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1. Frequent phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase mutations in proliferative breast lesions.

Author

Ang DC, Warrick AL, Shilling A, Beadling C, Corless CL, and Troxell ML

Subjects
Breast Neoplasms pathology, Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating pathology, Carcinoma, Lobular pathology, Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, DNA Mutational Analysis, Female, Genotype, Humans, Mutation, Papilloma pathology, Breast Neoplasms genetics, Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating genetics, Carcinoma, Lobular genetics, Cell Proliferation genetics, Papilloma genetics, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases genetics
Abstract

The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway is one of the most commonly altered molecular pathways in invasive breast carcinoma, with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase catalytic subunit (PIK3CA) mutations in 25% of invasive carcinomas. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), benign papillomas, and small numbers of columnar cell lesions harbor an analogous spectrum of PIK3CA and AKT1 mutations, yet there is little data on usual ductal hyperplasia and atypical ductal and lobular neoplasias. We screened 192 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast lesions from 75 patients for point mutations using a multiplexed panel encompassing 643 point mutations across 53 genes, including 58 PIK3CA substitutions. PIK3CA point mutations were identified in 31/62 (50%) proliferative lesions (usual ductal hyperplasia and columnar cell change), 10/14 (71%) atypical hyperplasias (atypical ductal hyperplasia and flat epithelial atypia), 7/16 (44%) lobular neoplasias (atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ), 10/21 (48%) DCIS, and 13/37 (35%) invasive carcinomas. In genotyping multiple lesions of different stage from the same patient/specimen, we found considerable heterogeneity; most notably, in 12 specimens the proliferative lesion was PIK3CA mutant but the concurrent carcinoma was wild type. In 11 additional specimens, proliferative epithelium and cancer contained different point mutations. The frequently discordant genotypes of usual ductal hyperplasia/columnar cell change and concurrent carcinoma support a role for PIK3CA-activating point mutations in breast epithelial proliferation, perhaps more so than transformation. Further, these data suggest that proliferative breast lesions are heterogeneous and may represent non-obligate precursors of invasive carcinoma.

Published
2014
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2. Neutron source reconstruction from pinhole imaging at National Ignition Facility.

Author

Volegov P, Danly CR, Fittinghoff DN, Grim GP, Guler N, Izumi N, Ma T, Merrill FE, Warrick AL, Wilde CH, and Wilson DC

Abstract

The neutron imaging system at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is an important diagnostic tool for measuring the two-dimensional size and shape of the neutrons produced in the burning deuterium-tritium plasma during the ignition stage of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions at NIF. Since the neutron source is small (∼100 μm) and neutrons are deeply penetrating (>3 cm) in all materials, the apertures used to achieve the desired 10-μm resolution are 20-cm long, single-sided tapers in gold. These apertures, which have triangular cross sections, produce distortions in the image, and the extended nature of the pinhole results in a non-stationary or spatially varying point spread function across the pinhole field of view. In this work, we have used iterative Maximum Likelihood techniques to remove the non-stationary distortions introduced by the aperture to reconstruct the underlying neutron source distributions. We present the detailed algorithms used for these reconstructions, the stopping criteria used and reconstructed sources from data collected at NIF with a discussion of the neutron imaging performance in light of other diagnostics.

Published
2014
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3. Demonstration of ignition radiation temperatures in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion hohlraums.

Author

Glenzer SH, MacGowan BJ, Meezan NB, Adams PA, Alfonso JB, Alger ET, Alherz Z, Alvarez LF, Alvarez SS, Amick PV, Andersson KS, Andrews SD, Antonini GJ, Arnold PA, Atkinson DP, Auyang L, Azevedo SG, Balaoing BN, Baltz JA, Barbosa F, Bardsley GW, Barker DA, Barnes AI, Baron A, Beeler RG, Beeman BV, Belk LR, Bell JC, Bell PM, Berger RL, Bergonia MA, Bernardez LJ, Berzins LV, Bettenhausen RC, Bezerides L, Bhandarkar SD, Bishop CL, Bond EJ, Bopp DR, Borgman JA, Bower JR, Bowers GA, Bowers MW, Boyle DT, Bradley DK, Bragg JL, Braucht J, Brinkerhoff DL, Browning DF, Brunton GK, Burkhart SC, Burns SR, Burns KE, Burr B, Burrows LM, Butlin RK, Cahayag NJ, Callahan DA, Cardinale PS, Carey RW, Carlson JW, Casey AD, Castro C, Celeste JR, Chakicherla AY, Chambers FW, Chan C, Chandrasekaran H, Chang C, Chapman RF, Charron K, Chen Y, Christensen MJ, Churby AJ, Clancy TJ, Cline BD, Clowdus LC, Cocherell DG, Coffield FE, Cohen SJ, Costa RL, Cox JR, Curnow GM, Dailey MJ, Danforth PM, Darbee R, Datte PS, Davis JA, Deis GA, Demaret RD, Dewald EL, Di Nicola P, Di Nicola JM, Divol L, Dixit S, Dobson DB, Doppner T, Driscoll JD, Dugorepec J, Duncan JJ, Dupuy PC, Dzenitis EG, Eckart MJ, Edson SL, Edwards GJ, Edwards MJ, Edwards OD, Edwards PW, Ellefson JC, Ellerbee CH, Erbert GV, Estes CM, Fabyan WJ, Fallejo RN, Fedorov M, Felker B, Fink JT, Finney MD, Finnie LF, Fischer MJ, Fisher JM, Fishler BT, Florio JW, Forsman A, Foxworthy CB, Franks RM, Frazier T, Frieder G, Fung T, Gawinski GN, Gibson CR, Giraldez E, Glenn SM, Golick BP, Gonzales H, Gonzales SA, Gonzalez MJ, Griffin KL, Grippen J, Gross SM, Gschweng PH, Gururangan G, Gu K, Haan SW, Hahn SR, Haid BJ, Hamblen JE, Hammel BA, Hamza AV, Hardy DL, Hart DR, Hartley RG, Haynam CA, Heestand GM, Hermann MR, Hermes GL, Hey DS, Hibbard RL, Hicks DG, Hinkel DE, Hipple DL, Hitchcock JD, Hodtwalker DL, Holder JP, Hollis JD, Holtmeier GM, Huber SR, Huey AW, Hulsey DN, Hunter SL, Huppler TR, Hutton MS, Izumi N, Jackson JL, Jackson MA, Jancaitis KS, Jedlovec DR, Johnson B, Johnson MC, Johnson T, Johnston MP, Jones OS, Kalantar DH, Kamperschroer JH, Kauffman RL, Keating GA, Kegelmeyer LM, Kenitzer SL, Kimbrough JR, King K, Kirkwood RK, Klingmann JL, Knittel KM, Kohut TR, Koka KG, Kramer SW, Krammen JE, Krauter KG, Krauter GW, Krieger EK, Kroll JJ, La Fortune KN, Lagin LJ, Lakamsani VK, Landen OL, Lane SW, Langdon AB, Langer SH, Lao N, Larson DW, Latray D, Lau GT, Le Pape S, Lechleiter BL, Lee Y, Lee TL, Li J, Liebman JA, Lindl JD, Locke SF, Loey HK, London RA, Lopez FJ, Lord DM, Lowe-Webb RR, Lown JG, Ludwigsen AP, Lum NW, Lyons RR, Ma T, MacKinnon AJ, Magat MD, Maloy DT, Malsbury TN, Markham G, Marquez RM, Marsh AA, Marshall CD, Marshall SR, Maslennikov IL, Mathisen DG, Mauger GJ, Mauvais M-, McBride JA, McCarville T, McCloud JB, McGrew A, McHale B, MacPhee AG, Meeker JF, Merill JS, Mertens EP, Michel PA, Miller MG, Mills T, Milovich JL, Miramontes R, Montesanti RC, Montoya MM, Moody J, Moody JD, Moreno KA, Morris J, Morriston KM, Nelson JR, Neto M, Neumann JD, Ng E, Ngo QM, Olejniczak BL, Olson RE, Orsi NL, Owens MW, Padilla EH, Pannell TM, Parham TG, Patterson RW Jr, Pavel G, Prasad RR, Pendlton D, Penko FA, Pepmeier BL, Petersen DE, Phillips TW, Pigg D, Piston KW, Pletcher KD, Powell CL, Radousky HB, Raimondi BS, Ralph JE, Rampke RL, Reed RK, Reid WA, Rekow VV, Reynolds JL, Rhodes JJ, Richardson MJ, Rinnert RJ, Riordan BP, Rivenes AS, Rivera AT, Roberts CJ, Robinson JA, Robinson RB, Robison SR, Rodriguez OR, Rogers SP, Rosen MD, Ross GF, Runkel M, Runtal AS, Sacks RA, Sailors SF, Salmon JT, Salmonson JD, Saunders RL, Schaffer JR, Schindler TM, Schmitt MJ, Schneider MB, Segraves KS, Shaw MJ, Sheldrick ME, Shelton RT, Shiflett MK, Shiromizu SJ, Shor M, Silva LL, Silva SA, Skulina KM, Smauley DA, Smith BE, Smith LK, Solomon AL, Sommer S, Soto JG, Spafford NI, Speck DE, Springer PT, Stadermann M, Stanley F, Stone TG, Stout EA, Stratton PL, Strausser RJ, Suter LJ, Sweet W, Swisher MF, Tappero JD, Tassano JB, Taylor JS, Tekle EA, Thai C, Thomas CA, Thomas A, Throop AL, Tietbohl GL, Tillman JM, Town RP, Townsend SL, Tribbey KL, Trummer D, Truong J, Vaher J, Valadez M, Van Arsdall P, Van Prooyen AJ, Vergel de Dios EO, Vergino MD, Vernon SP, Vickers JL, Villanueva GT, Vitalich MA, Vonhof SA, Wade FE, Wallace RJ, Warren CT, Warrick AL, Watkins J, Weaver S, Wegner PJ, Weingart MA, Wen J, White KS, Whitman PK, Widmann K, Widmayer CC, Wilhelmsen K, Williams EA, Williams WH, Willis L, Wilson EF, Wilson BA, Witte MC, Work K, Yang PS, Young BK, Youngblood KP, Zacharias RA, Zaleski T, Zapata PG, Zhang H, Zielinski JS, Kline JL, Kyrala GA, Niemann C, Kilkenny JD, Nikroo A, Van Wonterghem BM, Atherton LJ, and Moses EI

Abstract

We demonstrate the hohlraum radiation temperature and symmetry required for ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions. Cryogenic gas-filled hohlraums with 2.2 mm-diameter capsules are heated with unprecedented laser energies of 1.2 MJ delivered by 192 ultraviolet laser beams on the National Ignition Facility. Laser backscatter measurements show that these hohlraums absorb 87% to 91% of the incident laser power resulting in peak radiation temperatures of T(RAD)=300 eV and a symmetric implosion to a 100 μm diameter hot core., (© 2011 American Physical Society)

Published
2011
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4. Images of the laser entrance hole from the static x-ray imager at NIF.

Author

Schneider MB, Jones OS, Meezan NB, Milovich JL, Town RP, Alvarez SS, Beeler RG, Bradley DK, Celeste JR, Dixit SN, Edwards MJ, Haugh MJ, Kalantar DH, Kline JL, Kyrala GA, Landen OL, MacGowan BJ, Michel P, Moody JD, Oberhelman SK, Piston KW, Pivovaroff MJ, Suter LJ, Teruya AT, Thomas CA, Vernon SP, Warrick AL, Widmann K, Wood RD, and Young BK

Abstract

The static x-ray imager at the National Ignition Facility is a pinhole camera using a CCD detector to obtain images of Hohlraum wall x-ray drive illumination patterns seen through the laser entrance hole (LEH). Carefully chosen filters, combined with the CCD response, allow recording images in the x-ray range of 3-5 keV with 60 μm spatial resolution. The routines used to obtain the apparent size of the backlit LEH and the location and intensity of beam spots are discussed and compared to predictions. A new soft x-ray channel centered at 870 eV (near the x-ray peak of a 300 eV temperature ignition Hohlraum) is discussed.

Published
2010
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