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Abstract Cypermethrin (Cyp), a persistent synthetic pyrethroid insecticide widely used for insect control. The persistence of Cyp creates toxicity to both humans and the environment This study investigates biochar and Bacillus cereus distinct and collective effects on Cyp -contaminated soil during a 90-day incubation. This study also investigates the effects of different concentrations of Cyp (50, 100, ,500 to 1000 mg kg−1) on soil physicochemical and biological activities during a 90-day incubation period. Microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration rates decreased significantly across all cypermethrin concentrations, with the most substantial reductions observed at 1000 mg kg−1. However noticeable variations in soil enzymes and MBC over time during the entire incubation period. On 1st day, the GMean Enz and MBC rate for Cyp treatments (50, 100, ,500 to 1000 mg kg−1) ranged from 0.98 to 0.63, and 9.06, to 5.03, respectively. Under Cyp pollution, microbial biomass carbon exhibited significant decreases, with the highest inhibition (86.2%) at 1000 mg kg−1 on 1st day of incubation. Soil respiration rates dropped 77%, at 1000 mg kg−1, and Integrated biomarker response (IBR) values peaked on day 30, indicating environmental stress. Biochar and Bacillus cereus effectively facilitated the degradation of Cyp, achieving approximately 85% degradation within the first 45 days of the experiment. The combined application of biochar and Bacillus cereus increased soil pH to a neutral level from 5.9, to 7.1, reduced electrical conductivity from 1.41 µS cm− 1 to 1.20 µS cm−1, and elevated cation exchange capacity from 1.54 ± 0.04 to 6.18 C mol kg−1, while also improving organic carbon content to 3.135%. However, the dehydrogenase activity was decresed upto 47% in the combined application and all other enzymes including urasese catlayse and phostasese enzymes with Gmean enzymeatic activities were significantly improved. These findings suggest biochar and bacterial interaction for soil management to enhance soil resilience against pesticide stress.

Abstract MXenes, a novel class of two-dimensional (2D) materials known for their excellent electronic conductivity and hydrophilicity, have emerged as promising candidates for lithium-ion battery anodes. This study presents a simple wet-chemical method for depositing interconnected SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) onto MXene sheets. The SnO2 NPs act as both a high-capacity energy source and a spacer to prevent MXene sheets from restacking. The highly conductive MXene facilitates rapid electron and lithium-ion transport and mitigates the volume changes of SnO₂ during the lithiation/delithiation process by confining the SnO₂ NPs between the MXene layers. This composite anode, SnO2@MXene, leverages the high capacity of SnO2 and the structural and mechanical stability MXene provides. The SnO2@MXene anode exhibits superior electrochemical performance, with a high specific capacity of 678 mAh g− 1 at a current rate of 2.0 A g− 1 over 500 cycles, outperforming pristine MXenes and SnO2 nanoparticles.

Bioinspired materials (BIMs) have significantly impacted our daily lives by serving as essential energy sources. The main challenge for bio-inspired materials is to balance high energy storage, long-lasting performance, being environmentally friendly, and low cost, making them easy to produce at large scales. There has been considerable interest in mimicking electrode materials at the nanoscale, whether in structure or function, due to their unique benefits and enhanced performance in rechargeable batteries. In this review, we explore bioinspired structures that offer abundant active sites for ion storage and transport channels that facilitate rapid ion diffusion, thereby significantly improving electrochemical storage. This study also explored modifications to the surface and interface of smart functionalities, such as self-healing and light-responsiveness, which are essential for integrated energy storage systems. We also emphasized the promise of these BIMs in addressing existing challenges in energy storage technologies, providing valuable insights for future research and practical applications.

Biomass-derived carbon offers a promising solution for energy storage due to its low-cost abundance and environmentally sustainable nature. However, biomass carbon materials (BCMs) possess differing physical and chemical properties, which may affect their performance in energy storage applications. It is crucial to tailor the materials for specific applications to achieve consistency and controllable properties, such as pore structure, surface chemistry, and electrical conductivity. Herein, we comprehensively summarize biomass preparation methods and their diverse structures for energy storage validation. This review systematically explains the natural advantages of materials derived from biomass and their use as electrodes in advanced rechargeable batteries, such as lithium-ion, sodium-ion, potassium-ion, lithium-sulfur, and other batteries. This study provided the current research state on biomass-based carbon, encompassing its synthesis, properties, and electrochemical performance. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and future opportunities to explore further the potential of biomass-derived carbon for the energy storage sector.

The deployment of 5G technologies in the agricultural sector promises to revolutionize smart farming practices by enabling unprecedented levels of connectivity, data exchange, and real-time monitoring. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the challenges, considerations, and future directions of integrating 5G technologies into smart agriculture, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure).Key topics discussed include the necessity of dense network infrastructure, optimization strategies for cross-deployment of 5G and sensing networks, and the role of edge computing in 5G-enabled farming production. Additionally, the paper explores development optimization of various nodes, fault detection, self-healing mechanisms, AI application optimization, and security issues specific to 5G-enabled smart agriculture. Furthermore, the paper examines the potential impact of 5G technology on crucial agricultural tasks such as real-time monitoring, UAV operations, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) applications, virtual consultation, predictive maintenance, AI-driven robotics, and data analytics. Through a thorough analysis of these topics, the paper underscores the potential of 5G technology in enhancing productivity, reducing environmental impact, and advancing sustainable agricultural practices. The paper identifies critical areas for further research and emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts among stakeholders to maximize the benefits of 5G-enabled smart farming, thereby contributing to global efforts to achieve SDGs related to food security, innovation in technology, and sustainable infrastructure.

Diluted magnetic semiconducting nanostructures are attractive materials for spintronics applications. This study focuses on the fabrication of (Gd, Fe) co-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). X-ray diffractogram analysis confirms a monophase hexagonal wurtzite structure, matching JCPDS file number (36–1451). The Scherrer equation and Williamson-Hall plot are used to measure crystal size and strain, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a spherical surface morphology, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis confirms elemental composition. Transmission electron microscopy shows average diameter of 17–52 nm and fringe spaces of 0.269–0.245 nm. The incorporation of dopant ions leads to a slight reduction in the bandgap. The Fe3+ and Gd3+ oxidation states of the dopant elements are confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Functional groups are identified via Fourier transform spectroscopy, and structural defects are identified by photoluminescence analysis. Pristine ZnO NPs exhibit diamagnetic behavior, while the doped samples demonstrate ferromagnetic properties. The observed ferromagnetism in the doped NPs is attributed to bound magnetic polaron interactions. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy detects unpaired electrons in samples, with g factor values of approximately 2. The co-doping of Gd and Fe presents a promising approach for achieving ferromagnetism in ZnO systems, offering significant potential for advancement in spintronics technology.

This research work highlight the newly developed concept of Rosseland approximation and gyrotactic microorganisms in steady, two-dimensional, incompressible flow of Walter's-B nanofluid (non-Newtonian) over a stretchable surface of sheet. Buongiorno nanofluid model, which represents seven important slip mechanisms (i.e., Brownian motion, inertia, Magnus impact, thermophoresis, diffusion-phoresis, gravity and fluid drainage) is utilized in the mathematical modeling of governing expressions. In this research work, only two important factors of seven slip mechanisms (Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis) are studied and the rest of neglected. Furthermore, the Rosseland approximation and heat generation/absorption effects are used in the modeling of the energy equation. The behavior of thermal and solutal stratification effects are addressed at the stretched boundary of the sheet. The nonlinear dimensional flow expressions lead to dimensionless ordinary equations through appropriate similarity transformations. The total residual error is calculated through Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) for the momentum, temperature, concentration and motile density. The influences of important flow parameters of the governing flow equations are discussed and plotted graphically. The obtained results are compared with fruitful and valuable research in the literature and found very good agreement with them. Over obtained outcomes highlight that the velocity field, declined versus higher estimations of Weissenberg number. It is also remarked that the temperature and concentration fields have contrast impact subject to thermophoresis parameter. The physical quantities like skin friction coefficient, motile density, concentration and Nusselt number are discussed physically via various flow parameters.

With the ever-increasing world population, the energy produced from green, environmentally friendly approaches is in high demand. In this work, we proposed a green and cost-effective strategy for synthesizing a porous carbon electrode decorated with alumina oxide (Al2O3) from cherry blossom leaves using the pyrolysis method followed by a sol-gel method. An Al2O3-coating nano-layer (4–6 nm) is formed on the porous carbon during the composition fabrication, which further adversely affects battery performance. The development of a simple rich-shell-structured C@Al2O3 nanocomposite anode is expected to achieve stable electrochemical performances as lithium storage. A significant contributing factor to enhanced performance is the structure of the rich-shell material, which greatly enhances conductivity and stabilizes the solid–electrolyte interface (SEI) film. In the battery test assembled with composite C@Al2O3 electrode, the specific capacity is 516.1 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 after 200 cycles. The average discharge capacity of carbon is 290 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1.0 A g−1. The present study proposes bioinspired porous carbon electrode materials for improving the performance of next-generation lithium-ion batteries.