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1. Academic foreign compound metabolism – 'quo vadis'?

Author

Mitchell, S. C. and Waring, R. H.

Subjects
*XENOBIOTICS, *SINGLE molecules, *MOLECULES, *DRUG metabolism, *PROTEIN-tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Abstract

The article discusses the field of academic foreign compound metabolism, specifically focusing on the identification and characterization of drug metabolites. In the past, it was acceptable to identify metabolites down to a certain percentage of the given dose, but regulatory authorities now require the identification of metabolites representing 10% or more of the dosed product. Modern technology allows for the detection of metabolites at extremely low levels. The article also explores the significance of the absolute number of drug metabolite molecules and the challenges in detecting minor metabolites. It concludes by discussing the future directions of xenobiochemistry, including the study of polymorphic variation, genetic and epigenetic associations, and the importance of the microbiome. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024
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2. Tasks for assessing second language receptive and productive vocabulary

Author

Waring, R. B.

Subjects
371.26
Abstract

Standard vocabulary tasks such as multiple-choice tasks or cued recall tasks can contribute little to our understanding of the nature of Receptive and Productive vocabulary. The main reasons for this include difficulties with task construct definition and the difficulties in ascertaining which mental processes are needed for task completion. The State Rating Task (SRT), described in detail in this thesis, was developed as a plausible alternative to standard vocabulary tasks for assessing Receptive and Productive vocabulary. The SRT, which is based on Multi-State models of vocabulary acquisition, is designed to assess the interaction of Understanding (listening and reading) vocabulary and Use (speaking and writing) vocabulary in a self-report task. The task requires a subject to rate a word into one of five knowledge States. The SRT was tested in two experimental situations. In the first, the SRT was used to assess the types of tokens produced in a stem completion task, and in the second, the SRT was used to trace the developmental patterns of Understanding and Use vocabulary over time. The results from 7 experiments show that the SRT has a high degree of concurrent validity and reliability, and suggest that the SRT is a plausible alternative to standard vocabulary tests for assessing vocabulary development.

Published
1999

3. Integrating interprofessional electronic medical record teaching in preregistration healthcare degrees: A case study

Author

Lokmic-Tomkins, Z, Gray, K, Cheshire, L, Parolini, A, Sharp, M, Tarrant, B, Hill, N, Rose, D, Webster, M, Virtue, D, Brignell, A, Waring, R, Broussard, F, Tsirgialos, A, Cham, KM, Lokmic-Tomkins, Z, Gray, K, Cheshire, L, Parolini, A, Sharp, M, Tarrant, B, Hill, N, Rose, D, Webster, M, Virtue, D, Brignell, A, Waring, R, Broussard, F, Tsirgialos, A, and Cham, KM

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Electronic medical record (EMR) adoption across healthcare necessitates a purposeful curriculum design to prepare graduates for the delivery of safe and effective patient care in digitally-enabled environments. OBJECTIVE: To describe the design and development of an Interprofessional Electronic Medical Record (iEMR) subject that introduces healthcare students to its utility in clinical settings. METHODS: A six-stage design-based educational research framework (Focus, Formulation, Contextualisation, Definition, Implementation, Evaluation) was used to instigate the iEMR design and development in nursing and five allied health graduate entry to practice (preregistration) degrees at an Australian university. RESULTS: In the Focus process, the concept and interdisciplinary partnerships were developed. The Formulation process secured grant support for subject design and development, including a rapid literature review to accommodate various course and curriculum structures. Discipline-specific subject themes were created through the Contextualisation process. During the Definition process, learning objectives and content resources were built. The Implementation process describes the pilot implementation in the nursing program, where assessment tasks were refined, and interdisciplinary clinical case studies originated. DISCUSSION: The design and development of an iEMR subject is underpinned by internal support for educational innovation and in alignment with digital health strategies in employer organisations. Identified barriers include faculty-level changes in strategic support for teaching innovation, managerial expectations of workload, the scope of work required by academics and learning designers, and the gap between the technology platform required to support online learning and the infrastructure needed to support simulated EMR use. A key discovery was the difficulty of finding EMR software, whether designed for teaching purposes or for clinical use, th

Published
2023

4. How Should Children with Speech Sound Disorders be Classified? A Review and Critical Evaluation of Current Classification Systems

Author

Waring, R. and Knight, R.

Abstract

Background: Children with speech sound disorders (SSD) form a heterogeneous group who differ in terms of the severity of their condition, underlying cause, speech errors, involvement of other aspects of the linguistic system and treatment response. To date there is no universal and agreed-upon classification system. Instead, a number of theoretically differing classification systems have been proposed based on either an aetiological (medical) approach, a descriptive-linguistic approach or a processing approach. Aims: To describe and review the supporting evidence, and to provide a critical evaluation of the current childhood SSD classification systems. Method & Procedures: Descriptions of the major specific approaches to classification are reviewed and research papers supporting the reliability and validity of the systems are evaluated. Main Contribution: Three specific paediatric SSD classification systems; the aetiologic-based Speech Disorders Classification System, the descriptive-linguistic Differential Diagnosis system, and the processing-based Psycholinguistic Framework are identified as potentially useful in classifying children with SSD into homogeneous subgroups. The Differential Diagnosis system has a growing body of empirical support from clinical population studies, across language error pattern studies and treatment efficacy studies. The Speech Disorders Classification System is currently a research tool with eight proposed subgroups. The Psycholinguistic Framework is a potential bridge to linking cause and surface level speech errors. Conclusions & Implications: There is a need for a universally agreed-upon classification system that is useful to clinicians and researchers. The resulting classification system needs to be robust, reliable and valid. A universal classification system would allow for improved tailoring of treatments to subgroups of SSD which may, in turn, lead to improved treatment efficacy. (Contains 9 tables and 1 figure.)

Published
2013
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6. Differentiating phonological delay from phonological disorder: Executive function performance in preschoolers

Author

Waring, R, Rickard Liow, S, Dodd, B, Eadie, P, Waring, R, Rickard Liow, S, Dodd, B, and Eadie, P

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The conversational speech of most children can be understood by people outside the family by the time they reach 4 years. However, for some children, speech sound disorders (SSDs) persist into their early school years, and beyond, despite adequate hearing, oromotor function, and language learning opportunities. One explanation for children's SSDs are domain-general cognitive-linguistic deficits that impair the child's ability to correctly derive rules governing how speech sounds legally combine to form words in a specific language. AIMS: To explore whether there are differences in performance on executive function tasks between children who make speech errors characteristic of phonological delay and those who make speech errors characteristic of phonological disorder. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Twenty-six children aged from 3;6 to 5;2 (13 with phonological delay and 13 with phonological disorder), matched pairwise for age and sex (nine males), were assessed on tasks measuring cognitive flexibility (rule abstraction and cognitive shift) and phonological working memory. OUTCOME & RESULTS: For the cognitive flexibility tasks, the performance of children with phonological delay was significantly better than that for children with phonological disorder, but there were no group differences for the phonological working memory task. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Children with phonological disorders might benefit from intervention programmes that incorporate training in cognitive flexibility. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT: Children with phonological delay and phonological disorder comprise the two largest SSD subgroups that present to speech-language therapy clinics. Evidence suggests domain-general cognitive processes (e.g., phonological working memory, ability to revise faulty underlying representations, rule abstraction, and cognitive shift) influence phonological development. Differences between the two subgroups in the types of speech errors, linguistic abil

Published
2022

18. Letter regarding use of forests for bioenergy (February 11, 2021) 500 scientifiques alertent sur le bois énergie (11 février 2021) Brief bezüglich der Nutzung von Wäldern für die Bioenergie (11. Februar 2021)

Author

Raven, P., Berry, S., Cramer, W., Creutzig, F., Duffy, P., Holtsmark, B., Kammen, D., Levin, S., Lucht, W., Moberg, C., Moomaw, W.R., Norton, M., Rahbek, C., Searchinger, T.D., Sterman, J., Walløe, L., van Ypersele, J.-P., Waring, R., Hanrahan, M., Marques, M., Kuetting, G., Davies, G., Rubenstein, D., Frelich, L., Sarika, M., Cabal, C., Ellison, A., Anderegg, W., Kunnas, J., Howarth, R., von Cramon-Taubadel, S., McElwee, P., Freitas, H., Gonzalez, P., Galloway, J., Thomas, S., Bussmann, R.W., Rutherford, A., Bracco, G., Bowling, D., Theuerkauf, J., Burns, W., Settele, Josef, Farrior, C., et al., Raven, P., Berry, S., Cramer, W., Creutzig, F., Duffy, P., Holtsmark, B., Kammen, D., Levin, S., Lucht, W., Moberg, C., Moomaw, W.R., Norton, M., Rahbek, C., Searchinger, T.D., Sterman, J., Walløe, L., van Ypersele, J.-P., Waring, R., Hanrahan, M., Marques, M., Kuetting, G., Davies, G., Rubenstein, D., Frelich, L., Sarika, M., Cabal, C., Ellison, A., Anderegg, W., Kunnas, J., Howarth, R., von Cramon-Taubadel, S., McElwee, P., Freitas, H., Gonzalez, P., Galloway, J., Thomas, S., Bussmann, R.W., Rutherford, A., Bracco, G., Bowling, D., Theuerkauf, J., Burns, W., Settele, Josef, and Farrior, C., et al.

Abstract

Letter Regarding Use of Forests for Bioenergy To President Biden, President von der Leyen, President Michel, Prime Minister Suga, and President Moon. Hundreds of scientists affirm that trees are more valuable alive than dead — both for climate and for biodiversity. Traduction en français d’une lettre ouverte de plus de 500 scientifiques portant sur l’utilisation des forêts pour répondre aux usages énergétiques. Über 500 Wissenschaftler*innen warnen die Regierungen der Welt vor der Nutzung von Holzbiomasse.                  Letter regarding use of forests for bioenergy (February 11, 2021)https://www.woodwellclimate.org/letter-regarding-use-of-forests-for-bioenergy/500 scientifiques alertent sur le bois énergie (11 février 2021)https://www.canopee-asso.org/500-scientifiques-alertent-sur-le-bois-energie/Brief bezüglich der Nutzung von Wäldern für die Bioenergie (11. Februar 2021)https://www.robinwood.de/brief-bez%C3%BCglich-der-nutzung-von-w%C3%A4ldern-f%C3%BCr-die-bioenergie-0                                                                                    &nbsp

Published
2021

48. Driving terrestrial ecosystem models from space

Author

Waring, R. H

Subjects
Environment Pollution
Abstract

Regional air pollution, land-use conversion, and projected climate change all affect ecosystem processes at large scales. Changes in vegetation cover and growth dynamics can impact the functioning of ecosystems, carbon fluxes, and climate. As a result, there is a need to assess and monitor vegetation structure and function comprehensively at regional to global scales. To provide a test of our present understanding of how ecosystems operate at large scales we can compare model predictions of CO2, O2, and methane exchange with the atmosphere against regional measurements of interannual variation in the atmospheric concentration of these gases. Recent advances in remote sensing of the Earth's surface are beginning to provide methods for estimating important ecosystem variables at large scales. Ecologists attempting to generalize across landscapes have made extensive use of models and remote sensing technology. The success of such ventures is dependent on merging insights and expertise from two distinct fields. Ecologists must provide the understanding of how well models emulate important biological variables and their interactions; experts in remote sensing must provide the biophysical interpretation of complex optical reflectance and radar backscatter data.

Published
1993

49. The relationship of sulfoxidation status to efficacy and toxicity of penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Author

Madhok, R., Zoma, A., Torley, H.I., Capell, H.A., Waring, R., and Hunter, J.A.

Subjects
Drug metabolism -- Physiological aspects, Penicillamine -- Health aspects, Rheumatoid arthritis -- Drug therapy, Health
Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that causes joint inflammation and pain, and tissue damage. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin, are used to treat RA. For more severe cases, treatments include D-penicillamine (DP) and gold sodium thiomalate. These drugs frequently produce toxic side effects that limit their use. The inability to metabolize (oxidize) and thereby inactivate a drug will cause that drug to accumulate in the body. When this happens the likelihood of having a toxic reaction to the drug is greatly increased. All people differ in their ability to metabolize different drugs. Therefore, the toxicity of a given drug will vary from person to person. Previous studies have shown that patients with RA who have an impaired ability to oxidize a drug called carbocysteine are more likely to have a toxic reaction to the arthritis drug DP. To investigate this further, 50 patients with RA were tested for their ability to oxidize carbocysteine and for toxic reactions to DP. The results of the study showed that the patients with RA who oxidized carbocysteine were four times less likely to have a toxic reaction to DP than those who did not effectively oxidize the carbocysteine. Determining whether or not a patient is able to oxidize carbocysteine may be useful in selecting patients with RA who are less likely to have a toxic reaction to treatment with DP. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1990

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