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Objective: To determine the ability to reduce iatrogenic cartilage injury (IACI) during canine stifle arthroscopy by using a silicone arthroscope cannula guard., Study Design: Ex vivo canine cadaver experimental study., Animals: Paired canine stifles from 14 cadavers (≥20 kg)., Methods: Stifles (N = 28) were assigned to unguarded traditional or silicone-guarded arthroscopy. Stifle arthroscopy and full joint exploration with meniscal probing was performed by a second-year surgery resident (I.C.) in fourteen canine cadavers, alternating between left and right stifles for guarded vs unguarded arthroscopy. After arthroscopy, stifles were disarticulated, and india ink assay was performed to identify IACI. Total IACI number, lesion length and area, duration of procedure, and procedure difficulty score were recorded for each stifle., Results: Unguarded arthroscopy resulted in more total IACI per joint (unguarded 5.2 ± 3.0, guarded 2.4 ± 1.4; P = .02), larger IACI area (unguarded 5.2 ± 4.2 mm 2 , guarded 2.3 ± 1.5 mm 2 ; P = .02), and IACI length (unguarded 13.6 ± 6.9 mm, guarded 8.6 ± 5.9 mm; P = .03). No difference was identified in duration of procedure (unguarded 11.8 ± 5.2 minutes, guarded 13.8 ± 4.3 minutes; P = .79) or procedure difficulty score (unguarded 1.7 ± 0.6, guarded 1.6 ± 0.6 P = .73)., Conclusion: Silicone-guarded arthroscope cannulas decreased IACI number and size during canine cadaveric stifle arthroscopy without increasing duration of procedure or surgical difficulty., Clinical Significance: Silicone-guarded arthroscope cannulas may be safer than traditional cannulas for novice veterinary surgeons performing stifle arthroscopy., (© 2019 The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Purpose: The state-of-the-art tendon transfer surgery for high median-ulnar nerve palsy involves directly suturing four finger flexor tendons to one wrist extensor muscle. This couples finger flexion limiting the patient's ability to grasp objects. Therefore, we propose a new approach to attach a novel passive implant to the extensor digitorum longus tendon in order to create a differential mechanism in situ. The implant is expected to enable the fingers to adapt to an object's shape during grasping. Chickens have been used as a model in tendon research, but studies have primarily focused on the digital flexor tendon mechanism. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of the chicken model for extensor tendon research and to validate the surgical technique for a new approach to tendon transfer surgery., Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine chickens were randomly divided into three groups: implant (n = 12), sham (n = 10), and control (n = 7). Postoperative healing and complications were documented., Results: Surgery was successful in all chickens. All animals healed appropriately by Day 16 postoperatively. Chickens in the implant group experienced significantly more intermittent toe-knuckling gait than the sham group (p = 0.001)., Conclusions: The described surgical technique allowed for successful application of a novel implantable passive mechanism in a live chicken model. In combination with previous work, findings from the present study further validated a novel tendon-transfer surgery for high median-ulnar nerve palsy. Based on the degree of intermittent abnormal gait experienced by the implant group, refinement to the implant design is warranted in future studies.

Objective: To (1) Describe the proximal lateral insertion portal for the placement of an intra-articular distraction lever. (2) Assess for associated damage with the insertion of the lever and (3) evaluate the impact of duration of lever use on articular cartilage damage., Study Design: Ex vivo canine cadaveric experimental study., Animals: Paired canine stifles from seven cadavers (14 stifles from dogs weighing >20 kg)., Methods: A separate 0.5 cm proximal lateral portal was established adjacent to the lateral scope portal. A standard Ventura stifle thrust lever (VSTL) was inserted without removing the arthroscope. In Group A, the VSTL was placed in distraction for 5 min while in Group B the VSTL was placed for 10 min. The stifle joints were disarticulated and evaluated for associated damage to the long digital extensor tendon and iatrogenic articular cartilage injury (IACI) via India ink assay., Results: No damage to the long digital extensor tendon was noted in any of the specimens during dissection. Superficial IACI was present in all specimens. There were no differences between groups when assessing for overall IACI., Conclusion: A proximal lateral portal and insertion of a standard VSTL can be performed without removing the arthroscope., Clinical Significance: The use of a proximal lateral lever portal without repositioning the arthroscope was repeatable without damaging the long digital extensor tendon. A duration of up to 10 min in which the thrust lever was engaged did not result in increased visual cartilage damage., (© 2024 American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Objective: To describe a caudomedial instrumental portal for caudal pole meniscectomy (CPM)., Study Design: Experimental ex-vivo study., Sample Population: Ten cadaveric hindlimbs of 10 large breed dogs., Methods: Each hindlimb was used for establishing the caudomedial portal for CPM. The surgical time was recorded. Specimens were disarticulated afterwards, and the completeness of CPM was documented. Iatrogenic injuries to the articular cartilage and the intra- and periarticular structures were assessed., Results: The extent of the CPM (mean ± SD, percentage of the resected medial meniscus) was 29.8 ± 12.9% of the area of the medial meniscus. There were no injuries to the medial collateral ligament or caudal cruciate ligament. The mean iatrogenic articular cartilage injury (IACI) was 3.71 ± 1.78% of the area of the medial meniscus., Conclusion: The establishment of a caudomedial portal for CPM in canine cadavers was feasible and allowed to perform a partial caudal pole meniscectomy., Clinical Significance: A caudomedial portal may be considered for CPM in selected cases when caudal tears cannot be accessed through the standard portals., (© 2023 The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Objective: To assess iatrogenic articular cartilage injury (IACI) resulting from arthroscopy versus medial parapatellar mini-arthrotomy of the stifle., Study Design: Paired comparison of canine cadaver stifles treated with arthroscopy or mini-arthrotomy ANIMALS: Paired canine stifles from 14 cadavers (≥20 kg)., Methods: Stifles (N = 28) were assigned to arthroscopy or arthrotomy. Full stifle joint exploration and meniscal probing were performed. Joints were disarticulated and India ink assay performed. IACI was defined as sharply delineated lesions with India ink uptake. Incidence, number, and lesion area in defects articular cartilage, incision length, surgery duration, and joint structures visualized were recorded., Results: Arthroscopy resulted in greater IACI than mini-arthrotomy, including incidence of IACI (arthroscopy: 13 stifles, mini-arthrotomy: 4 stifles; P = .009), number of IACI per stifle (arthroscopy: 3.4 ± 2.90, mini-arthrotomy: 0.9 ± 1.96; P = .04), and IACI area (arthroscopy: 5.9 ± 7.58 mm 2 , mini-arthrotomy: 1.7 ± 4.50 mm 2 ; P = .003). Incision length was shorter with arthroscopy (1.0 ± 0.38 cm) versus mini-arthrotomy (5.3 ± 0.61 cm; P < .0001). Surgical duration was not significantly different between groups (arthroscopy: 12.5 ± 3.49 minutes, mini-arthrotomy: 11.05 ± 1.60 minutes; P = .21). Visualization of articular structures was incomplete in 14/14 mini-arthrotomy stifles and 1/14 arthroscopy stifles (P < .001)., Conclusion: Incidence, number, and area of IACI were greater in the arthroscopy group versus the mini-arthrotomy group. Mini-arthrotomy resulted in a longer incision and incomplete joint visualization. Methods of preventing IACI and clinical significance of IACI warrant further investigation., (© 2017 The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of an omega-3 fatty acid and protein-enriched diet, physical rehabilitation, or both on radiographic findings and markers of synovial inflammation in dogs following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and arthroscopic surgery for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease. DESIGN Randomized, prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS 48 dogs with unilateral cranial cruciate ligament disease. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly assigned to receive a dry omega-3 fatty acid and protein-enriched dog food formulated to support joint health (test food [TF]), a dry food formulated for adult canine maintenance (control food [CF]), TF plus rehabilitation, or CF plus rehabilitation after surgery. Synovial fluid prostaglandin (PG) E 2 and interleukin-1β concentrations, radiographic osteoarthritis scores, osteotomy site healing, and patellar ligament thickness were assessed at predetermined time points up to 6 months after surgery. RESULTS Dogs that received CF had significantly higher PGE 2 concentrations over time following surgery than did dogs that received TF, regardless of rehabilitation status. Synovial fluid interleukin-1β concentrations did not change over time in any groups. Diet and rehabilitation were both associated with osteoarthritis scores, with significantly lower scores over time for dogs that received TF versus CF and for dogs that underwent rehabilitation versus those that did not. Proportions of dogs with complete osteotomy healing 8 and 24 weeks after surgery were significantly lower for dogs that received TF than for dogs that received CF, regardless of rehabilitation status. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that feeding the TF can result in lower synovial fluid PGE 2 concentrations and that both the TF and rehabilitation can reduce progression of osteoarthritis in the 6 months following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy; clinical relevance of slower osteotomy healing in dogs fed the TF was unclear.

OBJECTIVE To assess clinical effects of an omega-3 fatty acid and protein-enriched diet, physical rehabilitation, or both in dogs following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and arthroscopic surgery for cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease. DESIGN Randomized, prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS 48 dogs with unilateral CCL disease. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly assigned to receive a dry omega-3 fatty acid and protein-enriched dog food formulated to support joint health (test food [TF]), a dry food formulated for maintenance of adult dogs (control food [CF]), TF plus rehabilitation (TF-R), or CF plus rehabilitation (CF-R). Data collected over 6 months included body weight, body condition score, ground reaction force data, tibial plateau angle, limb circumference measurements, subjective pain and lameness scores assigned by surgeons and dog owners, and daily activity measured by accelerometry. RESULTS Peak vertical force and vertical impulse were greater after surgery for dogs in the TF groups than in the CF groups; peak vertical force was greater after surgery in dogs that underwent rehabilitation than in those that did not. Owner scores indicated lower frequencies of lameness and signs of pain during some activities for the TF group, compared with other groups, and for the TF-R and CF-R groups, compared with the CF group. Sedentary time decreased and time spent in light-to-moderate or vigorous activity increased in all groups over time. Rehabilitation was significantly associated with greater time spent in light-to-moderate activity, regardless of diet. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Feeding the TF and providing physical rehabilitation during the first 6 months after TPLO were associated with improvements in some indices of clinical outcome and function in dogs. Significant interactions between time and some outcome variables were observed, indicating further research is warranted.

Detection and accurate classification of traumatic tarsal fractures are important for identifying cases requiring surgical intervention. The aim of this prospective, experimental, methods comparison study was to directly compare the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of tarsal computed tomography (CT), ten-view and two-view digital radiographs for detecting traumatic fractures of the canine tarsus. The working hypothesis was that tarsal fractures would be detected with higher accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity using CT imaging compared to radiography, and a ten-view would be superior to a two-view radiographic study. Ten cadaver hind limbs of medium to large dogs received a CT scan and ten-view radiographic study before and after induction of fractures with a hydraulic press. All bones included in the radiographic images were assessed for fractures by two observers and gross dissection was used as the gold standard. The two-view radiographic study (dorsoplantar, lateromedial) was created from the ten-view study and reviewed 2 years later. All limbs sustained fractures, the most common locations were the talus and calcaneus (n = 7). The sensitivity of CT was greater than ten-view radiographic study (77% vs. 57%), while the specificity was similar (97% vs. 98%). The sensitivity and specificity of the ten-view and two-view radiograph studies were similar (57% vs. 55%; both 98%). Computed tomography images were reassessed postdissection to determine if failure to identify fractures resulted from observer error. Overall, CT was better than radiography for detecting fractures of the canine tarsus, however there was little improvement with ten-view compared to two-view radiographic studies., (© 2017 American College of Veterinary Radiology.)

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of feline diagnostic coxofemoral arthroscopy., Study Design: Ex vivo feline cadaveric descriptive study., Animals: Seven feline cadavers (14 hips)., Methods: Gross dissection of two feline hips was performed to evaluate anatomic landmarks, guide arthroscopic portal development, and determine optimal limb positioning. A 1.9 mm, 0° arthroscope, inserted through a supratrochanteric lateral portal, was used to assess intraarticular structures in 12 feline cadaver hips. Arthroscopy was followed by gross dissection of periarticular soft tissues. Relative portal locations and damage to periarticular structures were recorded. Hips were disarticulated, and an India ink assay was performed to assess whether there was iatrogenic cartilage injury (ICI)., Results: Scope insertion was achieved in all hips. Articular cartilage of the femoral head and acetabulum, round ligament, joint capsule, transverse acetabular ligament, and dorsal acetabular rim were identified arthroscopically in all hips. Probe insertion and intra-articular structure palpation was achieved in all hips. Scope and instrument portals resulted in minimal periarticular muscle trauma. No sciatic nerve damage was detected. Minor partial thickness ICI was observed in all hips at the site of scope insertion. Focal full thickness ICI was noted in one hip., Conclusion: Arthroscopy of the feline coxofemoral joint allowed visual and probe evaluation of intra-articular structures without evidence of major periarticular neurovascular trauma. Iatrogenic cartilage injury occurred in all hips but severity of lesions was considered mild., Clinical Significance: Coxofemoral arthroscopy is feasible in cats and can be utilized as a diagnostic tool for minimally invasive joint evaluation., (© 2023 The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Objectives: Evaluation of the short-term outcome, duration of bone healing, and complications following bone plate fixation in dogs weighing ≤6 kg, with and without the use of a free autogenous greater omental graft (OG)., Materials and Methods: A retrospective clinical study reviewed the medical records of 25 dogs of body weight <6 kg with mid to distal diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna (29 fractures) treated with open reduction bone plate fixation. Thirteen out of 29 fractures were implanted with an additional 2-3 cm³ OG lateral, cranial, and medial to the fracture site, adjacent to the bone plate., Results: Median time to radiographic healing in OG fractures (n = 11) was 70 days (range 28-98) compared to 106 days (range: 56-144) in non-OG grafted fractures (n = 14). The OG dogs had no major complications; minor complications included oedema, erythema, and mild osteopenia. Six of the eight non-OG dogs for which follow-up could be obtained developed osteopenia necessitating implant removal, four of which re-fractured the radius one to five months after implant removal, with one dog re-fracturing the limb a second time and resulting in amputation. Telephone follow-up of owners of OG dogs (n = 11) three to 15 months (median 10) post-surgery did not identify any signs of lameness or other complications. Owners of the non-OG dogs (n = 8) reported that there were not any signs of lameness six to 48 months (median 36) post-surgery., Clinical Relevance: Free autogenous omental grafting of diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna was associated with radial and ulnar healing with minimal complications in dogs weighing less than 6 kg.

Objectives: To compare the results of femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) ostectomy performed by two novice veterinarians using an osteotome and mallet or microsagittal saw., Methods: In this ex vivo cadaveric study, hindlimbs of eight canine cadavers were randomized to FHNE with osteotome or micro sagittal saw as performed by two recently graduated veterinarians. The hindimbs were imaged by computed tomography (CT) before and after the osteotomy. Post FHNE CT images were evaluated by a board certified radiologist blinded to the ostectomy technique for assessment of the number of bone fragments, fissures, smoothness of osteotomy margination, and volume of residual femoral neck., Results: Femoral head and neck excision performed with the osteotome produced more peri-ostectomy bone fragments, cortical fissures, irregular margins, and residual femoral neck volume, compared with osteotomy using a saw., Clinical Relevance: Compared to FHNE performed with a sagittal saw, osteotome FHNE resulted in a greater bone trauma and residual neck bone volume, which would require post-ostectomy modification in a clinical setting.

Objective: To evaluate volume of extra-articular fluid egress and complications associated with 2 fluid ingress/egress techniques for stifle arthroscopy., Study Design: Ex vivo study., Study Subjects: Canine cadavers (n = 14)., Methods: Four cadavers (8 stifles) were used to validate 3D computed tomographic (CT) methods to quantify stifle joint intra- and extra-articular volumes of iodinated contrast medium. Ten canine cadavers (20 stifles) had preoperative CT, followed by stifle arthroscopy using a 10% solution of iodinated contrast enhanced ingress fluid delivered by pressure bag (2PB) or by arthroscopic peristaltic pump (3FP). All 3FP limbs had an additional fluid egress portal placed by cannula and obturator. Arthroscopy was limited to 20 minutes/joint. The volume of the contrast medium egress into the soft tissues was measured on postoperative 3D CT reconstructed images., Results: Mean percentage of total ingress fluids administered that remained in the joint and extra-articular tissues postoperatively was 8.8 ± 1.2% in 3FP and 33.2 ± 8% in 2PB (P = .014). Two 3FP joints had 4-5 mm egress obturator tracks on the proximal medial trochlear ridge. Two 2PB joints had severe joint collapse from extracapsular fluid precluding further examination. Intermittent visual blurring by joint fluid mixing or fat pad fragmentation/dissolution was noted in 2PB joints., Conclusions: A superior technique was not identified: 2PB had greater egress fluid tissue accumulation, whereas 3FP had better viewing of intra-articular structures with less tissue egress fluid accumulation; however, cartilage damage was induced with the egress obturator., (© Copyright 2014 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the type of veterinary care sought by handlers of injured agility dogs, the types of treatments the dogs received, and the timeframe for return to training and competition. Procedures: Owners of agility dogs completed an internet-based survey. They were instructed to report injuries that had kept the dog from training or competing for over a week, identify which area(s) of the body had been injured and answer questions about the most severe injury to each body part. Additional questions included if handlers had sought veterinary care, who primarily determined treatment, type of treatment(s), and length of time before the dog could return to full training and competition. Results: This sample included data on 1,714 total injuries from 1,256 unique dogs. Handlers sought veterinary care for over 80% of injuries across all anatomical locations. Handlers were most likely to seek specialty veterinary care for reported injuries to the stifle (71%), iliopsoas (63%) and tibia (61%), and least likely for reported injuries to the carpus (34%), metatarsus (33%) and metacarpus (22%). Treatment of reported injuries to the antebrachium and stifle were most likely to be directed by a veterinarian (>70%), while reported injuries of the thigh (51%) and hip (53%) were least likely. Rest was the most common treatment for all injuries. Return to sport within 3 months was common (>67%) for most perceived injury locations, though dogs with reported stifle injuries took longer to return to competition and had a higher rate of retirement. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Owners of agility dogs have a high rate of seeking veterinary care for injuries. Overall return to sport rates were high, with the stifle being the notable exception. Future studies regarding specific treatment of injuries in agility dogs, and how injuries and their treatment affect return to agility after injury are required to provide optimal care protocols for these canine athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue engineering is a promising field of study toward curing the meniscal deficient stifle; however the ideal cell type for this task is not known. We describe here the extraction of synoviocytes and meniscal fibrochondrocytes from arthroscopic debris from six dogs, which were cultured as tensioned bioscaffolds to synthesize meniscal-like fibrocartilage sheets. Despite the diseased status of the original tissues, synoviocytes and meniscal fibrochondrocytes had high viability at the time of removal from the joint. Glycosaminoglycan and collagen content of bioscaffolds did not differ. Meniscal fibrochondrocyte bioscaffolds contained more type II collagen, but collagen deposition was disorganized, with only 30-40% of cells viable. The collagen of synoviocyte bioscaffolds was organized into sheets and bands and 80-90% of cells were viable. Autologous, diseased meniscal fibrochondrocytes and synoviocytes are plausible cell sources for future meniscal tissue engineering research, however cell viability of meniscal fibrochondrocytes in the tensioned bioscaffolds was low., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Meniscal tears are a common cause of stifle lameness in dogs. Use of autologous synoviocytes from the affected stifle is an attractive cell source for tissue engineering replacement fibrocartilage. However, the diseased state of these cells may impede in vitro fibrocartilage formation. Synoviocytes from 12 osteoarthritic ("oaTSB") and 6 normal joints ("nTSB") were cultured as tensioned bioscaffolds and compared for their ability to synthesize fibrocartilage sheets. Gene expression of collagens type I and II were higher and expression of interleukin-6 was lower in oaTSB versus nTSB. Compared with nTSB, oaTSB had more glycosaminoglycan and alpha smooth muscle staining and less collagen I and II staining on histologic analysis, whereas collagen and glycosaminoglycan quantities were similar. In conclusion, osteoarthritic joint-origin synoviocytes can produce extracellular matrix components of meniscal fibrocartilage at similar levels to normal joint-origin synoviocytes, which makes them a potential cell source for canine meniscal tissue engineering.

Introduction. Tissue engineering is a new methodology for addressing meniscal injury or loss. Synovium may be an ideal source of cells for in vitro meniscal fibrocartilage formation, however, favorable in vitro culture conditions for synovium must be established in order to achieve this goal. The objective of this study was to determine cellularity, cell distribution, and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation of equine fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) cultured on synthetic scaffolds, for potential application in synovium-based meniscal tissue engineering. Scaffolds included open-cell poly-L-lactic acid (OPLA) sponges and polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds cultured in static and dynamic culture conditions, and PGA scaffolds coated in poly-L-lactic (PLLA) in dynamic culture conditions. Materials and Methods. Equine FLS were seeded on OPLA and PGA scaffolds, and cultured in a static environment or in a rotating bioreactor for 12 days. Equine FLS were also seeded on PGA scaffolds coated in 2% or 4% PLLA and cultured in a rotating bioreactor for 14 and 21 days. Three scaffolds from each group were fixed, sectioned and stained with Masson's Trichrome, Safranin-O, and Hematoxylin and Eosin, and cell numbers and distribution were analyzed using computer image analysis. Three PGA and OPLA scaffolds from each culture condition were also analyzed for extracellular matrix (ECM) production via dimethylmethylene blue (sulfated glycosaminoglycan) assay and hydroxyproline (collagen) assay. PLLA coated PGA scaffolds were analyzed using double stranded DNA quantification as areflection of cellularity and confocal laser microscopy in a fluorescent cell viability assay. Results. The highest cellularity occurred in PGA constructs cultured in a rotating bioreactor, which also had a mean sulfated glycosaminoglycan content of 22.3 µg per scaffold. PGA constructs cultured in static conditions had the lowest cellularity. Cells had difficulty adhering to OPLA and the PLLA coating of PGA scaffolds; cellularity was inversely proportional to the concentration of PLLA used. PLLA coating did not prevent dissolution of the PGA scaffolds. All cell scaffold types and culture conditions produced non-uniform cellular distribution. Discussion/Conclusion. FLS-seeding of PGA scaffolds cultured in a rotating bioreactor resulted in the most optimal cell and matrix characteristics seen in this study. Cells grew only in the pores of the OPLA sponge, and could not adhere to the PLLA coating of PGA scaffold, due to the hydrophobic property of PLA. While PGA culture in a bioreactor produced measureable GAG, no culture technique produced visible collagen. For this reason, and due to the dissolution of PGA scaffolds, the culture conditions and scaffolds described here are not recommended for inducing fibrochondrogenesis in equine FLS for meniscal tissue engineering.

Meniscal injury is a common cause of osteoarthritis, pain, and disability in dogs and humans, but tissue-engineered bioscaffolds could be a treatment option for meniscal deficiency. The objective of this study was to compare meniscus-like matrix histology, composition, and biomechanical properties of autologous tensioned synoviocyte neotissues (TSN) treated with fetal bovine serum (TSNfbs) or three chondrogenic growth factors (TSNgf). Fourth passage canine synoviocytes from 10 dogs were grown in hyperconfluent monolayer culture, formed into TSN, and then cultured for 3 weeks with 17.7% FBS or three human recombinant TSNgf (bFGF, TGF-β1, and IGF-1). Cell viability was determined with laser microscopy. Histological architecture and the composition of fibrocartilage matrix were evaluated in TSN by staining tissues for glycosaminoglycan (GAG), α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen 1 and 2; quantifying the content of GAG, DNA, and hydroxyproline; and measuring the gene expression of collagens type 1α and 2α, the GAG aggrecan, and transcription factor Sry-type Homeobox Protein-9 (SOX9). Biomechanical properties were determined by materials testing force-deformation curves. The TSN contained components and histological features of mensical fibrocartilage extracellular matrix. Growth factor-treated TSN had higher DNA content but lower cell viability than TSNfbs. TSNgf had greater fibrocartilage-like matrix content (collagen 2 and GAG content with increased collagen 2α and SOX9 gene expression). Additionally, TSNgf collagen was more organized histologically and so had greater tensile biomechanical properties. The results indicate the potential of TSN when cultured with growth factors as implantable bioscaffolds for the treatment of canine meniscal deficiency., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Meniscal injury is a common cause of canine lameness. Tissue engineered bioscaffolds may be a treatment option for dogs suffering from meniscal damage. The aim of this study was to compare in vitro meniscal-like matrix formation and biomechanical properties of porcine intestinal submucosa sheets (SIS), used in canine meniscal regenerative medicine, to synoviocyte-seeded SIS bioscaffold (SSB), cultured with fetal bovine serum (SSBfbs) or chondrogenic growth factors (SSBgf). Synoviocytes from nine dogs were seeded on SIS and cultured for 30days with 17.7% fetal bovine serum or recombinant chondrogenic growth factors (IGF-1, TGFβ1 and bFGF). The effect on fibrochondrogenesis was determined by comparing mRNA expression of collagen types Iα and IIα, aggrecan, and Sry-type homeobox protein-9 (SOX9) as well as protein expression of collagens I and II, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and hydroxyproline. The effect of synoviocyte seeding and culture conditions on biochemical properties was determined by measuring peak load, tensile stiffness, resilience, and toughness of bioscaffolds. Pre-culture SIS contained 13.6% collagen and 2.9% double-stranded DNA. Chondrogenic growth factor treatment significantly increased SOX9, collagens I and IIα, aggrecan gene expression (P<0.05), and histological deposition of fibrocartilage extracellular matrix (GAG and collagen II). Culture with synoviocytes increased SIS tensile peak load at failure, resilience, and toughness of bioscaffolds (P<0.05). In conclusion, culturing SIS with synoviocytes prior to implantation might provide biomechanical benefits, and chondrogenic growth factor treatment of cultured synoviocytes improves in vitro axial meniscal matrix formation., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Meniscal injury is a common cause of lameness in the dog. Tissue engineered bioscaffolds may be a treatment option for meniscal incompetency, and ideally would possess meniscus- like extracellular matrix (ECM) and withstand meniscal tensile hoop strains. Synovium may be a useful cell source for meniscal tissue engineering because of its natural role in meniscal deficiency and its in vitro chondrogenic potential. The objective of this study is to compare meniscal -like extracellular matrix content of hyperconfluent synoviocyte cell sheets ("HCS") and hyperconfluent synoviocyte sheets which have been tensioned over wire hoops (tensioned synoviocyte bioscaffolds, "TSB") and cultured for 1 month., Results: Long term culture with tension resulted in higher GAG concentration, higher chondrogenic index, higher collagen concentration, and type II collagen immunoreactivity in TSB versus HCS. Both HCS and TSB were immunoreactive for type I collagen, however, HCS had mild, patchy intracellular immunoreactivity while TSB had diffuse moderate immunoreactivity over the entire bisocaffold. The tissue architecture was markedly different between TSB and HCS, with TSB containing collagen organized in bands and sheets. Both HCS and TSB expressed alpha smooth muscle actin and displayed active contractile behavior. Double stranded DNA content was not different between TSB and HCS, while cell viability decreased in TSB., Conclusions: Long term culture of synoviocytes with tension improved meniscal- like extra cellular matrix components, specifically, the total collagen content, including type I and II collagen, and increased GAG content relative to HCS. Future research is warranted to investigate the potential of TSB for meniscal tissue engineering.

Meniscal injuries are a common cause of pain and osteoarthritis in dogs. We describe here the production of synoviocyte-derived autologous neotissues for potential application in meniscal tissue engineering, via two different culture techniques: contracted or tensioned synthesis of synoviocyte neotissues. Synoviocytes were obtained during routine stifle arthroscopy and cultured from 14 dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis of the stifle. Neotissues were analyzed for meniscal-like matrix components and their gene expression, inflammatory gene expression, and cell viability. Tension improved cell viability, and, independent of cell viability, fibrochondrogenic activity by promoting expression of collagen type 1 and aggrecan genes and attenuating gene expression of IL-6. Through this mechanism tension increased collagen protein content and chondrogenic index of neotissues. Alpha smooth muscle actin was present in all neotissues and was responsible for grossly visible contractile behavior. Application of tension to synoviocytes may be a viable culture method towards in vitro meniscal tissue engineering., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The objective was to determine the effects of agility exercise on dogs of different skill levels with respect to urinary eicosanoids, urinary 15F2t-isoprostane (lipid peroxidation marker) and hematological/biochemical changes in plasma. Fifteen adult dogs had blood and urine samples obtained prior to, immediately and 4-hours following an agility exercise., Results: Hematocrit, red blood cells (RBC), albumin, and hemoglobin increased following exercise, with greatest increases correlating to increased skill group (novice, intermediate, masters); at 4-hours post-exercise, hematocrit, RBC, and hemoglobin were decreased. Phosphorus increased following exercise with the greatest increase in novice and intermediates. Plasma lactate increased 3.6-fold in masters, 3.2-fold in intermediates, and 1.2-fold in novice dogs. Urine thromboxane B2 (TXB2) more than tripled 4-hours post-exercise while 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (PGF1α, prostacyclin metabolite), prostaglandin E2 metabolites (13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin A2 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E2), and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2α were unaffected as determined by a competitive enzyme immunoassay and standardized by division with urine creatinine. Urine 15F2t-isoprostane increased insignificantly., Conclusions: Alterations in the plasma post-exercise were likely due to hemoconcentration from insensible water loss, splenic contraction and sympathetic stimulation while 4-hours later autohemodilution reduced RBC parameters. Elevations in plasma lactate and urinary TXB2 correlated with advanced skill level/speed of the dogs.

Tissue engineering is being investigated as a means for treating avascular meniscal injury or total meniscal loss in human and veterinary patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if an arthroscopic tissue shaver can be used to collect viable synoviocytes for in vitro culture during therapeutic stifle arthroscopy, with the long term goal of producing autologous meniscal fibrocartilage for meniscal tissue engineering. Synovium was harvested arthroscopically from 13 dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament deficiency and obtained from 5 dogs with patellar luxation via arthrotomy. Cells harvested via arthroscopy and arthrotomy were treated with a chondrogenic growth factor protocol and analyzed for meniscal-like matrix constituents including collagens type I, II, and glycosaminoglycans. Arthrotomy and Arthroscopic origin cells formed contracted tissues containing collagen I, II and small amounts of GAG. These surgical methods provide clinically relevant access to synoviocytes for potential use in meniscal tissue engineering., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Avascular meniscal injuries are largely incapable of healing; the most common treatment remains partial meniscectomy despite the risk of subsequent osteoarthritis. Meniscal responses to injury are partially mediated through synovial activity and strategies have been investigated to encourage healing through stimulating or transplanting adjacent synovial lining. However, with their potential for chondrogenesis, synovial fibroblast-like stem cells hold promise for meniscal cartilage tissue engineering., Questions/purposes: Thus, specific purposes of this review were to (1) examine how the synovial intima and synoviomeniscal junction affect current meniscal treatment modalities; and (2) examine the components of tissue engineering (cells, scaffolds, bioactive agents, and bioreactors) in the specific context of how cells of synovial origin may be used for meniscal healing or regeneration., Methods: An online bibliographic search through PubMed was performed in March 2010. Studies were subjectively evaluated and reviewed if they addressed the question posed. Fifty-four resources were initially retrieved, which offered information on the chondrogenic potential of synovial-based cells that could prove valuable for meniscal fibrocartilage engineering., Results: Based on the positive effects of adjoining synovium on meniscal healing as used in some current treatment modalities, the chondrogenic potential of fibroblast-like stem cells of synovial origin make this cell source a promising candidate for cell-based tissue engineering strategies., Conclusions: The abundance of autologous synovial lining, its ability to regenerate, and the potential of synovial-derived stem cells to produce a wide spectrum of chondral matrix components make it an ideal candidate for future meniscal engineering investigations.

Objective: To determine the in vitro effects of selected growth factors on fibrochondrogenesis by synovial membrane cells from nonosteoarthritic (normal) and osteoarthritic joints of dogs., Animals: 5 dogs with secondary osteoarthritis of shoulder or stifle joints and 6 dogs with normal joints., Procedures: Synovial membrane cells were harvested from normal and osteoarthritic joints and cultured in monolayer with or without (control) basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, and insulin-like growth factor-1. In the cultured cells, fibrochondrogenesis was measured by use of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay to determine relative expressions of collagen I, collagen II, and aggrecan genes and of 3 genes involved in embryonic chondrogenesis: Sry-type homeobox protein-9 (SOX-9), frizzled-motif associated with bone development (Frzb), and regulator of G-protein signaling-10 (RGS-10). Tissue collagen content was measured via a hydroxyproline assay, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan content was measured via a 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay. Cellularity was determined via a double-stranded DNA assay. Immunohistochemical analysis for collagens I and II was also performed., Results: In vitro collagen synthesis was enhanced by growth factor stimulation. Although osteoarthritic-joint synoviocytes could undergo a fibrocartilage-like phenotypic shift, their production of collagenous extracellular matrix was less than that of normal-joint synoviocytes. Gene expressions of SOX-9 and RGS-10 were highest in the osteoarthritic-joint cells; Frzb expression was highest in growth factor treated cells., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Autogenous synovium may be a viable cell source for meniscal tissue engineering. Gene expressions of SOX-9 and RGS-10 may be potential future targets for in vitro enhancement of chondrogenesis.

Across species, the avascular portion of the knee meniscus cannot heal spontaneously if severely injured. The most common treatment is meniscectomy which results in osteoarthritis. The objective of this study was to assess the fibrochondrogenic potential of equine fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) seeded on scaffolds under the influence of growth factors in vitro to determine the potential of developing a novel cell-based repair strategy. Cultured FLS were seeded onto synthetic scaffolds in a rotating bioreactor under the influence of three growth factor regimens: none, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) alone, and bFGF plus transforming growth factor (TGF-beta(1)) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Constructs were analyzed for mRNA expression and production of fibrochondroid extracellular matrix constituents. Type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA were significantly higher in growth factor-treated groups (p<0.05). Despite sub-optimal extracellular matrix production, FLS can exhibit fibrochondral characteristics and may have potential for cell-based tissue engineering for avascular meniscal regeneration., (Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A technique for arthroscopy of the antebrachiocarpal joint in dogs is described. Both antebrachiocarpal joints in 9 dog cadavers were examined arthroscopically and grossly to refine the technique and determine structures that could be seen. Two arthroscope portals were evaluated in each joint. The antebrachiocarpal synovium, ulnar carpal bone, distal portion of the ulna, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, accessory carpal bone, intercarpal ligament of the radial and ulnar carpal bone, distal portion of the radius, radial carpal bone, palmar process of the radial carpal bone, ligaments of the accessory carpal bone, palmar radiocarpal ligament, and palmar ulnocarpal ligament were visible and accessible to instruments. Arthroscopy was also performed in 5 client-owned dogs, allowing diagnosis of hyperextension injuries (n = 2), septic arthritis (2), and immune-mediated arthropathy (1). Arthroscopy of the antebrachiocarpal joint was found to be a useful adjunct to standard diagnostic modalities.

Objective: To determine outcome of and complications associated with cricopharyngeal myotomy or myectomy for treatment of cricopharyngeal dysphagia (CPD) in dogs., Design: Retrospective study., Animals: 14 dogs., Procedure: Medical records of dogs with CPD that underwent cricopharyngeal myotomy or myectomy were examined. Follow-up information was obtained through telephone interviews with owners and referring veterinarians and clinical examinations when feasible., Results: 16 surgical procedures were performed on the 14 dogs. Dysphagia was completely resolved immediately after surgery in 1 dog, and clinical signs did not recur (follow-up time of 8 years); a second dog also had immediate complete resolution of dysphagia, but follow-up time was only 10 days. Three dogs had transient complete resolution with a mean time to recurrence of dysphagia of 12.3 weeks (range, 2 to 36 weeks). Three dogs had permanent partial resolution. Six dogs had no improvement after surgery. Eight of the 14 dogs were euthanatized because of problems related to CPD, including persistent dysphagia (n = 8) and aspiration pneumonia (5)., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The failure rate for dogs undergoing surgical treatment of CPD may be high, particularly if concurrent aspiration pneumonia or malnutrition is not addressed prior to surgery. For those dogs with concurrent diseases, more aggressive medical management, such as enteral tube feeding, may be warranted rather than surgery. In dogs with CPD complicated by other anatomic or functional conditions, such as myasthenia gravis, laryngeal paralysis, and esophageal stricture, surgery may also not be indicated.

Objective: To determine the practicality and clinical outcome of miniature total hip replacement (THR) in dogs., Study Design: Retrospective study. Sample Population- Seventeen client-owned dogs that had miniature THR., Methods: Patient data surveyed included signalment, body weight, diagnosis, implant size, surgical technique, and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Radiographic evaluation included angle of lateral opening of the acetabular component, implant positioning, cement mantle quality, and femoral displacement measurement and ratio. Client questionnaire and orthopedic examination were used to obtain long-term follow-up information., Results: Miniature THR was performed to address hip dysplasia and secondary osteoarthritis. In 1 dog, a staged bilateral procedure was performed. Mean body weight was 19 kg (range, 12 to 25 kg). Penetration or fissure of the femoral cortex was the most common intraoperative complication and occurred in 3 dogs. In 3 dogs, there was excessive coxofemoral laxity after reduction of the prosthesis. This instability was addressed specifically in 2 dogs by capsulorrhaphy or capsular prosthesis. Postoperative convalescent complications (craniodorsal luxation, 2 dogs; acetabular cup displacement, 1 dog) were related to surgical errors. Aseptic loosening of the femoral implant was diagnosed in 1 dog at 18 months. Mean follow-up time was 17 months (range, 4 to 42 months). Fifteen of 18 (83%) miniature THRs had good or excellent outcomes., Conclusions: Miniature THR should be considered a satisfactory alternative to femoral head and neck ostectomy in medium-size dogs affected by hip dysplasia and secondary osteoarthritis. The population of medium-size dogs that might derive more benefit from THR than FHO has yet to be defined., Clinical Relevance: Miniature THR is a viable treatment option in medium-size dogs with hip dysplasia., (Copyright 2003 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons)

Female hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) may occur in up to one-third of adult women in the US. The essential feature of female HSDD is a deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity that causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty. The evaluation of female HSDD generally requires careful and thoughtful consideration of the patient and the multitude of factors that impact on the various components of adult female sexual desire. Several female reproductive life experiences may uniquely affect sexual desire. These events include menstrual cycles, hormonal contraceptives, postpartum states and lactation, oophorectomy and hysterectomy, and perimenopausal and postmenopausal states. Sexual dysfunctions in women have strong positive associations with low feelings of physical and emotional satisfaction and low feelings of happiness. Thus, female HSDD can greatly impact on quality of life. In this article, treatment options are discussed with special attention to significant reproductive life events that may impact on sexual desire in adult women. Depending on the particular phase of reproductive life that a woman is experiencing, different recommendations are made. Various options in the treatment of HSDD in women include lifestyle changes, treatment of coexisting medical or psychiatric disorders, switching or discontinuing medications that could impact on sexual desire, hormone therapy and marital therapy. Clinical trials are presently underway to assess medications that may potentially benefit female patients with HSDD.

Cartilage absorption and calcification are prone to occur after the implantation of diced cartilage wrapped with autologous materials, as well as prolong the operation time, aggravate surgical trauma and postoperative pain during the acquisition process. Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has suitable toughness and excellent degradability, which has been widely used in the clinic. Urine‐derived stem cells (USCs), as a new type of stem cells, have multi‐directional differentiation potential. In this study, we attempt to create the tissue engineering membrane material, termed USCs‐SIS (U‐SIS), and wrap the diced cartilage with it, assuming that they can promote the survival and regeneration of cartilage. In this study, after co‐culture with the SIS and U‐SIS, the proliferation, migration and chondrogenesis ability of the auricular‐derived chondrocyte cells (ACs) were significantly improved. Further, the expression levels of chondrocyte phenotype‐related genes were up‐regulated, whilst that of dedifferentiated genes was down‐regulated. The signal pathway proteins (Wnt3a and Wnt5a) were also participated in regulation of chondrogenesis. In vivo, compared with perichondrium, the diced cartilage wrapped with the SIS and U‐SIS attained higher survival rate, less calcification and absorption in both short and long terms. Particularly, USCs promoted chondrogenesis and modulated local immune responses via paracrine pathways. In conclusion, SIS have the potential to be a new choice of membrane material for diced cartilage graft. U‐SIS can enhance survival and regeneration of diced cartilage as a bioactive membrane material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell-cell communication within the lymphatic vasculature during homeostasis is incompletely detailed. Although many discoveries highlight the pathological roles of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) in chronic vascular inflammation and associated fibrosis, only a small amount is known surrounding the role of TGFβ-signaling in homeostatic lymphatic function. Here, we discovered that pharmacological blockade of TGFβ receptor 1 (TGFβR1) negatively impacts rat mesenteric lymphatic vessel pumping, significantly reducing vessel contractility and surrounding lymphatic muscle coverage. We have identified mesenteric lymphatic endothelial cells themselves as a source of endogenous vascular TGFβ and that TGFβ production is significantly increased in these cells via activation of a number of functional pattern recognition receptors they express. We show that a continuous supply of TGFβ is essential to maintain the contractile phenotype of neighboring lymphatic muscle cells and support this conclusion through in vitro analysis of primary isolated lymphatic muscle cells that undergo synthetic differentiation during 2-D cell culture, a phenomenon that could be effectively rescued by supplementation with recombinant TGFβ. Finally, we demonstrate that lymphatic endothelial production of TGFβ is regulated, in part, by nitric oxide in a manner we propose is essential to counteract the pathological over-production of TGFβ. Taken together, these data highlight the essential role of homeostatic TGFβ signaling in the maintenance of lymphatic vascular function and highlight possible deleterious consequences of its inhibition. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: The growth factor TGFβ is commonly associated with its pathological overproduction during tissue fibrosis rather than its homeostatic functions. We expose the lymphatic endothelium as a source of endogenous TGFβ, the impact of its production on the maintenance of surrounding lymphatic muscle cell phenotype, and internally regulated mechanisms of its production. Overall, these results highlight the intricate balance of TGFβ-signaling as an essential component of maintaining lymphatic contractile function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To accomplish early detection of cartilage injury, avert the ultimate development of degenerative necrosis, and cause permanent harm, MRI images clearly show chondrolesions and overcome the irreversible damage caused by minimally invasive surgery. A cartilage injury segmentation algorithm based on subordinate degree analysis (SDA-LD) is proposed, which can effectively assist clinicians in conducting early diagnosis and determine follow-up plans. On the one hand, to reduce the attention on the non-essential region in knee cartilage images, the location-directed imitation mechanism is required by mimicking the attention allocation process. On the other hand, the proposed SDA-LD method leverages the subordinate degree analysis matrix to determine the association between rich global cartilage information and local lesion texture features. Meanwhile, it properly achieves the correlation between regions of the shape-irregular region of interest (ROI). The experiment operates in the same environment to fairly measure the performance of the proposed algorithm and successfully generates the appropriate quantitative or qualitative analysis by contrasting it with state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms. Experiments show that the proposed SDA-LD algorithm can achieve dice, Jaccard, and recall values of 0.95, 0.90, and 0.95 on real-world medical cartilage injury datasets, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses highlights of the Fifth Annual Women in Medicine Summit: An Evolution of Empowerment 2023. Topics included transition of critical care physician to a critically ill patient, advocacy in healthcare delivery, culture of belonging in the medical profession, health advocacy using television and digital media platforms, importance of effective communication in medicine, contract negotiation with physicians, and sources of vitality and burnout in medical career.

Background: To preserve the meniscus's function, repairing the torn meniscus has become a common understanding. After which, the search for the ideal suture material is continuous. However, it is still controversial about the efficacy of suture absorbability on meniscus healing. Methods: This review is designed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Inclusion criteria: (1) Studies on meniscus repair; (2) Second-look arthroscopy was performed; (3) The meniscus was repaired by absorbable and non-absorbable sutures; (4) The healing condition of repaired meniscus via second-look arthroscopy was described. Exclusion criteria: (1) Animal studies, cadaveric studies, or in vitro research; (2) Meniscus transplantation; (3) Open meniscus repair; (4) Reviews, meta-analysis, case reports, letters, and comments; (5) non-English studies. MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Database were searched up to October 2022. Risk of bias and methodology quality of included literature were assessed according to ROBINS-I and the modified Coleman Methodological Scale (MCMS). Descriptive analysis was performed, and meta-analysis was completed by RevMan5.4.1. Results: Four studies were included in the systematic review. Among them, three studies were brought into the meta-analysis, including 1 cohort study and 2 case series studies about 130 patients with meniscal tears combined with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Forty-two cases were repaired by absorbable sutures, and 88 were repaired by non-absorbable sutures. Using the fixed effect model, there was a statistical difference in the healing success rate between the absorbable and the non-absorbable groups [RR1.20, 95%CI (1.03, 1.40)]. Conclusion: In early and limited studies, insufficient evidence supports that non-absorbable sutures in meniscus repair surgery could improve meniscal healing success rate under second-look arthroscopy compared with absorbable sutures. In contrast, available data suggest that absorbable sutures have an advantage in meniscal healing. Trial registration: The review was registered in the PROSPERO System Review International Pre-Registration System (Registration number CRD42021283739). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Over the last 50 years arthroplasty became the gold-standard treatment for disabling conditions of the coxofemoral joint. Variations of anterior, lateral, and dorsal incision have been applied, but as each approach requires the incision and reflection of various muscles to gain adequate exposure of the joint results are still controversial. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a minimal-invasive, tissue-sparing approach in sheep with reduced risks in animal testing. METHODS: 12 mature sheep underwent hip surgery as part of a study to evaluate a hip resurfacing system. In line with the preliminary cadaveric tests a modified, minimal-invasive, musclepreserving surgical approach was sought after. RESULTS: We developed a surgical approach to the coxofemoral joint in sheep using only blunt tissue dissection after skin incision without any limitations in joint exposure or increased blood loss/duration of surgery. CONCLUSION: Even though limitations occur and femoral orientation in sheep differs from man, joint forces have similar relative directions to the bone with similar bony and vascular anatomy. Therefore, this minimal-invasive muscle preserving approach might be a safe and comparable alternative in still inevitable animal testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Compagnia is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To investigate the impact of surgery resident training on surgery duration in tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and evaluate whether surgery duration differs with each year of residency training., Study Design: Retrospective medical record review., Animals: A total of 256 client-owned dogs underwent TPLO., Methods: Records of dogs that underwent TPLO between August 2019 and August 2022 were reviewed. The effects of the surgeon (faculty/resident) and the procedure (arthrotomy/arthroscopy) on TPLO surgery duration were examined with an analysis of variance, and geometric least squares means (GLSM) were compared. A linear mixed effects model (LMM) was fitted to quantify fixed and random effects., Results: Four faculty surgeons performed 74 (29%) TPLOs, while 10 residents performed 182 (71%) TPLOs under the direct supervision of a faculty surgeon. All TPLOs were conducted with arthrotomy (109; 43%) or arthroscopy (147; 57%). Overall, residents (GLSM, 153 min) required 54% more surgery duration than faculty surgeons (GLSM, 99 min). Surgery duration among first-year residents (GLSM, 170 min) was 15% longer than second- (GLSM, 148 min) and third-year (GLSM, 147 min) residents, whereas the duration did not differ statistically between second- and third-year residents. Arthroscopy, meniscal tear treatment, surgery on the right stifle, and increasing patient weight were also associated with longer surgery duration., Conclusion: The duration of TPLO surgery significantly decreased after the first year of residency, but did not decrease afterward., Clinical Significance: The results will aid with resource allocation, curricula planning, and cost management associated with resident training., (© 2024 The Authors. Veterinary Surgery published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are two common forms of arthritis with undefined etiology and pathogenesis. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its homolog transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), which act as sensors for cellular mechanical and inflammatory cues, have been identified as crucial players in the regulation of joint homeostasis. Current studies also reveal a significant association between YAP/TAZ and the pathogenesis of OA and RA. The objective of this review is to elucidate the impact of YAP/TAZ on different joint tissues and to provide inspiration for further studying the potential therapeutic implications of YAP/TAZ on arthritis. Databases, such as PubMed, Cochran Library, and Embase, were searched for all available studies during the past two decades, with keywords "YAP," "TAZ," "OA," and "RA.", (© 2024 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.)

Objective: To evaluate the use of the Leipzig distractor during canine shoulder arthroscopy., Study Design: Experimental, ex vivo., Sample Population: Paired shoulder joints from 15 large breed canine cadavers., Methods: Standard lateral shoulder arthroscopy was performed with or without the use of the Leipzig distractor (n = 15 each). Joint space width, procedure time, and visibility and palpability of the intra-articular structures were assessed during the arthroscopy. After the arthroscopic evaluation, each shoulder joint was disarticulated to assess the area and number of iatrogenic articular cartilage injury (IACI) lesions. Sites around the distraction device were assessed for the presence of iatrogenic injury., Results: With shoulder distraction, median joint space width was 4 mm larger (P = .01), IACI area was 9.5 mm 2 lower (P = .003), and there were two fewer total number of IACI lesions (P = .004) compared with nondistracted shoulders. The mean total surgery time was 93 seconds shorter (P = .01) in distracted shoulders. Although distraction was associated with increased visibility of the supraglenoid tubercle (P = .015), no significant differences were found for other intra-articular structures for their visibility and palpability. Unexpected lesions at the sites around the distraction device were not encountered., Conclusion: Use of the distraction device decreased the area and incidence of IACI lesions and shortened the arthroscopy time. However, no improvement was found in the visibility or palpability of the intra-articular structures., Clinical Significance: Although additional clinical studies are required to evaluate the effect of the distraction device on pathologic articular conditions and intraoperative manipulation, the use of a shoulder distraction device might improve the outcomes of shoulder arthroscopy by decreasing IACI and arthroscopy time., (© 2021 The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The palmar region of the canine carpus may be injured by traumatic, inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, and degenerative disorders. The normal ultrasonographic anatomic features of the dorsal region of the canine carpus have been published, however information regarding the palmar region is currently lacking. The aims of this prospective, descriptive, anatomic study were (1) to describe the normal ultrasonographic characteristics of the palmar carpal structures in medium to large‐breed dogs, and (2) to establish a standardized ultrasonographic protocol for evaluating them. As in the previously published study, the current study consisted of two phases: (1) identification phase, in which the palmar structures of the carpus were identified ultrasonographically in fifty‐four cadaveric specimens and an ultrasonographic protocol to examine them was developed; and (2) descriptive phase, in which the ultrasonographic characteristics of the main palmar structures in twenty‐five carpi of thirteen living healthy adult dogs were documented. The tendons of the flexor muscles of the carpus and digits, the superficial and deep parts of the retinaculum flexorum, the carpal canal and the median and ulnar neurovascular structures were ultrasonographically identified and described. Findings from the current study can serve as a reference for evaluating dogs with suspected injury involving the palmar carpal region using ultrasonography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate long-term outcome using the BioMedtrix™ TPLO Curve® plate in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CrCLd) treated by tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). Study design: Retrospective case study. Animals: Dogs (n = 323, 337 stifles). Methods: Medical records were searched for dogs presented with CrCLd and treated by TPLO with the BioMedtrix™ TPLO Curve® plate for 3.5 mm screws between March 2018 and December 2020. Tibial plateau angles (TPA) were measured on preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up radiographs. Changes in TPA between postoperative and follow-up radiographs (ModTPA) were calculated. Radiographic bone healing was scored. Complications were evaluated. Surgical site infections (SSI) were compared to a control group of dogs treated with the Synthes™ TPLO plate between January and December 2017. Owners of both groups were contacted by telephone at least 1 year postoperatively. Results: The BioMedtrix™ group was composed of 237 dogs (248 stifles), the control group was composed of 86 dogs (89 stifles). In the BioMedtrix™ group, radiographic follow-up was performed at a median of 48 days. Average ModTPA was 1.2°. Bone healing was graded as complete, good, poor, and none in 18%, 62%, 20%, and 0%, respectively. At a median of 786 days postoperatively, minor and major postoperative complications were observed in 6 (2.4%) and 32 (12.9%) cases in this group, respectively. During the first year following the surgery, 23 (9.3%) and 12 (13.5%) cases suffered a SSI, of which 12 (4.8%) and 7 (7.9%) had their implant explanted in the BioMedtrix™ group and the control group, respectively. There was no significant difference between groups for SSI and implant explantations (p = 0.31 and p = 0.29, respectively). Conclusion: The BioMedtrix™ TPLO Curve® plate provided a reliable fixation system for osteotomy healing after TPLO. Bone healing and long-term complication rates were similar to previous studies using other implants. SSI rates were similar between the BioMedtrix™ group and the control group. The antimicrobial HyProtect® coating of the plate did not reduce SSI in this study. Clinical significance: The BioMedtrix™ TPLO Curve® plate can be safely used for TPLO. The value of the antimicrobial HyProtect® coating of the plate may be questioned, as SSI rate was not lower in this study compared to the control group or previous reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menisci play an important role in the biomechanics of knee joint function, including loading transmission, joint lubrication, prevention of soft tissue impingement during motion and joint stability. Meniscal repair presents a challenge due to a lack of vascularization that limits the healing capacity of meniscal tissue. In this review, the authors aimed to untangle the available treatment options for repairing meniscal tears. Various surgical procedures have been developed to treat meniscal tears; however, clinical outcomes are limited. Consequently, numerous researchers have focused on different treatments such as the application of exogenous and/or autologous growth factors, scaffolds including tissue-derived matrix, cell-based therapy and miRNA-210. The authors present current and prospective treatment strategies for meniscal lesions. One of the most common knee injuries, especially in athletes, is a meniscal tear. There are two wedge-shaped pieces of fibrocartilage that act as shock absorbers between the thighbone and shinbone (menisci). The menisci help to transmit weight from one bone to another and play an important role in knee stability. The challenge for researchers and clinicians is to repair meniscal injuries, despite the lack of vascularization. The authors discuss the available approaches for repairing meniscal tears. Non surgical and surgical procedures are reviewed, clarifying their clinical outcomes. Other approaches to tissue engineering are also discussed. Using the patient's cells may be a potential strategy to repair meniscal injuries and improve the durability of the knee joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess diagnostic value and clinical utility of multidetector computed tomographic positive contrast arthrography (CTA) for meniscal lesions in dogs., Study Design: Prospective case series., Study Population: Client-owned dogs (n = 55) with cranial cruciate ligament injuries., Methods: Sedated dogs underwent CTA using a 16-slice scanner, and subsequently received mini-medial arthrotomy for meniscal assessment. Scans were anonymized, randomized, and reviewed twice for meniscal lesions by three independent observers with varying experience. Results were compared with surgical findings. Reproducibility and repeatability were assessed with kappa statistics, intraobserver changes in diagnosis by McNemar's test, and interobserver differences using Cochran's Q test. Test performance was calculated using sensitivity, specificity, proportion correctly identified, and positive and negative predictive values and likelihood ratios., Results: Analysis was based on 52 scans from 44 dogs. Sensitivity for identifying meniscal lesions was 0.62-1.00 and specificity was 0.70-0.96. Intraobserver agreement was 0.50-0.78, and interobserver agreement was 0.47-0.83. There was a significant change between readings one and two for the least experienced observers (p < .05). The sum of sensitivity and specificity exceeded 1.5 for both readings and all observers., Conclusion: Diagnostic performance was suitable for identifying meniscal lesions. An effect of experience and learning was seen in this study., (© 2023 The Authors. Veterinary Surgery published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Surgeons.)

Background: Monitoring changes in appendicular skeletal muscle mass is frequently used as a surrogate marker for limb function. The primary objective of this study was to review scientific information related to the assessment of appendicular skeletal muscle mass in dogs. The secondary objective was to develop practical recommendations for serial evaluation of muscle mass. Methods: A scoping review was conducted with a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, CAB abstract, and Cochrane from inception to June 2021. The following modalities were included in the search: limb circumference, diagnostic ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results: A total of 62 articles that measured appendicular skeletal muscle mass in dogs were identified. Limb circumference (55 articles) was the most commonly used modality. Its reliability was investigated in five studies. Several factors, including measuring tape type, body position, joint angles, and the presence of hair coat, were reported as variables that can affect measurements. Diagnostic ultrasound (five articles) was validated in three articles, but there is scarce information about observer reliability and variables affecting the measurement. Computed tomography (four articles) and magnetic resonance imaging (one article) have been used to validate other modalities at a single time point rather than as a clinical tool for serial muscle mass monitoring. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (two articles) has been used to quantify specific skeletal muscle mass but was mainly used to evaluate body composition in dogs. Conclusion: Limb circumference and ultrasound are likely the main modalities that will continue to be used for serial muscle mass measurement in the clinical setting unless a new technology is developed. The reliability of limb circumference is questionable. Several key factors, including measuring tape type, body position, joint angles, and coat clipping, need to be controlled to improve the reliability of limb circumference measurements. Ultrasound may provide a reasonable alternative, but further studies are required to evaluate the reliability of this modality and identify factors that influence ultrasound measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dorsal region of the canine carpus is anatomically complex and its normal ultrasonographic characteristics have not been published. The aims of this prospective, descriptive, anatomic study were (a) to describe the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the dorsal carpal structures in medium to large breed dogs, and (b) to describe a standardized protocol for evaluations. The final study, based on the methodology developed in a pilot study performed in twenty‐two carpi, comprised two phases: (a) identification phase, in which a correlation between ultrasound and dissection and anatomic slices was performed in forty‐eight cadaver carpi and the ultrasonographic protocol was developed; and (b) descriptive phase, in which the ultrasonographic characteristics of the examined structures in 23 carpi of 12 alive adult and healthy dogs were recorded. The tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor muscles of the carpus and digits, the dorsal ligaments of the carpus – including the medial and lateral collateral ligaments – the extensor retinaculum, a distal radioulnar fibrocartilage and the regional osseous surfaces were ultrasonographically identified and described. Findings from the current study can be used as a reference for ultrasonographic examinations in dogs with injuries or other diseases affecting the dorsal region of the carpus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]