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The right to education is universal, but girls continue to suffer severe disadvantage and exclusion within education systems in many countries. Gender disparity begins in early childhood and is present at all stages of girls' lives, impacting negatively on their access to education. Children miss out on school because the families need them to earn money. But by sacrificing their education, they become trapped in a cycle of poverty. Many countries, particularly developing countries, face an acute shortage of qualified teachers. Even though schooling is largely financed with public resources across the globe, a great deal of heterogeneity is observed between countries and world regions. The study employs a doctrinal method of research where the study is to identify and assess the right to education of children in India, the USA, and Germany, and whether an acceptance of a universal right to education can lead to the benefits of economic efficiency and improvements in social welfare. The structure and stability of education can give children, their families, and communities resilience and hope for the future. Uneducated children are vulnerable to a future of poverty and violence and lack the more complex skills needed to contribute to their society’s reconstruction and development. The present study will address the following issues such as Are there any international laws enacted for the protection of the rights of child education and if yes, how do the laws contribute to increasing awareness regarding the rights of child education? What are the laws, and policies that govern the right to education in these three countries? What steps should India, the USA, and Germany follow to enhance the educational system and right to education? Hence, the study is undertaken to understand the implementation of the right to education in aforesaid countries.

The study has endeavored to expand the reach of the UN Security Council, both in size and in content. The UN, though often criticized, is an important and unique international body as a platform for diplomacy and debate. Whether UN Security Council can be improved through effective control by gigantic organizations?Whether UN Security Council has to work for its reinstatement of protection of world peace? The peace and security provisions of the Charter, which have the organization’s focus in the Security Council, were initially prepared and adopted under the influence of the League experience, the events leading up to World War II, and the experience of the war itself. The primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security is placed on the Security Council.

The right to education is universal, but girls continue to suffer severe disadvantage and exclusion within education systems in many countries. Gender disparity begins in early childhood and is present at all stages of girls' lives, impacting negatively on their access to education. Children miss out on school because their families need them to earn money. But by sacrificing their education, they become trapped in a cycle of poverty. Many countries, particularly developing countries, face an acute shortage of qualified teachers. Even though schooling is largely financed with public resources across the globe, a great deal of heterogeneity is observed between countries and world regions. The study employs a doctrinal method of research where the study is to identify and assess the right to education of children in India, the USA, and Germany, and whether an acceptance of a universal right to education can lead to the benefits of economic efficiency and improvements in social welfare. The structure and stability of education can give children, their families, and communities resilience and hope for the future. Uneducated children are vulnerable to a future of poverty and violence and lack the more complex skills needed to contribute to their society’s reconstruction and development. The present study will address the following issues such as Are there any international laws enacted for the protection of the rights of child education and if yes, how do the laws contribute to increasing awareness regarding the rights of child education? What are the laws, and policies that govern the right to education in these three countries? What steps should India, the USA, and Germany follow to enhance the educational system and right to education? Hence, the study is undertaken to understand the implementation of the right to education in aforesaid countries.

This article attempts to define and analyses the various legal regimes governing intellectual property rights in the protection of life forms, the patent on life forms, and plant varieties and sets forth regulatory options for national governments to protect plant varieties while achieving other public policy objectives relating to plant genetic resources. A patent can be understood as an IPR relating to inventions and is the grant of exclusive right, for a limited period, provided by the Government to the patentee, in exchange for full disclosure of his invention, for excluding others, from making, using, selling, importing the patented product or process producing that product for those purposes. It also identifies the international institutions and intergovernmental organizations that regulate intellectual property rights in plant varieties and plant genetic resources generally and describes the core obligations outlined in international intellectual property agreements.

Humans have the same dignity and rights as other creatures from the moment they are born. They have reason and conscience, and they should treat each other with brotherly affection." At their most fundamental level, human rights are a product of democracy. In general, humanity's fight against authoritarianism and injustice has been lengthy and unending. Throughout history, tyranny has taken on many different forms and strategies. Man has sought to secure his rights several times; occasionally he has failed horribly, and the assault on human rights continues. Man's struggle against oppression is analogous. The true notion of human rights and its enforcement began to take shape in the west during this age only during the Renaissance and the industrialization process. The Treaty Bodies associated with the current seven active treaties, as well as the Human Rights Council complaints procedures, are examples of them. It is the role of the Nation-State to enforce international human rights law, and it is the State's primary responsibility to make human rights a reality. Many human rights are difficult to enforce legally in practice due to a lack of consensus on how to apply them, as well as a lack of relevant national legislation or agencies with the authority to take legal action to enforce them. This study aims to address the numerous dimensions of human rights protection, including its legal, social, political, and economic aspects.

The study aims to analyse and identify the loopholes in trade and IPR in Afghanistan. Hence the study shall be doctrinal research. Under doctrinal research, a blend of the following techniques has been used to achieve the research objectives. The data and information for the study shall be based on primary and secondary data collection methods. Primary data will be obtained from the Afghanistan constitution and statutory laws, WTO and TRIPS Agreement; secondary data will be obtained from research papers, journals, magazines, websites and annual publications of the UN, WTO and TRIPS Council. The scheme of the present is limited to highlighting the IPR and trade status of Afghanistan before August 2021.

This article describes and analyses the various legal regimes governing intellectual property rights in the protection of life forms, the patent on life forms, and plant varieties and sets forth regulatory options for national governments to protect plant varieties while achieving other public policy objectives relating to plant genetic resources. A patent can be understood as an IPR relating to inventions and is the grant of exclusive right, for a limited period, provided by the Government to the patentee, in exchange of full disclosure of his invention, for excluding others, from making, using, selling, importing the patented product or process producing that product for those purposes.

The study explains in particular the different forms of legal protection required by international IPR agreements, including the system of plant breeders' rights in the 1978 and 1991 UPOV Acts, the choice between patent and sui generis protection created by article 27.3(b) of the TRIPs Agreement and the impact of so-called "TRIPs plus" bilateral and regional treaties. It analyses the alternatives available to a state depending upon the different IPR treaties it has ratified. Each of these treaties grants national governments a different level of discretion to choose how to protect plant varieties as a form of intellectual property. Once a government has consulted this study to determine the degree of discretion it enjoys as a result of its treaty ratifications, it can then review those portions of the study that identify the mechanisms that it may adopt, consistent with its international obligations, to balance the protection of IPRs against other societal objectives. Governments interested in retaining discretion would be advised to monitor and participate in these negotiations, with a view to harmonizing their international obligations, thereby avoiding the necessity of turning to international tribunals to settle their disputes.

Victims have experienced several obstacles in establishing corporate accountability for human rights breaches, which stem not only from a partially completed and inadequate domestic legal order but also from practical obstacles to the institutional and regulatory framework's implementation. As a result, creative normative methods to reform international and local legal systems on business and human rights with the goal of greater enforcement are required. As a result, their access to justice has been limited both domestically and internationally. the present study looks at methods that the UN has used to enforce Human Rights in effective ways.

When armies are engaged in combat, war crimes are defined as violations of the law of war. It is a broad conception, and any harm done to humanity in a time of peace is viewed as a war crime. War crimes include any form of human rights violation. For a few decades, the suffering of Afghans was overlooked by the outside world, but it is now unacceptable that Afghanistan's leadership is following suit. There is no comprehensive genocide law in Afghanistan. War crimes in Afghanistan included things like mistreating civilians or POWs. The issue of genocide and associated violence must be addressed. As a result, war crimes in Afghanistan constitute transgressions of international humanitarian law, which carry with them personal liability, and must be thoroughly investigated., {"references":["https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4344596"]}

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations. According to article 24 of the UN Charter, the foundational treaty of the United Nations, the UN Member States have conferred the primary responsibility of maintenance of international peace and security to the Security Council and have agreed that this body, in order to carry on this duty, acts on their behalf. The Member States have agreed to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council through article 25 of the Charter[1]. While other organs of the United Nations can only make recommendations to governments, the UNSC is the only organ capable of issuing resolutions that are legally binding on all Member States. The Charter was prepared as well as the facts of international life gave assurance that the peace and security provisions of the Charter would reflect the special interests of the major powers and would be based upon a full recognition of the importance of the power factor in international relations. The study is employed with the doctrinal method of approach United Nations Security Council Powers, Practice, and Effectiveness of Security Council.

Victims have experienced several obstacles in establishing corporate accountability for human rights breaches, which stem not only from a partially completed and inadequate domestic legal order but also from practical obstacles to the institutional and regulatory framework's implementation. As a result, creative normative methods to reform international and local legal systems on business and human rights with the goal of greater enforcement are required. As a result, their access to justice has been limited both domestically and internationally. the present study looks at methods that the UN has used to enforce Human Rights in effective ways.

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) norm is a rule that was propounded based on established principles of international law. The several horrible violent conflicts at the end of the twentieth century, which led to unspeakable human rights atrocities and innocent civilians being killed, made clear that the international community should act. The objective of the research is to provide comparative strategies for the maintenance of peace and security in Kosovo, Chechenia, Libya, and Syria. The purpose is to understand the situations of regional security and veto power nations regarding R2P, unearth challenges and highlight some of the success stories. The existing research shall be doctrinal research and limited to the aforesaid states.

Indian courts are optimistic about applying international law in domestic courts, and their technique is always evolving. India has made a strong argument for its commitment to the creation and application of international law. India, on the other hand, has played no part in the development of some of the most basic international legal notions. In the disciplines of human rights, environmental law, arbitration, and commercial law, India has made significant contributions to international law. India, on the other hand, is wary of drafting treaties that restrict its sovereignty and openly aim to give home courts legal enforcement powers. International law provides the legal duties of nations in their relations with one another and their treatment of others," according to the United Nations. The study employed a doctrinal method of study to evaluate the role of India in enforcing international instruments of Human rights.

Money has undergone numerous form changes throughout history, and as a replacement for the current system, it has started to take on a digital form. The newest kind of money is a cryptocurrency, which was created decentralized from any central authority. The range of applications for cryptocurrency is expanding daily. One of the most widely used cryptocurrencies is bitcoin, which was launched in 2009, ruled the cryptocurrency market, and caught the attention of the general public with its quick price increase. Early in 2018, the cryptocurrency market was worth more than $800 billion. The majority of cryptocurrency users seek to benefit from rising cryptocurrency values. These actions, however, do not adhere to the principles of cryptocurrencies. In terms of Islamic law, cryptocurrencies also present issues with legitimacy for users who are Muslims (Fiqh). Some Islamic scholars believe that cryptocurrencies are halal, notwithstanding the claims of many religious organizations and Islamic experts that they are haram. Descriptive analysis and content analysis are used in this paper. The findings of this study suggest that using Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are forbidden in Islam. Islam prohibits consciously trying to make money off the difference between buying and selling currencies, as this is considered riba. Since it incorporates components of maisir (gambling). Our study uses current literature and fatwas to conduct a multidimensional analysis of the illegitimacy of cryptocurrencies in terms of Fiqh

War crimes are identified with violations of the law of war at the time of arm conflict. It is an extensive conception and if any harm is caused to mankind during peacetime, it is regarded as a war crime. Any kind of infringement of human rights falls under war crimes. The suffering of Afghans was ignored by the world for a couple of decades but what is not acceptable is Afghanistan's government is doing the same. Afghanistan does not have any substantial law on genocide. War crimes in Afghanistan included acts such as abuse of civilians or prisoners of war. It is important to deal with the problem of genocide and related violence. Hence, war crimes in Afghanistan are violations of international humanitarian laws incurring individual criminal responsibility and must be adequately investigated