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There was a mistake in the values in Table 4 in the parameters total % fat, android fat mass, gynoid fat mass, aLM, android lean mass, and gynoid lean mass. The correct version of Table 4 appears below. The authors apologize for the mistake. This error does not change the scientific conclusions of the article. The nutritional intake data in Table 2 was incorrectly labeled. The correct version of Table 2 appears below. We have also edited the interpretation of the data in the Results section from: Overall, women had higher intakes of all micronutrients. Some notable sex differences include a 21% greater daily habitual calcium intake in women than in men (Table 2). The greatest sex difference was seen in daily habitual iron intake, where women had a 33% greater daily iron intake compared to men. Across the age bands, daily habitual calcium intake [mean (SD)] was 295.9 (175.9) mg/day in men and 378.0 (176.0) mg/day in women (Table 2). To: Overall, men had higher intakes of all micronutrients. Some notable sex differences include a 21% greater daily habitual calcium intake in men than in women (Table 2). The greatest sex difference was seen in daily habitual iron intake, where men had a 33% greater daily iron intake compared to women. Across the age bands, daily habitual calcium intake [mean (SD)] was 378.0 (176.0) mg/day in men and 295.9 (175.9) mg/day in women (Table 2). This error does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.Copyright © 2018 Zengin, Fulford, Sawo, Jarjou, Schoenmakers, Goldberg, Prentice and Ward.

Background: The rapidly rising ageing population in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) will lead to a concurrent increase in musculoskeletal diseases. Sarcopenia is a disease caused by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, leading to adverse outcomes including frailty, falls, fractures, and premature mortality. We investigated the prevalence of sarcopenia, assessed the suitability of current diagnostic guidelines and explored muscle-bone relationships in ageing men and women from rural Gambia. Method(s): A total of 249 women and 239 men aged 40-75+ years were recruited. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Comparisons of the Foundations for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) and European Working Group On Sarcopenia (EWGSOP) definitions of sarcopenia to define prevalence and to identify poor physical capability were determined. Functional ability was assessed by jumping mechanography to calculate lower limb muscle force and power; grip strength was assessed by a hand dynamometer. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to assess muscle-bone relationships. Result(s): The prevalence of sarcopenia in Gambian men and women significantly varied depending on the definition used; in men 20% and 19% and in women 45% and 10% for FNIH and EWGSOP, respectively. The FNIH appendicular lean mass cut-off had greatest sensitivity and specificity in identifying low functional ability in Gambian adults. Muscle force was positively associated with measures of tibial bone size, strength, and mineral content. Conclusion(s): The variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia depends on the definition used and highlights the importance of measuring functional capability across ethnic populations.Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders

The Gambian Bone and Muscle Ageing Study is a prospective observational study investigating bone and muscle ageing in men and women from a poor, subsistence farming community of The Gambia, West Africa. Musculoskeletal diseases, including osteoporosis and sarcopenia, form a major part of the current global non-communicable disease burden. By 2050, the vast majority of the world's ageing population will live in low- and middle-income countries with an estimated two-fold rise in osteoporotic fracture. The study design was to characterise change in bone and muscle outcomes and to identify possible preventative strategies for fracture and sarcopenia in the increasing ageing population. Men and women aged >=40 years from the Kiang West region of The Gambia were recruited with stratified sampling by sex and age. Baseline measurements were completed in 488 participants in 2012 who were randomly assigned to follow-up between 1.5 and 2 years later. Follow-up measurements were performed on 465 participants approximately 1.7 years after baseline measurements. The data set comprises a wide range of measurements on bone, muscle strength, anthropometry, biochemistry, and dietary intake. Questionnaires were used to obtain information on health, lifestyle, musculoskeletal pain, and reproductive status. Baseline cross-sectional data show preliminary evidence for bone mineral density and muscle loss with age. Men had greater negative differences in total body lean mass with age than women following adjustments for body size. From peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans, greater negative associations between bone outcomes and age at the radius and tibia were shown in women than in men. Ultimately, the findings from The Gambian Bone and Muscle Ageing Study will contribute to the understanding of musculoskeletal health in a transitioning population and better characterise fracture and sarcopenia incidence in The Gambia with an aim to the development of preventative strategies

Objectives: Musculoskeletal disease is a major contributor to the global non-communicable disease burden, with 119-million disability- adjusted life years lost worldwide. The global increase in ageing is expected to double the osteoporotic fracture incidence in developing countries by 2040. Strategies to maintain bone strength, prevent damage and fracture are imperative. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of muscle-strength on tibial bone outcomes in a population where fracture incidence is expected to rise. Method(s): Women (W) and men (M) aged >=40years from rural Gambia (West-Africa) were recruited. Tibial bone outcomes- 14%: cortical (Ct) vBMC, cross-sectional area (CSA), Ct area (Ct.Area), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI); 66%: cross-sectional muscle area (CSMA). Muscle-strength was assessed by jumpingmechanography: single 2-leg counter-jump to calculate muscle-force (kN) and power (kW). Linear regressions explored the relationship between force and bone outcomes, adjusting for age, weight, height; including a sex-force interaction. Similar analyses were used to identify the effects of muscle-force/power and age; including an agesex interaction. Results are expressed as beta-coefficients [95% CI] of percentage unit change in force/age. Result(s): For every 10 year increase in age, there was a decline in: muscle-force (M: -10.2% [-11.9, -8.4], W: -7.5% [-9.5, -5.4], p<0.05; muscle power (M: -27.4% [-31.2, -23.6], W: -20.2% [-24.6, -15.7], p=0.01). CSMA decline with age was markedly less, with no sex differences (p=0.885). Muscle-force was a significant predictor of bone. For every 1kN increase in force, there was an increase in: Ct. vBMC (M: 11.4% [-2.8,25.6], W: 44.3% [26.2, 62.7], p<0.0001); CSA (M: 10.6% [-1.2, 22.4], W: 33.6% [18.6, 48.5], p=0.001); Ct. Area (M: 9.9% [-1.9, 21.8], W: 33.5% [18.4, 48.6], p=0.001); CSMI (M: 12.7% [1.2, 24.2], W: 22.5% [7.9, 37.2], p=0.152). Similar effects were seen at the 38% tibia. Summary and Conclusio

Rationale Cigarette smoking is the most commonly encountered risk factor for COPD, reflected by irreversible airflow limitation frequently associated with airspace enlargement and pulmonary inflammation. In addition, COPD has systemic consequences including systemic inflammation, muscle wasting and loss of muscle oxidative phenotype. However, the role of smoking in the development of these extrapulmonary manifestations remains rather unexplored. Methods Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke or control air for 6 months. Subsequently, emphysema was assessed by morphometry of lung tissue and blood cyto- and chemokine levels were determined by a multiplex assay. Soleus, plantaris, gastrocnemius and tibialis muscles were dissected and weighed. Muscle fiber typing was performed based on I, IIA, IIB, and IIX myosin heavy chain isoform composition. Results Lungs of the smoke exposed animals showed pulmonary inflammation and emphysema. Moreover, circulating levels of primarily pro-inflammatory proteins were elevated after smoke exposure, especially TNFalpha. Despite an attenuated body weight gain, only the soleus showed a tendency toward lower muscle weight after smoke exposure. Oxidative fiber type IIA proportion was significantly reduced in the soleus. Muscle oxidative enzyme activity was slightly reduced after smoke exposure, being most prominent for citrate synthase in the soleus and tibialis. Conclusions In this mouse model, chronic cigarette smoke exposure resulted in systemic features that closely resemble the early signs of the extrapulmonary manifestations observed in COPD patients. AD - Respiratory Medicine, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. AU - Gosker HR AU - Langen RC AU - Bracke KR AU - Joos GF AU - Brusselle GG AU - Steele C AU - Ward KA AU - Wouters EF AU - Schols AM LA - ENG PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE DEP - 20081106 TA - Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol JT - American journal of respiratory cell

BACKGROUND.: Exercise intolerance is common in hemodialysis (HD) and renal transplant (RTx) patients and is related to muscle weakness. Its pathogenesis may vary between these groups leading to a different response to exercise. The aim of the study was to compare intrinsic muscular parameters between HD and RTx patients and controls, and to assess the response to exercise training on exercise capacity and muscular structure and function in these groups. METHODS.: Quadriceps function (isokinetic dynamometry), body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were analyzed before and after a 12-week lasting training-program in 35 RTx patients, 16 HD patients, and 21 healthy controls. RESULTS.: At baseline, myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform composition and enzyme activities were not different between the groups. VO2peak and muscle strength improved significantly and comparably over the training-period in RTx, HD patients and controls (ptime<0.05). The proportion of MyHC type I isoforms decreased (ptime<0.001) and type IIa MyHC isoforms increased (ptime<0.05). The 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase activity increased (ptime=0.052). Intrinsic muscular changes were not significantly different between groups. In the HD group, changes in lean body mass were significantly related to changes in muscle insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II and IGF binding protein-3. CONCLUSIONS.: Abnormalities in metabolic enzyme activities or muscle fiber redistribution do not appear to be involved in muscle dysfunction in RTx and HD patients. Exercise training has comparable beneficial effects on functional and intrinsic muscular parameters in RTx patients, HD patients, and controls. In HD patients, the anabolic response to exercise training is related to changes in the muscle IGF system.

Assessment of quadriceps endurance is of interest to investigators studying human disease. We hypothesised that repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) of the intramuscular branches of the femoral nerve could be used to induce and quantify quadriceps endurance. To test this hypothesis we used a novel stimulating coil to compare the quadriceps endurance properties in 8 normal humans and, to confirm that the technique could be used in clinical practice, in 8 patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To validate the method we compared in vivo contractile properties of the quadriceps muscle with the fibre type composition and oxidative enzyme capacity. We used a Magstim Rapid2 magnetic nerve stimulator with the coil wrapped around the quadriceps. Stimuli were given at 30Hz, a duty cycle of 0.4 (2s on, 3s off) for 50 trains. Force generation and the surface electromyogram were measured throughout. Quadriceps twitch force, elicited by supramaximal magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve, was measured before and after the protocol. Quadriceps muscle biopsies were analysed for oxidative (citrate synthase, CS) and glycolytic (phosphofructokinase, PFK) enzyme activity and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform protein expression. The time for force to fall to 70% of baseline (T70) was shorter in the COPD group than the control group, 55.6+/-26.0s vs. 121+/-38.7s (p=0.0014). Considering patients and controls together, positive correlations were observed between T70 and the proportion of type I fibres (r=0.68, p=0.004) and CS/PFK (r=0.67, p= 0.005). We conclude that quadriceps endurance assessed using rMS is feasible in clinical studies. Key words: skeletal muscle fatigue, magnetic stimulation, myosin heavy chains, oxidative capacity , COPD.