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A cross-sectional survey design was used to assess Arkansas parents'/guardians' intentions to vaccinate their child against COVID-19. Parents/guardians whose oldest child was age 0-11 years ( n = 171) or 12-17 years ( n = 198) were recruited between 12 July and 30 July 2021 through random digit dialing. Among parents/guardians with an age-eligible child, age 12-17, 19% reported their child had been vaccinated, and 34% reported they would have their child vaccinated right away. Among parents/guardians with a child aged 0-11, 33% of parents/guardians reported they would have their child vaccinated right away. Twenty-eight percent (28%) of parents/guardians whose oldest child was 12-17 and 26% of parents/guardians whose oldest child was 0-11 reported they would only have their child vaccinated if their school required it; otherwise, they would definitely not vaccinate them. For both groups, parents'/guardians' education, COVID-19 vaccination status, and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were significantly associated with intentions to vaccinate their child. More than a third of parents/guardians whose child was eligible for vaccination at the time of the survey reported they intended to have them vaccinated right away; however, they had not vaccinated their child more than two months after approval. This finding raises questions about the remaining barriers constraining some parents/guardians from vaccinating their child.

Background: The Marshallese experience high rates of chronic diseases including hypertension and diabetes. Medication adherence is crucial to successful disease management, and healthcare providers play a crucial role in assisting their patients with medication adherence., Methods: A qualitative study design was used with individual interviews and focus groups with pharmacists and community health workers (CHWs) serving the Marshallese community in Northwest Arkansas. Participants were asked about their experiences with and perceptions of barriers and facilitators to medication adherence among Marshallese adults in Northwest Arkansas., Results: Eight pharmacists and nine CHWs were interviewed. Five themes emerged regarding barriers to medication adherence: (1) financial, (2) transportation, (3) language, (4) health literacy and understanding of Western medicine, and (5) mistrust. Four themes emerged regarding facilitators to medication adherence: (1) in-depth patient education strategies, (2) efforts to address the language barrier, (3) family engagement, and (4) public transportation and prescription home delivery., Discussion: Pharmacists and CHWs identified the same barriers to medication adherence, which are consistent with those documented in previous studies. Pharmacists also reported distress over their inability to confirm Marshallese patient understanding in relation to the use of prescribed medications.

Background: Significant health disparities are present in Marshallese adults residing in the United States, most notably a high incidence of type 2 diabetes and other chronic conditions. There is limited research on medication adherence in the Marshallese population. Objective: This study explored perceptions of and experiences with medication adherence among Marshallese adults residing in Arkansas, with the aim of identifying and better understanding barriers and facilitators to medication adherence. Methods: Eligible participants were Marshallese adults taking at least one medication for a chronic health condition. Each participant completed a brief survey and semistructured interview conducted in Marshallese by a bilingual Marshallese staff member. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and translated from Marshallese to English. Qualitative data were coded for a priori and emergent themes. Results: A total of 40 participants were included in the study. The most common contributing factor for nonadherence was forgetting to take medication (82%). A majority of participants (70%) reported difficulty paying for medicine, 45% reported at least one form of cost-related nonadherence, and 40% engaged in more than one cost-related nonadherence practice. Family support and medication pill boxes were identified as facilitators for medication adherence. The majority of the participants (76.9%) stated that they understood the role of a pharmacist. Participants consistently desired more education on their medications from pharmacy providers. Conclusion: This is the first study to explore barriers and facilitators to medication adherence among Marshallese patients. The findings can be used to develop methods to improve medication adherence among Marshallese., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2018.)

Problem: Many U.S. medical schools have accreditation requirements for interprofessional education and training in cultural competency, yet few programs have developed programs to meet both of these requirements simultaneously. Furthermore, most training programs to address these requirements are broad in nature and do not focus on addressing health disparities. The lack of integration may reduce the students' ability to apply the knowledge learned. Innovative programs that combine these two learning objectives and focus on disenfranchised communities are needed to train the next generation of health professionals., Intervention: A unique interprofessional education program was developed at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest. The program includes experiential learning, cultural exposure, and competence-building activities for interprofessional teams of medicine, nursing, and pharmacy students. The activities include (a) educational seminars, (b) clinical experiential learning in a student-led clinic, and (c) community-based service-learning through health assessments and survey research events., Context: The program focuses on interprofessional collaboration to address the health disparities experienced by the Marshallese community in northwest Arkansas. The Marshallese are Pacific Islanders who suffer from significant health disparities related to chronic and infectious diseases., Outcome: Comparison tests revealed statistically significant changes in participants' retrospectively reported pre/posttest scores for Subscales 1 and 2 of the Readiness for Interpersonal Learning Scale and for the Caffrey Cultural Competence in Healthcare Scale. However, no significant change was found for Subscale 3 of the Readiness for Interpersonal Learning Scale. Qualitative findings demonstrated a change in students' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior toward working with other professions and the underserved population., Lessons Learned: The program had to be flexible enough to meet the educational requirements and class schedules of the different health professions' education programs. The target community spoke limited English, so providing interpretation services using bilingual Marshallese community health workers was integral to the program's success.

Background: The Pacific Islander population in the USA is growing rapidly. However, research on Pacific Islanders in the USA is limited, or sometimes misleading due to aggregation with Asian Americans. This project seeks to add to the dearth of health literature by conducting a health assessment of Marshallese in northwest Arkansas., Methods: Using a community-based participatory research approach, nine health screening events were conducted at local Marshallese churches. Participants completed the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Survey core questionnaire and diabetes module if applicable. Biometric data, including Hemoglobin A1c, blood pressure, and body mass index, were gathered by an interprofessional team., Results: Four hundred one participants completed health screenings. High proportions of diabetes, obesity, and hypertension were found. A high percentage of participants were uninsured, and multiple barriers to health care were found within the sample., Discussion: This project represents one of the first broad health assessments of Pacific Islanders in the USA. Proportions of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and uninsured found in the sample are much higher than national proportions.

Background: The study identifies the experiences, preferences, and perceptions of research participants regarding dissemination of research findings at the participant level and community level., Methods: The qualitative study utilized focus-group methodology to explore research participants' experiences and preferences for the dissemination of research findings. Five focus groups were held with 53 participants who were recruited through existing community advisory boards in Arkansas., Results: Participants stated that researchers should always offer to share research findings. Participants explained that disseminating findings is appropriate because of their sense of ownership of results, it encourages participation facilitating higher quality research, and it may foster greater trust between researchers and participants. Participants also provided insights on how research findings should be shared, including recommendations for appropriate mode, timing, and context, as well as ways to share sensitive findings and the role of community partners in dissemination., Conclusions: This study is consistent with other studies that document participants' desire to receive research findings and expands our knowledge by documenting participants' rationale for why they think it is important and their recommendations for how to share results. Further research is needed to understand why researchers are not disseminating study findings to participants and to test the best ways to share results.

Background: Participants in health research studies typically express interest in receiving the results from the studies in which they participate. However, participants' preferences and experiences related to receiving the results are not well understood. In general, the existing studies have had relatively small sample sizes and typically address specific and often sensitive issues within targeted populations., Methods: This study used an online survey to explore attitudes and experiences of registrants in ResearchMatch, a large database of past, present, and potential health research participants. Survey respondents provided information related to whether or not they received research results from studies in which they participated, the methods used to communicate the results, their satisfaction with the results, and when and how they would like to receive research results from future studies. In all, 70,699 ResearchMatch registrants were notified of the study's topic. Of the 5207 registrants who requested full information about the study, 3381 respondents completed the survey., Results: Approximately 33% of respondents with previous health research participation reported receiving the results. Approximately half of respondents with previous research participation reported no opportunity to request the results. However, almost all respondents said researchers should always or sometimes offer the results to participants. Respondents expressed particular interest in the results related to their (or a loved one's) health, as well as information about studies' purposes and any medical advances based on the results. In general, respondents' most preferred dissemination methods for the results were email and website postings. The least desirable dissemination methods for the results included Twitter, conference calls, and text messages. Across all the results, we compare the responses of respondents with and without previous research participation experience and those who have worked in research organizations versus those who have not. Compared to respondents who have previous participation experience, a greater proportion of respondents with no participation experience indicated that the results should always be shared with participants. Likewise, respondents with no participation experience placed higher importance on the receipt of each type of results' information included in the survey., Conclusion: We present findings from a survey assessing attitudes and experiences of a broad sample of respondents that addresses gaps in knowledge related to participants' preferences for receiving the results. The study's findings highlight the potential for inconsistency between respondents' expressed preferences to receive specific types of results via specific methods and researchers' unwillingness or inability to provide them. We present specific recommendations to shift the approach of new studies to investigate participants' preferences for receiving research results., Competing Interests: DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2016.)

The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess cross-hypersensitivity between imipenem/cilastatin and penicillin in patients with reported penicillin allergies. Medical records of febrile neutropenic, penicillin-allergic bone marrow transplant recipients who received imipenem/cilastatin treatment were retrospectively reviewed. The findings of this study indicate the incidence of cross-reactivity between imipenem/cilastatin and penicillin among patients with a history of penicillin allergy may be lower than previously reported.