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ObjectivesTo summarize diagnostic criteria and examiner training and calibration of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research-funded Early Childhood Caries Collaborating Centers (EC4) and report examiner calibration results from 2010 to 2014. The EC4 at Boston University, University of Colorado, and University of California San Francisco are performing randomized controlled early childhood caries (ECC) prevention trials with caries as the main outcome measure.MethodsThe EC4 with University of Iowa consultants developed standardized tooth and tooth surface status examination criteria for use in field conditions, examiner training materials, and examiner calibration and re-calibration methodologies. Calibration and re-calibration were performed with 1- to 5-year-old children in the San Francisco Mission District in which assessments from each examiner to be calibrated were compared with those from a single gold standard examiner from 2010 to 2014. Cohen's kappa statistic was used to determine inter-examiner agreement.ResultsA total of seven examiners were successfully (re)calibrated during that period, examining a total of 231 children. Overall unweighted Cohen's kappas for 10 surface conditions exceeded the criterion of 0.70. However, separate agreement for assessment of noncavitated lesions, as in other studies, was lower.ConclusionsAn experienced multidisciplinary and multi-institutional team was able to develop criteria and training materials to anticipate situations and field conditions the main trials would encounter. Examiners were successfully trained and (re)calibrated.

Objectives: This article reports on estimated daily fluoride intake from water, other beverages and selected foods, dentifrice, and dietary fluoride supplements by both individual sources, and all sources combined, among 787 children participating in the Iowa Fluoride Study (IFS) from 6 to 17 years of age. Methods: Total daily fluoride intake (mg F) and fluoride intake per kilogram bodyweight (mg F/kg bw) were estimated using responses to questionnaires sent every 3–6 months. Dietary assessments included frequencies and amounts of beverage intake for the previous week from water, milk, ready‐to‐drink beverages, beverages made by adding water to concentrate or powder, and selected foods with substantial water content. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariable analyses with linear mixed models were used to assess associations with each of mg F and mg F/kg bw. Results: Mean combined dietary fluoride (mg F) from all sources examined in the study increased slightly with age, whereas the fluoride intake per kg bw decreased with age. Age, sex, and socioeconomic status were significantly associated with fluoride intake (mg F and mg F/kg bw). Each year increase in age was associated with a 0.02‐mg increase in fluoride consumption, on average, after adjusting for the effects of covariates. Conclusions: Daily mean fluoride intakes from single and combined sources were relatively stable, while the intake of fluoride per kg bw decreased from 6 to 17 years of age. Fluoridated water was the major source of ingested fluoride, contributing over 50% of total daily intake at all ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to show associations between dental fluorosis and fluoride intakes, focusing on intake from fluoride in infant formula. Findings show that an increase in fluoride intake from reconstituted powdered formulas increases fluorosis risk. It is believed that there is need to avoid ingesting large quantities of fluoride.

The pHs and titrable acidities of commercially available calcium-fortified and unfortified 100 percent juices were determined then introduced to enamel and root surfaces. The lesion depths after exposure to different juices were measured, and fortified juices were found to prevent enamel erosion and decrease root surface erosion. Other results of the study are given.

A study on the relationship between consumption of nonmilk extrinsic sugars and intrinsic milk sugars, and formation of dental caries in young children aged between 4.5 to 6.9 years of age, is presented.

Influence of fluoride dentifrice intake in increasing the risk of fluorosis in permanent incisors is examined.

A research paper showing that after placing large amalgam restoration, if teeth received crown within one year then they were less likely to require more severe treatment in a 10-year period than those that merely received the amalgam restoration is presented.

Byline: Marcia C. Willing (1,6), James C. Torner (2), Trudy L. Burns (3), Kathleen F. Janz (4), Teresa Marshall (5), Julie Gilmore (5), Sachi P. Deschenes (1,5), John J. Warren (5), Steven M. Levy (5) Keywords: Bone; Bone mineral density; Children; COL1A2; Genetic polymorphisms; Osteocalcin Abstract: We examined the association of candidate gene polymorphisms with bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in a cohort of 428 healthy non-Hispanic white children participating in the Iowa Bone Development Study, a longitudinal study of determinants of bone accrual in childhood. BMD and BMC measurements of the hip, spine and whole body were made using a Hologic 2000 Plus densitometer in 228 girls and 200 boys ages 4.5--6.5 years. Genotypes at 14 loci representing eight candidate genes [type I collagen genes (COL1A1 and COL1A2), osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin, vitamin D receptor (VDR), estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR)] were determined. Gender-specific and gender-combined prediction models for bone measures that included age, weight, height (and gender) were developed using multiple linear regression analysis. COL1A2 and osteocalcin genotypes were identified as having the strongest and most consistent association with BMD/BMC measures. Osteonectin, osteopontin and VDR translation initiation site polymorphisms were associated with some individual bone measures, but none of the associations was as consistent as those identified for the COL1A2 and osteocalcin genes. No association was identified with COL1A1 (RsaI and Sp1), VDR (BsmI) and ER polymorphisms (PvuII, XbaI, TA) and BMD/BMC. However, we identified significant gene-by-gene interaction effects involving the ER and both VDR and osteocalcin, which were associated with BMD/BMC. Our data suggest that genetic variation at multiple genetic loci is important in bone accrual in children. Moreover, the combination of genotypes as several loci may be as important as a single genotype for determining BMD and BMC. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Pediatrics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA (2) Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA (3) Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA (4) Department of Health, Leisure and Sports Studies, College of Liberal Arts, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA (5) Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA (6) Department of Pediatrics, 2609 JCP, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA Article History: Received Date: 02/09/2002 Accepted Date: 20/03/2003 Online Date: 22/07/2003

Elderly patients must have well-fitting dentures or their own natural teeth in order to get an appropriate nutrient intake every day, according to a study of 220 elderly people. Daily nutrient intake and the adequacy of nutrient intake was less in those who had few natural teeth or poorly-fitting dentures.

Babies who suck their thumb or a pacifier after the age of one may develop an overbite and other types of malocclusion, according to a study of 372 children. Malocclusion means the top and bottom teeth do not meet when the child closes his or her mouth. Only 2% of the children in this study had never sucked a pacifier or their thumb or finger.

The need for dental care among the elderly will increase as more elderly people keep most of their teeth, according to a survey of 449 people 65 years old and older. Ninety-six percent had a history of tooth decay, one-fourth of which was recurring. Three-quarters had visited a dentist in the previous year.

Children who develop fluorosis of the primary teeth at 1-2 years of age may be at greater risk of fluorosis of their permanent teeth. Fluorosis is a white, mottled discoloration of the teeth from excessive exposure to fluoride as the teeth are developing. Primarily a cosmetic problem, fluorosis is more common in regions where the fluoride content of drinking water is quite high, in children who may receive fluoride supplements unnecessarily, and in children who swallow fluoride toothpaste. Detection of primary-tooth fluorosis permits the dentist to evaluate a child's fluoride exposure and make adjustments before the permanent teeth are damaged.

Purpose: Little is known about use or acceptance of minimally invasive dentistry (MID) in the USA, particularly in public health settings. The purpose of this study was to assess opinions concerning MID among dentists in public-health practices.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the views of dentists in public-health practices concerning MID using an online survey instrument among National Network for Oral Health Access (NNOHA) and American Association of Community Dental Programs (AACDP) members. Specific questions focused on diagnostic and preventive techniques, and whether MID was considered to meet the standard of care in the US Results: Overall, 86% believed that MID met the standard of care for primary teeth, and 77% did so for permanent teeth. The majority of respondents also agreed that fluoride varnish prevents caries and atraumatic restorative techniques (ART) are an effective caries treatment for children and adults. According to logistic regression results, dentists who had continuing education courses in MID and agreed that ART was an effective treatment for adults were more likely to report that MID met the standard of care for permanent teeth. Subjects who believed that fluoride varnish was effective as caries prevention for children were more likely to view MID as meeting the standard of care for primary teeth.Conclusions: There appears to be a paradigm shift toward a MID philosophy, and most responding public health dentists believed that MID meets the standard of care for primary and permanent teeth in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]