectional baseline for further research in viral surveillance from urban sewage samples and place previous studies in a global perspective.

Published
2020

8. Development of a simplified on-farm animal health and welfare benchmarking tool for pig herds

Author

Wadepohl, K., Blaha, T., Van Gompel, L., Duarte, A. S. R., Nielsen, Cecilie Liv, Saatkamp, H., Wagenaar, J. A., Meemken, D., Graveland, H., Schmitt, H., Heederik, D., Luiken, R. E. C., Mevius, D., van Essen, A., Gonzalez-Zorn, B., Moyano, G., Saunders, P., Chauvin, C., David, J., Battisti, A., Caprioli, A., Dewulf, J., Brandt, M., Aarestrup, Frank Møller, Hald, Tine, Wasyl, D., Skarzynska, M., Zajac, M., Daskalov, H., and Staerk, K.

Abstract

Animal health and welfare have become topics of increasing public interest. Especially improvements in the health and welfare of food-producing animals are currently being intensively researched. To be able to routinely assess the quality of health and welfare of individual pig herds for benchmarking purposes in a simple and robust way, a short and easy to use measuring tool is needed. Since the very elaborate assessment tools of the Welfare Quality (R) (WQ) project (FOOD-CT-2004-506508) are too time-consuming for an assessment during a regular veterinary herd visit, easy to record indicators were targetly selected and supplemented by new elements in order to combine a number of measurements in one indicator, using the theoretical concept of iceberg indicators, which are thought to trigger further scrutiny into the management of pig herds that reveal potential deficiencies. The thus created simplified Herd Health and Welfare Index (HHWI) shows a theoretical range of 10 (very good) to a maximum of 30 (very bad) index points. It has been demonstrated that it can be used as an animal welfare measurement tool to compare herds within a group of pig herds that are measured by the same set of criteria. The HHWI has proven to be a rough, semi-quantitative, and a less elaborate tool than, for example, the complete protocol of the WQ-project. All in all, the HHWI has a broader range of application possibilities than the WQ-protocol due to its reduced number of criteria for the assessment of the health and welfare status of pig herds.

Published
2019

9. Development of a simplified on-farm animal health and welfare benchmarking tool for pig herds

Author

Wadepohl, K, Blaha, T, Van Gompel, L, Duarte, A S R, Nielsen, C L, Saatkamp, H, Wagenaar, J A, Meemken, D, Graveland, H, Schmitt, H, Heederik, D, Luiken, R E C, Mevius, D, van Essen, A, Gonzalez-Zorn, B, Moyano, G, Saunders, P, Chauvin, C, David, J, Battisti, A, Caprioli, A, Dewulf, J, Brandt, M, Aarestrup, F, Hald, T, Wasyl, D, Skarzynska, M, Zajac, M, Daskalov, H, Staerk, K, Grp, EFFORT, dIRAS RA-I&I I&I, One Health Microbieel, dI&I I&I-4, LS Klinisch Onderzoek Wagenaar, Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, and Dep IRAS

Subjects
benchmarking of the quality of life of pigs per herd, on-farm assessment of animalwelfare, iceberg indicators fortriggering further improvement actions, Coronacrisis-Taverne, animal health and welfare index (HHWI)
Abstract

Animal health and welfare have become topics of increasing public interest. Especially improvements in the health and welfare of food-producing animals are currently being intensively researched. To be able to routinely assess the quality of health and welfare of individual pig herds for benchmarking purposes in a simple and robust way, a short and easy to use measuring tool is needed. Since the very elaborate assessment tools of the Welfare Quality (R) (WQ) project (FOOD-CT-2004-506508) are too time-consuming for an assessment during a regular veterinary herd visit, easy to record indicators were targetly selected and supplemented by new elements in order to combine a number of measurements in one indicator, using the theoretical concept of iceberg indicators, which are thought to trigger further scrutiny into the management of pig herds that reveal potential deficiencies. The thus created simplified Herd Health and Welfare Index (HHWI) shows a theoretical range of 10 (very good) to a maximum of 30 (very bad) index points. It has been demonstrated that it can be used as an animal welfare measurement tool to compare herds within a group of pig herds that are measured by the same set of criteria. The HHWI has proven to be a rough, semi-quantitative, and a less elaborate tool than, for example, the complete protocol of the WQ-project. All in all, the HHWI has a broader range of application possibilities than the WQ-protocol due to its reduced number of criteria for the assessment of the health and welfare status of pig herds.

Published
2019

10. Global monitoring of antimicrobial resistance based on metagenomics analyses of urban sewage

Author

Hendriksen, R.S., Munk, P., Njage, P., van Bunnik, B., McNally, L., Lukjancenko, O., Röder, T., Nieuwenhuijse, D., Pedersen, S.K., Kjeldgaard, J., Kaas, R.S., Clausen, P.T.L.C., Vogt, J.K., Leekitcharoenphon, P., van de Schans, M.G.M., Zuidema, T., de Roda Husman, A.M., Rasmussen, S., Petersen, B., Bego, A., Rees, C., Cassar, S., Coventry, K., Collignon, P., Allerberger, F., Rahube, T.O., Oliveira, G., Ivanov, I., Vuthy, Y., Sopheak, T., Yost, C.K., Ke, C., Zheng, H., Baisheng, L., Jiao, X., Donado-Godoy, P., Coulibaly, K.J., Jergović, M., Hrenovic, J., Karpíšková, R., Villacis, J.E., Legesse, M., Eguale, T., Heikinheimo, A., Malania, L., Nitsche, A., Brinkmann, A., Saba, C.K.S., Kocsis, B., Solymosi, N., Thorsteinsdottir, T.R., Hatha, A.M., Alebouyeh, M., Morris, D., Cormican, M., O’Connor, L., Moran-Gilad, J., Alba, P., Battisti, A., Shakenova, Z., Kiiyukia, C., Ng’eno, E., Raka, L., Avsejenko, J., Bērziņš, A., Bartkevics, V., Penny, C., Rajandas, H., Parimannan, S., Haber, M.V., Pal, P., Jeunen, G.-J., Gemmell, N., Fashae, K., Holmstad, R., Hasan, R., Shakoor, S., Rojas, M.L.Z., Wasyl, D., Bosevska, G., Kochubovski, M., Radu, C., Gassama, A., Radosavljevic, V., Wuertz, S., Zuniga-Montanez, R., Tay, M.Y.F., Gavačová, D., Pastuchova, K., Truska, P., Trkov, M., Esterhuyse, K., Keddy, K., Cerdà-Cuéllar, M., Pathirage, S., Norrgren, L., Örn, S., Larsson, D.G.J., Heijden, T.V., Kumburu, H.H., Sanneh, B., Bidjada, P., Njanpop-Lafourcade, B.-M., Nikiema-Pessinaba, S.C., Levent, B., Meschke, J.S., Beck, N.K., Van, C.D., Phuc, N.D., Tran, D.M.N., Kwenda, G., Tabo, D.-A., Wester, A.L., Cuadros-Orellana, S., Amid, C., Cochrane, G., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Schmitt, H., Alvarez, J.R.M., Aidara-Kane, A., Pamp, S.J., Lund, O., Hald, T., Woolhouse, M., Koopmans, M.P., Vigre, H., Petersen, T.N., Aarestrup, F.M.

Subjects
Global surveillance, antimicrobial resistance, AMR, wastewater, sewage, metagenomics, resistome, machine learning, prediction
Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious threat to global public health, but obtaining representative data on AMR for healthy human populations is difficult. Here, we use metagenomics analysis of untreated sewage to characterize the bacterial resistome from 79 sites in 60 countries. We find systematic differences in abundance and diversity of AMR genes between Europe/North-America/Oceania and Africa/Asia/South-America. Antimicrobial use data and bacterial taxonomy only explains a minor part of the AMR variation that we observe. We find no evidence for cross- selection between antimicrobial classes, or for effect of air travel between sites. However, AMR gene abundance strongly correlates with socioeconomic, health and environmental factors, which we use to predict AMR gene abundances in all countries in the world. Our findings suggest that global AMR gene diversity and abundance vary by region, and that improving sanitation and health could potentially limit the global burden of AMR. We propose metagenomic analysis of sewage as an ethically acceptable and economically feasible approach for continuous global surveillance and prediction of AMR.

Published
2019

11. Development of a simplified on-farm animal health and welfare benchmarking tool for pig herds

Author

dIRAS RA-I&I I&I, One Health Microbieel, dI&I I&I-4, LS Klinisch Onderzoek Wagenaar, Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, Dep IRAS, Wadepohl, K, Blaha, T, Van Gompel, L, Duarte, A S R, Nielsen, C L, Saatkamp, H, Wagenaar, J A, Meemken, D, Graveland, H, Schmitt, H, Heederik, D, Luiken, R E C, Mevius, D, van Essen, A, Gonzalez-Zorn, B, Moyano, G, Saunders, P, Chauvin, C, David, J, Battisti, A, Caprioli, A, Dewulf, J, Brandt, M, Aarestrup, F, Hald, T, Wasyl, D, Skarzynska, M, Zajac, M, Daskalov, H, Staerk, K, Grp, EFFORT, dIRAS RA-I&I I&I, One Health Microbieel, dI&I I&I-4, LS Klinisch Onderzoek Wagenaar, Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, Dep IRAS, Wadepohl, K, Blaha, T, Van Gompel, L, Duarte, A S R, Nielsen, C L, Saatkamp, H, Wagenaar, J A, Meemken, D, Graveland, H, Schmitt, H, Heederik, D, Luiken, R E C, Mevius, D, van Essen, A, Gonzalez-Zorn, B, Moyano, G, Saunders, P, Chauvin, C, David, J, Battisti, A, Caprioli, A, Dewulf, J, Brandt, M, Aarestrup, F, Hald, T, Wasyl, D, Skarzynska, M, Zajac, M, Daskalov, H, Staerk, K, and Grp, EFFORT

Published
2019

12. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of antimicrobial usage at farm and flock level on 181 broiler farms in nine European countries

Author

Joosten, Philip, Sarrazin, Steven, van Gompel, Liese, Luiken, Roosmarijn, Wagenaar, Jaap, Heederik, Dick, Dewulf, Jeroen, Graveland, H, Schmitt, H, Mevius, Dik, van Essen, A, Gonzalez-Zorn, B, Moyano, G, Sanders, Pascal, Chauvin, Claire, David, J, Battisti, A, Caprioli, A, Blaha, T, Wadepohl, K, Brandt, M, Aarestrup, F, Hald, T., Duarte, S., Wasyl, D, Krasucka, D, Biernacki, B, Szumilo, J, Daskalov, H, Saatkamp, H, Stärk, K, Environmental and Occupational Health Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Laboratoire de Fougères - ANSES, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Laboratoire de psychologie sociale et de psychologie cognitive (LAPSCO), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 613754,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2013-7-single-stage,EFFORT(2013), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, antibiotic resistance, Epidemiology, animal diseases, veterinary drug, antimicrobiens, antibiotiques, antimicrobial usage, Toxicology, 0302 clinical medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Veterinary drug, Public Health Surveillance, 030212 general & internal medicine, résistance, bacteria, Qualitative Research, health care economics and organizations, agriculture, 2. Zero hunger, bactérie, Incidence (epidemiology), poultry, Antimicrobial, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Europe, Infectious Diseases, farm, Microbiology (medical), médicament vétérinaire, Farms, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, 030106 microbiology, education, Coronacrisis-Taverne, Biology, broiler, Drug Prescriptions, 03 medical and health sciences, Qualitative analysis, Bio-informatics & Animal models, Life Science, Animals, Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models, antimicrobial resistance, microbiologie, Poultry Diseases, Pharmacology, Epidemiologie, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, microbiology, Broiler, volaille, Defined daily dose, Cross-Sectional Studies, Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen, International policy, Flock, Chickens
Abstract

Objectives To control the emerging threat of antimicrobial resistance, international policy appeals for appropriate monitoring of antimicrobial usage (AMU) at supranational, species and farm level. The aim of this study was to quantify AMU in broilers at farm and flock level in nine European countries. Methods Antimicrobial treatment data of one flock and purchased antimicrobials over one year were collected at 181 European broiler farms. Afterwards AMU was quantified using treatment incidence (TI) per 100 days based on Defined Daily Dose (DDDvet), Defined Course Dose (DCDvet) or Used Daily Dose (UDDvet) values. Total AMU at flock level was obtained by summing the TIDDDvet of all treatments in the sampled flock (TIDDDvetFl*). Results The median TIDDDvetFl* was 9.0 (95% CI 5.5-10.8), meaning that broilers were treated with antimicrobials during 9% of their rearing period. TIDDDvetFl* varied considerably within and between countries. However, in every country at least one untreated flock was present. Average TIDDDvetFl* at country level ranged from 3.3 to 36.7. Polymyxins, extended-spectrum aminopenicillins and fluoroquinolones were the most used antimicrobials, accounting for 26%, 26% and 18% of total AMU, respectively. Twenty-six percent of the farms started a treatment on day 1 of production, and 49% of overall AMU was administered within the first week. Conclusions Results show that rearing broilers without AMU is feasible. However, a huge variation in AMU in terms of amount, moment of administration and antimicrobial classes was observed. This shows that there is still ground to be covered when it comes to AMU on broiler farms.

Published
2019

14. Dichanthelium perlongum

Author

Michael J. Oldham, Sam R. Brinker, Wasyl D. Bakowsky & J. McNulty, Michael J. Oldham, Sam R. Brinker, Wasyl D. Bakowsky & J. McNulty, Michael J. Oldham, Sam R. Brinker, Wasyl D. Bakowsky & J. McNulty, and Michael J. Oldham, Sam R. Brinker, Wasyl D. Bakowsky & J. McNulty

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1451928%5DMICH-V-1451928, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1451928/MICH-V-1451928/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
2008

15. Polygonum fowleri

Author

Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1452626%5DMICH-V-1452626, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1452626/MICH-V-1452626/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
2003

16. Muhlenbergia glomerata

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1451921%5DMICH-V-1451921, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1451921/MICH-V-1451921/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
2002

17. Elymus diversiglumis

Author

Michael J. Oldham, Wasyl D. Bakowsky & S. McGuffy, Michael J. Oldham, Wasyl D. Bakowsky & S. McGuffy, Michael J. Oldham, Wasyl D. Bakowsky & S. McGuffy, and Michael J. Oldham, Wasyl D. Bakowsky & S. McGuffy

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1451932%5DMICH-V-1451932, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1451932/MICH-V-1451932/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
2002

18. Carex saximontana

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1385858%5DMICH-V-1385858, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1385858/MICH-V-1385858/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
2000

19. Carex praegracilis

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1383577%5DMICH-V-1383577, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1383577/MICH-V-1383577/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
2000

20. Carex obtusata

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1381023%5DMICH-V-1381023, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1381023/MICH-V-1381023/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
2000

21. Influence of the 2015–2016 El Niño on the record-breaking mangrove dieback along northern Australia coast

Author

S. Abhik, Pandora Hope, Harry H. Hendon, Lindsay B. Hutley, Stephanie Johnson, Wasyl Drosdowsky, Josephine R. Brown, and Norman C. Duke

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract This study investigates the underlying climate processes behind the largest recorded mangrove dieback event along the Gulf of Carpentaria coast in northern Australia in late 2015. Using satellite-derived fractional canopy cover (FCC), variation of the mangrove canopies during recent decades are studied, including a severe dieback during 2015–2016. The relationship between mangrove FCC and climate conditions is examined with a focus on the possible role of the 2015–2016 El Niño in altering favorable conditions sustaining the mangroves. The mangrove FCC is shown to be coherent with the low-frequency component of sea level height (SLH) variation related to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle in the equatorial Pacific. The SLH drop associated with the 2015–2016 El Niño is identified to be the crucial factor leading to the dieback event. A stronger SLH drop occurred during austral autumn and winter, when the SLH anomalies were about 12% stronger than the previous very strong El Niño events. The persistent SLH drop occurred in the dry season of the year when SLH was seasonally at its lowest, so potentially exposed the mangroves to unprecedented hostile conditions. The influence of other key climate factors is also discussed, and a multiple linear regression model is developed to understand the combined role of the important climate variables on the mangrove FCC variation.

Published
2021
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23. Carex stipata

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1387703%5DMICH-V-1387703, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1387703/MICH-V-1387703/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

24. Carex rostrata

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1385465%5DMICH-V-1385465, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1385465/MICH-V-1385465/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

25. Carex pseudocyperus

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1384209%5DMICH-V-1384209, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1384209/MICH-V-1384209/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

26. Carex muehlenbergii var. muehlenbergii

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1379950%5DMICH-V-1379950, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1379950/MICH-V-1379950/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

27. Carex normalis

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1380694%5DMICH-V-1380694, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1380694/MICH-V-1380694/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

28. Carex leptonervia

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1376560%5DMICH-V-1376560, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1376560/MICH-V-1376560/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

29. Carex grisea

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1372346%5DMICH-V-1372346, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1372346/MICH-V-1372346/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

30. Carex bromoides subsp. bromoides

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1364589%5DMICH-V-1364589, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1364589/MICH-V-1364589/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

31. Carex brevior

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1364287%5DMICH-V-1364287, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1364287/MICH-V-1364287/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

32. Carex alopecoidea

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1360889%5DMICH-V-1360889, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1360889/MICH-V-1360889/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

33. Bromus inermis

Author

Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1459445%5DMICH-V-1459445, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1459445/MICH-V-1459445/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

34. Festuca rubra

Author

Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1459480%5DMICH-V-1459480, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1459480/MICH-V-1459480/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

35. Carex tonsa var. tonsa

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1392601%5DMICH-V-1392601, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1392601/MICH-V-1392601/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1999

36. Carex tenera

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1389212%5DMICH-V-1389212, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1389212/MICH-V-1389212/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1998

37. Carex conoidea

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1366574%5DMICH-V-1366574, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1366574/MICH-V-1366574/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1998

38. Carex sartwellii

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1385652%5DMICH-V-1385652, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1385652/MICH-V-1385652/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1998

39. Carex normalis

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1380697%5DMICH-V-1380697, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1380697/MICH-V-1380697/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1998

40. Carex laeviconica

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1375045%5DMICH-V-1375045, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1375045/MICH-V-1375045/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1998

41. Carex gravida

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1372035%5DMICH-V-1372035, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1372035/MICH-V-1372035/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1998

42. Carex foenea

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1370696%5DMICH-V-1370696, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1370696/MICH-V-1370696/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1998

43. Carex backii

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1362905%5DMICH-V-1362905, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1362905/MICH-V-1362905/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1998

44. Carex alopecoidea

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1360911%5DMICH-V-1360911, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1360911/MICH-V-1360911/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1998

45. Carex vulpinoidea

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1391723%5DMICH-V-1391723, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1391723/MICH-V-1391723/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1998

46. Carex pensylvanica × ? rugosperma

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1382802%5DMICH-V-1382802, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1382802/MICH-V-1382802/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1997

47. Carex × knieskernii

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1374776%5DMICH-V-1374776, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1374776/MICH-V-1374776/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1997

48. Epilobium ciliatum subsp. ciliatum

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1433983%5DMICH-V-1433983, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1433983/MICH-V-1433983/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1997

49. Carex tenera

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1389215%5DMICH-V-1389215, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1389215/MICH-V-1389215/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1997

50. Carex sprengelii

Author

Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky, and Michael J. Oldham & Wasyl D. Bakowsky

Abstract

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1387369%5DMICH-V-1387369, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1387369/MICH-V-1387369/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Published
1997

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