Search

Genus Eumecopoda Hebard, 1922 (Fastigium verticis blunt, with transverse keel; gap between fastigium frontis and fastigium distinct; Fig. 16) Paramecopoda Gorochov 2020, syn. nov. The genus Eumecopoda was introduced by Hebard (1922) with E. cyrtoscelis Karsch, 1888 as type species. Hebard listed several supposed genus-specific characters. However, not all of them are diagnostic. Interestingly, the shape of the fastigium is described as looking as in M. dilatata and M. divergens, but Hebard did not mention these species. Also with regard to the distinct gap between fastigium frontis and fastigium verticis E. cyrtoscelis is similar to these species (Fig. 16). In Eumecopoda according to Hebard (1922) ���the tips of the tegmina are somewhat falcate���. This characteristic, however, is also seen in M. platyphoea (Fig. 19). Hebard mentions also the structure of the tympana in the fore tibiae, open in Mecopoda and partially closed in Eumecopoda. However, according to Griffini (1908), E. cyrtoscelis ���has considerable variability in the structure of the tympani of the front tibiae, now almost concave, now rhymed, often differently made to the front side and the back side, being able to be in the open side and in this somewhat closed or even vice versa��� (Griffini 1908, translated). A similar or even larger variation is seen in M. dilatata, where specimens with open tympana and with the condition as in E. cyrtoscelis have been found (Fritze 1900, Griffini 1908). Gorochov (2020) used this character to differentiate his new (sub)genus Paramecopoda. All Eumecopoda species (no information available for E. walkeri) seem to have femora supplied dorsally with blunt tubercles, a characteristic not found outside the genus and also not found in Paramecopoda granulosa (no information available for M. platyphoea). We will use the character from Hebard���s (1922) description ���the tips of the tegmina are somewhat falcate��� as differential character of Eumecopoda (see Fig. 19 und figs. 20���21 in Gorochov 2020) to unite a group of species similar to, but different from Mecopoda. Based on this definition, the genus Eumecopoda includes the Philippine species E. reducta Hebard, 1922, E. walkeri Kirby, 1891 and E. granulosa (Gorochov, 2020) stat. nov., the four species E. cyrtoscelis Karsch, 1888, E. moluccarum Griffini, 1908, E. superba Bol��var, 1898 and E. spinosa (Gorochov, 2020) stat. nov. occurring around New Guinea (Fig. 21; Tab. 6), and E. platyphoea Walker, 1871 stat. nov. from Sri Lanka. Future studies have to show if this biogeographic pattern is reflected in phylogeny. Mecopoda kerinci with its single known male specimen may remain in Mecopoda for the moment., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 131-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Hebard, M. (1922) Studies in Malayan, Melanesian and Australian Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 74, 121 - 299.","Gorochov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) from Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 324 (4), 564 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / trudyzin / 2020.324.4.564","Karsch, F. (1888) Zwei neue Mecopoda - Arten (Orthoptera). Entomologische Nachrichten, Berlin, 14, 145 - 148.","Griffini, A. (1908) Sopra alcuni Stenopelmatidi e sopra alcune Mecopodidi Malesi ed Austro-Malesi. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 46, 271 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9961","Fritze, A. (1900) Orthopteres de l' Archipel Malais. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l' Archipel Malais). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 7 (1899), 335 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 32949","Kirby, W. F. (1891) Notes on the Orthopterous family Mecopodidae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1891, 405 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1891. tb 03036. x","Bolivar, I. (1898) Ortopteros nuevos de Borneo y de Nueva Guinea. Actas de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Vol. 2. Serie Real sociedad, Madrid, 27, 137 - 142."]}

Mecopoda Serville, 1831 Taxonomic remarks. Gorochov (2020) included the genus Eumecopoda and his new Paramecopoda as subgenera in Mecopoda based on their morphological similarity and because ���the subgeneric position of some species is somewhat problematic���. However, the latter problem cannot be solved by downgrading, and all Eumecopoda species (including Paramecopoda) are characterized by falcate tegmina (see also below under Eumecopoda). Until genetic data are available we consider the two groups as separate genera. Eumecopoda genus stat. rev. Generic characters (after Liu et al. 2020). Diagnostic characters. Large-sized species (habitus see e.g., fig. 4 in Liu et al. 2020). Fastigium verticis widened anteriorly. Head sulcate, with or without transverse lateral apices. Disc of pronotum flat, with truncate anterior and obtusely angular posterior margins, and distinct lateral carina. Tegmina surpassing apices of posterior femur. Prosternum bispinose. Male cerci with incurved apices, at tip with two minute acute teeth (Fig. 3���4) as in many other mecopodine genera. Male subgenital plate elongate, with styli and distinct apical notch. Ovipositor robust, elongate, sword-like. Redescription. Head. Fastigium verticis widely truncated and 1.5���3 times wider than scapus. Thorax. Pronotum elongated and broadened backward. Male pronotum narrowest in the beginning of prozona, broadened backward after the first transverse sulcus. Disc of pronotum flat with the exception of distinct depression around the sulcus. Legs robust and long. Anterior coxa armed with a spine. Anterior femur longer than pronotum. Anterior and median femora with indistinct tiny spines on ventro-anterior margin; posterior femora with a few small spines near apex on ventro-posterior margin. Each tibia with fine spines on each margin. Tympana on the fore tibiae fully open on both sides, tibia widened at and abruptly constricted below tympana. Female pronotum similar to that of male in general, but less broadened backward especially in the ending of metazona. Wings. Male tegmina well developed, extending beyond abdominal apex and surpassing apex of hind femur. Large and often complicated mirror cells near base of the right tegmen (Fig. 13). Number of stridulatory teeth between 44 and 139 (see Fig. 11), the lowest number observed in M. paucidens sp. nov. and the highest in M. prominens Gorochov, 2020. Female tegmina also well developed extending beyond apex of abdomen, but distinguished from male tegmina by length and shape. Key to species (partly after Redtenbacher 1892) 1 fastigium verticis rounded, no transverse keel; gap between fastigium frontis and fastigium verticis closed or separated by a fine suture; mirror on right male tegmen pretzel-shaped (Fig. 1, Fig. 13 A���P)..................... Mecopoda elongata group 1��� fastigium verticis blunt, with transverse keel; gap between fastigium frontis and fastigium verticis distinct; Fig.14); mirror on right male tegmen in shape roundish (Fig. 13 O���N).......................................................... 2 2 male subgenital plate broad with a small caudal incision (Fig. 17 A).............................. Mecopoda angusta. 2��� male subgenital plate long and fork-like (Fig. 17 B, C)........................................................ 3 3 body small, tegmina short (see Tab. 5; only one male known; Sumatra)................ Mecopoda kerinci Gorochov, 2020 3��� larger............................................................................................... 4 4 gap between fastigium frontis and fastigium verticis wide, deep................................. Mecopoda dilatata 4��� gap between fastigium frontis and fastigium verticis subtle.................................... Mecopoda divergens, Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 110-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Serville, J. G. A. (1831) Revue methodique des insectes de l'ordre des Orthopteres. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie et Biologie Animale, 22, 28 - 65 + 134 - 167 + 262 - 292.","Gorochov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) from Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 324 (4), 564 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / trudyzin / 2020.324.4.564","Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5","Redtenbacher, J. (1892) Monographische Uebersicht der Mecopodiden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 42, 183 - 224."]}

Mecopoda stridulata stridulata Gorochov, 2020 Recordings: male, ZFMK CRTmeceloM02, MALAYSIA, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu NP, Poring, [6003 ��� N, 116043 ���E], 07 vi 1993, 500��� 700 m a.s.l., leg. Hoffmann. Song and stridulatory organs studied. Male, ZFMK CRTmeceloM03, 9 vi 1993, other data as before. Song and stridulatory organs studied. Other specimens studied. All MALAYSIA, Sabah (Borneo): 1 male (3261450), Kota Kinabalu, 9.viii.1984, (secondary vegetation), CI [additional label ���Stridulation = gleichm��ssiges Zwitschern��� (stridulation=uniform chirping)]. 3 males, OTRmeceloS15-17 (ZFMK), Matunggong, 19 viii 1992, coll. K. Riede. Our specimens were identified on base of male 3261450 which has a file in structure nearly identical to that of the holotype of Mecopoda stridulata stridulata. The song of this specimen was described as ���uniformly chirping��� fitting well to the recordings mentioned above. The specimens with this song, however, differ slightly in file structure. Song. The long lasting calling song (recording of M2 lasting 136 s, of M3 89 s) consists of single isolated syllables, produced with an SRR of 8.3 Hz (Figs. 6���7; T = 20��C). Within the syllable, a short (10 ms) and soft part is followed by a much louder and longer (20 ms) part. This second part had a resonant structure with the strongest component sweeping upwards from 7.3 to 8.3 kHz. The fundamental at 2.5 kHz was clearly visible, but the second strongest harmonic was at 10 kHz. Additional description. Morphologically the Bornean species differs from M. himalaya by the following, although weak, morphological characters: the pair of teeth at the end of the male cercus are of nearly identical size and are clearly spaced from each other instead of having the apical tooth markedly larger than the preapical tooth and both teeth inserted rather close to each other. Further on, the styli at tip of the male subgenital plate are thin and short but less shortened than in the latter species. Male cerci not very stout at base, narrow apical area little curved mediad and provided at end with two small acute teeth of rather equal size that are markedly spaced from each other (Fig. 3 L���O). Stridulatory file long (5.0��� 5.8 mm), with about 106���126 teeth. Subgenital plate moderately wide, narrowed from base towards midlength; divided into two lobes in apical area; apical incision about 0.26���0.28 times the length of the subgenital plate; styli short and thin. There are brown and green color variants. Remarks. From the dimensions of the stridulatory organs the species belongs to the Mecopoda subgroup niponensis. It differs in song clearly from all other species of the subgroup and also from M. yunnana by producing very short song units (single syllables), separated by short silent gaps from the preceding and following syllables (Figs. 6���7). Concerning the inter-tooth distances, the file is relatively homogenous (Figs. 11 F, 12) like that of M. fallax and M. yunnana [using fig. 5l (M. minor) in Liu et al. 2020 for comparison instead of the smaller fig. 5m (M. yunnana) following the description of the sizes in the text]. The distances start anally at around 40���50 ��m, do not exceed about 70 ��m in the middle of the file and become smaller than 40 ��m only near to the articulation (Fig. 12). In song, M. s. stridulata differs clearly from M. fallax, but its SRR is quite similar to the rhythm in the trill phase of M. yunnana. M. yunnana, however, seems to produce fast syllable groups (Liu Cx et al. 2020). Further bioacoustic and genetic studies have to confirm that M. s. stridulata really belongs to the niponensis subgroup. Measurements (5 males). Body w/wings: male 61���66 (63.8��2.3); body w/o wings: male 27���34 (29.8��2.7); pronotum: male 6.5���8.5; tegmen: male 45���54 (50.8��3.4); hind femur: male 40���43; tegmen width: male 12���13 (12.2��.4) mm., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 124, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) from Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 324 (4), 564 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / trudyzin / 2020.324.4.564","Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5"]}

Mecopoda paucidens Ingrisch, Su & Heller sp. nov. Holotype, male, East Timor: Maubisse, elev. 1431 m [8��50���S, 125��36���E], 1���10 vi 1965, coll. R.N. Ferreira. ANIC. Other specimens studied: see below. Diagnosis. The new species differs from all other species of the genus so far known by the narrow tegmen combined with the very low number of teeth on the male stridulatory file on underside of the left tegmen (Fig. 23). Member of the M. elongata group. Description. General habitus of the genus. Medium sized species with narrow tegmina; tegmen moderately curved in midlength, its greatest width 11 mm. Subcosta attached to radius except at very base, it separates before the curvature that brings both veins close to the anterior margin of tegmen. Male: Stridulatory file with 44 (Timor) respectively 50 (Java) teeth. Cerci stout at base, markedly curved mediad and narrow in about apical third, in apical area on internal side with two minute spines. Subgenital plate moderately wide, narrowed from base towards midlength; divided into two lobes, apical incision about 0.28 times the length of the subgenital plate; styli narrow, moderately long, about 10:22 the length of the apical incision of the subgenital plate. Measurements (1 male). Body w/wings: 73; body w/o wings: 33; pronotum: 8.8; tegmen: 61; hind femur: 56; tegmen width: 11 mm. Other specimen studied: Indonesia: Central Java, Gunung Lawu, Tawangmangu, elev. 1000���1200 m (7��39���S, 111��7���E), 28 iii 1993, coll. S. Ingrisch, 3261458 (CI). Male cerci not very stout at base but little stronger than in the other species from Java, narrow apical area moderately curved, at internal side just before and at the end with two minute acute black teeth, the apical tooth hardly larger than the preapical tooth. Measurements (1 male). Body w/wings: 65; body w/o wings: 35; pronotum: 7.5; tegmen: 55; hind femur: 43; tegmen width: 11.5 mm. Song. Unknown. Derivatio nominis. Named according to its stridulatory file which carries only relatively few (Latin pauci) teeth (Latin dens=tooth). Noun in apposition., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 137-140, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281

Mecopoda elongata group We use the name Mecopoda elongata group despite some uncertainties about the identity of M. elongata itself, since all Indian and thus topotypical Mecopoda species possess the characteristic pretzel-shaped mirror on the right male tegmen (Nityananda & Balakrishnan 2006). For the subgroups we follow the structuring proposed by Liu et al. 2020 (niponensis, confracta, minor subgroups), Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Nityananda, V. & Balakrishnan, R. (2006) A diversity of songs among morphologically indistinguishable katydids of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from southern India. Bioacoustics, 15, 223 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09524622.2006.9753552","Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5"]}

Mecopoda mahindai Heller sp. nov. Holotype male CH7843, SRI LANKA: Mihintale (8°21’N, 80°31’E), 100 m, 4 iii 2014, leg. K.-G. Heller. MfN. Song, stridulatory organs and chromosomes studied. Diagnosis. The calling song of the species does not consist of a homogenous sequence of echemes as in all other known species of the group, but the very short echemes are grouped in small series of three echemes separated from the next series by a larger interval (Fig. 8, 9). Description. Morphologically no difference to other species of the M. confracta subgroup (Liu et al. 2020). Measurements (in mm): pronotum length 8; tegmen length 56; tegmen width 13.5; hind femora length 43. Chromosomes: 2n = 29, FN = 52; pairs 1, 4 and 6–14 metacentric, 2, 3 and 5 acrocentric, X chromosome metacentric (Fig. 15). Derivatio nominis. Name remembering to the Indian monk Mahinda who arrived in Mihintale, the type locality, according to religious myths traveling through the air, founding Buddhism in Sri Lanka. The insect was found on the stupa which was built to celebrate this event. Substantive in genitive.

Mecopoda javana (Johansson, 1763) stat. nov. Gryllus javanus Johansson, 1763 Mecopoda maculata Serville, 1831 syn. nov Neotype, here designated: male, INDONESIA, West Java, Palabuan Ratu, Samudra beach, (6°58’S, 106°30’E), 3–6 iii 1995, coll. S. Ingrisch (CI 3261437 in ZFMK). Song and stridulatory organs studied. The need to clarify the status of M. javana comes from observations showing that in South East Asia many morphologically similar species exist (see above) formerly united under the name M elongata. To secure nomenclature stability the status of the old names has to be clarified. M. javana has priority over M. maculata Serville, 1831, a species with type locality also on the island of Java and assumed to belong to the same species. Qualifying conditions for neotype designation according to Art. 75.3.1–7 of the ICZN (1999): 1. The neotype is designated to clarify the taxonomic status of the species M. javana. 2. See diagnosis, description and bioacoustical data below. 3. See data of neotype 4. After the description, the holotype of the species was obviously never seen nor studied by any scientist. The author Johansson was a student of Linnaeus. The specimen, however, is not in the collection of the Linnean Society (Marshall 1983) nor in Uppsala (Catalogue UUZM). 80 years after the description, the species was mentioned again by de Haan (1843) who considered all specimens of the Mecopoda elongata group from South East Asia and China as belonging to this species except his new macassariensis and niponensis. Redtenbacher (1892) and Karny (1920, 1924) considered all three as belonging to M. elongata. There is no indication that any of these orthopterologists had seen the type. 5. From Java at least two biological species (song types) are known, the mostly green species M. himalaya with a trilling song (see above) and a mostly brown species producing chirps (echemes). Since M. javana is described as greyish-brownish (cinereus, fuscescens) we considered the chirping species as javana and select a specimen with this song type as neotype. 6. The neotype comes from Java, the type locality (no further details given). 7. The neotype is deposited in Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany (ZFKM). Other material. 3 males, INDONESIA, West Java, Palabuan Ratu, Samudra beach, (6°58’S, 106°30’E), 3– 6.iii.1995, 3261432, 3261435, 3261436 (stridulatory organs studied), coll. S. Ingrisch (CI). Male, labels: (1) INDONESIA, Bali, Nusa Dua, [8° 48′ S, 115° 13′ E], 27.XII.1987, E. Sismondo, B.M. 1989-38, (2) MECOBA 2, (3) The stridulation of this specimen has been recorded. Tape No. 711 Recording No 3, (4) NHMUK010210932; (song and stridulatory organs). Additional song recordings of two other males in bio.acousti.ca from Bali, Nusa Dua, made by Sismondo (species mentioned by Sismondo 1990 as species N) and from two males (specimens not collected) Ingrisch 3254649– 50 (from type locality). Other material from outside Indonesia. Male, labels: (1) SRI LANKA, Sinharadja Forest, III 1980, leg. K. Sänger & B. Helfert, B.M.1981-464, (2) kept in captivity killed 27 viii 1981, (3) The stridulation of this specimen has been recorded. Tape No. 400 Recording No, (4) NHMUK010210934 (Song and stridulatory organs). Male CH7725, SRI LANKA: Weddagala (near Rock View Hotel) (6°33’N, 81°20’E), 10 iii 2014, leg. K.-G. Heller, (song, stridulatory organs, chromosomes). Diagnosis. The calling song of the species has a distinctly lower number of syllables per echeme than the other species of the group except mahindai (see below) and a higher echeme repetition rate than most other species of the group (Tab. 2). M. javana (specimen from Sri Lanka) has also a chromosome number (2n = 23) lower than known from any other species of the genus. Description. General habitus of the genus. Specimens collected in Java of brown color. Male cerci not very stout at base, narrow apical area moderately curved with internal apical tooth larger and stouter than pre-apical tooth. Subgenital plate with moderately long styli (longer than in “P. Ratu green“ = M. himalaya). Morphologically the new species differs from M. himalaya -group that occurs in Palabuan Ratu (South coast of Java) in the same locality by structure of the mirror and song, by the apical teeth of the male cerci arising from the end of the internal margin of the cercus. These teeth are moderately spaced and the apical tooth is stouter and larger than the pre-apical tooth, while in M. himalaya -group from Java arises nearly fully from the apical margin, the apical tooth is slightly less stout (than in M. himalaya), both teeth are closer together, and by the styli of the male subgenital plate that are although short longer than in M. himalaya -group (Fig. 2) and by the brown instead of mostly green color. Song. The calling song consisted of long (from a few seconds to more than one and a half minute documented) sequences of echemes (Fig. 8, 9; parameters Tab. 4) Measurements. 4 males, Java: Body w/wings: male 66–70 (67.3±1.9); body w/o wings: male 36–38 (37.3±1); pronotum: male 8.9–9.0 (9.0±0.1); tegmen: male 55–58 (56.6±1.6); hind femur: male 42–46 (43.4±1.9); anterior femur: male 10; tegmen width: male 13.0–15.2 (13.9±.9) mm. Male CH 7725, Sri Lanka: pronotum 8.5; tegmen length ca. 50 (slightly damaged); tegmen width 12; hind femur 39 mm. Literature data on song: Korsunoskaya 2008 (CAMBODIA) Specimens with this song type have been found in two widely separated areas, in South East Asia (in several Indonesian islands and in Cambodia and Thailand; see below) as well as in Sri Lanka without obvious differences in morphology. Chromosomes (CH 7725): 2n = 23, FN = 46; pairs 1 and 4–11 metacentric, 2 and 3 subacrocentric, X chromosome metacentric (Fig. 15) Based on chromosome number (see Discussion), a female from Thailand (Luanpirom et al. 1999) may also belong to this species. Uvarov (1927) mentions Mecopoda elongata from Sri Lanka (Museum Colombo); these specimens may either belong to M. javana or to M. mahindai sp. nov. (see below).

Mecopoda fallax He, 2019 Recordings: THAILAND: 3254538 (CI), Phetchabun, Nam Nao 1000 m a.s.l., 13 ix 1989, leg. S. Ingrisch (song and stridulatory organs). MALAYSIA: CHX066, MALAYSIA: Pahang, Krau Game Reserve (study area) bei Kuala Kerau, Kuala Lompat near Temerloh (3��43���N, 102��16���E), 28 iii���12 iv 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (song only). VIETNAM: one specimen from Vinh Phu, Hoa Binh and Gia Lai Provinces, leg. A. Gorochov; stridulatory file only. The species was described from China (Liu Yf et al. 2019, Liu Cx et al. 2020), but is obviously more widespread. The long lasting trilling song of M. fallax (Fig. 6) is composed of quite short song units (less than one second) which are repeated without intervals. Within these units regular changes in amplitude are observed (Fig. 7). The duration of one unit was 0.3���0.8 s in China (T =24���29��C; Liu Yf et al. 2019, Liu Cx et al. 2020), 0.7 s in Thailand (T =21.5��C) and 0.2 s in Malaysia (T =27��C). M. fallax has a long stridulatory file carrying about 110 teeth (Fig. 11 E). Concerning the inter-tooth distances, the file is relatively homogenous. The distances start anally around 40���50 ��m, reach the maximum at about 60���70 ��m and become smaller than 40 ��m only very near to the articulation (Fig. 12). It will be interesting to study the songs and the relationships between the two Vietnamese species M. prominens and M. ampla and the widespread M. fallax. All three have with quite similar files (Figs. 11���12) and occur in Vietnam., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 123-124, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281

Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis zhantievi Heller subsp. nov. Holotype, male; CH8767, INDONESIA, NW Papua, Radja Ampat, isl. Waigeo [0°12’S, 130°50’E], XII.2017. leg. M. Berezin (from laboratory culture), MfN. Paratypes. Female, CH8768, same data as holotype. Female, Collectio Helb, INDONESIA, West Papua, Wasai Prov., Waigeo Island, 7.2018, leg. V. Voitsekhovskii Other material. 3 males, 3 females, Moscow State University; 1 male, 1 female, ZIN (data as holotype). Material used for comparison. Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis, male, NEW GUINEA, Sideia Island, Sideia Mission, 2. Dec. 1968, leg. G. Hangay. ANIC (Rentz et al. 2006, Su, per email) The specimens at hand are morphologically quite similar to that described in detail by Helfert & Sänger (2007) as Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis cyrtoscelis. However, they differ in song from the two populations studied there. Therefore we consider our specimens as belonging to a distinct island subspecies. The stridulatory files do not seem to differ. The closely related species E. superba Bolivar, 1898 occurs also in NW Papua. The type locality „Hassam“, given by Bolivar (1898) and not traceable in any gazetter, is obviously an error, since on the label of a (syn-?) type (see Paris 1994) in NMPC the word „Hattam” is given (Machackova & Fikacek 2014). Hatam or Hattam is the name of a language/tribe in NW Papua living on the mainland of New Guinea (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatam_language) near (to the island of) Mansinam where the species was listed by Griffini (1908). The specimens of E. superba are clearly larger than ours and that from Helfert & Sänger (2007) (see Tab. 6). The distribution of E. cyrtoscelis, E. s uperba, E. spinosa Gorochov, 2020 and E. moluccarum (Griffini, 1908) around Northwestern New Guinea is given in Fig. 21. Diagnosis. In the calling song of the species, trills with durations from several seconds to more than a minute were observed, clearly different from the much shorter segments of a „broken trill“ (called „continuous (short) caller“ by Römer in Helfert & Sänger 2007) observed in Eumecopoda c. cyrtoscelis by Helfert & Sänger (2007; fig. 32). In morphology, possibly some body relations like tegmen to femur in the female differ between subspecies (or populations) but there are too few data for safe conclusions. Derivatio nominis. Named in honour of Prof. Dr. R. D. Zhantiev, Moscow State University, the pioneer of bioacoustics of insects (author of a book with same title in 1981 and of many papers before and after this date) in the USSR and Russia. *mean Measurements: see Tab. 6. Song. The calling song of the species consists of trills with durations from several seconds to more than a minute (Fig. 10; Tab. 7). It should be noted that the stridulatory file of a male from Sideia Island (extreme SE New Guinea), identified as E. cyrtoscelis (Rentz et al. 2006), differs distinctly from our specimen and from that of Helfert & Sänger (2007; see Fig. 12). Coloration. Dark brown.

Mecopoda niponensis vietnamica Heller & Korsunovskaya subsp. nov. Holotype: VIETNAM: Tân Phú District, Dong Nai, Cát Tiên National Park, 128 m a.s.l., 11°26’ N, 107°26’ E. 13 vi 2019, leg. N. Sevastianov. ZIN. Song and stridulatory organs studied. Diagnosis. Differs from the nominate subspecies by longer tegmina, from other Mecopoda species by the characteristic amplitude modulation in the trill (see Fig. 6–7) and from the Vietnamese species M. ampla and M. prominens in file structure (see Fig. 11–12). Morphology. As nominate subspecies, but with longer tegmina (see above). Song. The recorded specimen had an unusually variable song containing two elements. It produced trill-like series, quite similar to the song of the continental subspecies (Fig. 6) and to that known from other parts of its range (for details see Liu Cx et al. 2020). These series last for many minutes and have a relatively complicated structure. Within a song unit, the low-amplitude beginning and ending phases consist of repeated simple syllables, while the high-amplitude climax is composed of many repeated subunits. In the recorded specimen the subunits consisted of five to six syllables with a characteristic amplitude pattern (Fig. 7). In other parts of its range like Japan and Korea (n. niponensis) one subunit seems to have typically only three syllables (Ichikawa et al. 2006; Kim 2009). Besides the trills, the specimen produced also occasionally long series of echemes before the trill. In the frequency spectrum, the ultrasound components were even stronger than the peak in the audible range (Fig. 14). Stridulatory file. Like specimens of the nominate subspecies, also the Vietnamese specimen has a long file carrying about 115 teeth (Fig. 11 B) like M. n. niponenis. The inter-teeth distances start anally with 50 µm and reach their maximum of about 80 µm between the 30th and 40th tooth (Fig. 12). In the file of the lectotype of M. n. niponenis the inter-tooth distances are slightly smaller but there is some variability in this character. The file of the M. n. continentalis specimen (105 teeth) photographed by Liu Cx et al. (2020) is similar to M. n. vietnamica n. ssp, but has the maximum around the 50th tooth. Another Chinese specimen of M. n. continentalis (Fig. 11 A; CH 7674, 107 teeth) is between the lastly mentioned and M. n. vietnamica subsp. nov., and the specimen from Fujian (M. n. continentalis; 115 teeth) is similar to the lectotype of M. n. niponenis (Fig. 12). Distribution. Vietnam. Measurements (length in mm). Pronotum 9.0, tegmina 55, hind femur 51.7.

Mecopoda niponensis (Haan, 1843) The species can morphologically be separated from all other congeneric species by its short and wide tegmina (Fig. 5 A; see measurements in Liu Cx et al. 2020). Also its trilling calling song, studied in China (Liu YF et al. 2019; Liu Cx et al. 2020), Japan (Ichikawa et al. 2006; Yamamoto 2006) and Korea (Kim 2009), shows a characteristic amplitude modulation (see Fig. 6���7), clearly different from other Mecopoda species. However, we have a specimen from Vietnam at hand in which morphology and song pattern disagree. The trilling song of this animal shows the typical niponensis pattern, but it has unusually long and narrow tegmina. With a length/width ratio of 3.43 it is just outside the range (2.19���3.36) given by Liu Cx et al. (2020) for niponensis. More important, the tegmen length (55 mm) is far outside the range of niponensis (34���49 mm, Liu Cx et al. 2020; 40���43 mm in Korea, Storozhenko et al. 2015). Since it has additional song components not known from niponensis, and was found outside the known range of the species, we consider it as member of a new subspecies (see below)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 114, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Haan, W. de (1843) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temminck, C. J. (Ed.), Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen, de Leden der Natuurkundige Commissie in Indie en andere Schrijvers, Leiden, 19 / 20, pp. 165 - 228.","Ichikawa, A., Ito, F., Kano, Y., Kawai, M., Tominaga, O. & Murai, T. (Eds.) (2006) Orthoptera of the Japanese Archipelago in color. s. n., Sapporo, 688 pp. + 2 CD.","Kim, T. W. (2009) Taxonomy and acoustic signals of Korean Tettigonioidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera) II. National Institut of Biological Reserves, Incheon. [+ CD]","Storozhenko, S. Y., Kim, T. W. & Jeon, M. J. (2015) Monograph of Korean Orthoptera. National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 377 pp."]}

Mecopoda sismondoi Heller sp. nov. Holotype: male, labels: (1) Singapore [1°17′ N, 103°50′ E] 84 A, (2) Brit. Mus. 1985-242, (3) Molted to adult 28 I 84 gassed on 9 VI 84, (4) COLLECTED BY E. SISMONDO (5) SONG-RECORDED (6) The stridulation of this specimen has been recorded. Tape No. 568 Recording No 1, (7) NHMUK010210931. NHM. Song and stridulatory organs studied. Paratypes; males CH 3746, MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3°20’N, 101°45’E), 260 m, 8–28 iii 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (song and stridulatory organs). CH 3738, MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3°20’N, 101°45’E), 260 m, 12–19 iv 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (song and stridulatory organs) (all CH). Other material: Male CH7704, SOUTH EAST ASIA, exact locality unknown, obtained from breeder, 2013 (song, stridulatory organs, chromosomes). Males CH3751, CH 3645, CH3739, MALAYSIA: Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3°20’N, 101°45’E), 260 m, 12–19 iv 1981 and 28 ii–24 iv 1984, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth. Six pairs of male tegmina CH3656, CH 3663, CH3666, CH 3687, CH3688, CH 3690 from the same locality. The song of the species is described by Sismondo (1990) (SINGAPORE; as species S), by Korsunoskaya (2008) (INDONESIA: Sumatra) and by Hartbauer et al. (2006; 2012) (MALAYSIA). Diagnosis. The species has a much slower echeme repetition rate than the other species of the subgroup (echeme periods about 3 s; Tab. 4). Description. Morphologically no difference to other species of the M. confracta subgroup (Liu Cx et al. 2020). Measurements (in mm): CH 3738, 3746: pronotum length 8.0–8.7; tegmen length 55–57; tegmen width 13; hind femora length 42.0–44.5. In peninsular Malaysia, the species is often found syntopically with M. himalaya (our data, Tan & Kamaruddin 2016). It is typically a little bit smaller than himalaya and often brown, whereas himalaya is more often green. Chromosomes: 2n = 29, FN = 52; pairs 1 metacentric and 4–7, 9, 10, 12–14 metacentric/ submetacentric, 3 subacrocentric, 2, 8 and 11 acrocentric, X chromosome submetacentric (Fig. 15). Derivatio nominis. Named in honour of Enrico Sismondo who discovered the song diversity of Mecopoda, collected and recorded the type specimens of M. sismondoi and analyzed and described the signal interactions in that genus (Sismondo 1990).

Mecopoda angusta Gorochov, 2020 Recordings: MALAYSIA: CH3697, Negeri Sembilan, Pasoh Forest Reserve (near Simbang Pertang north of Kuala Pilah) (2��57���N, 102��15���E), 29���31 iii 1992, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (song and stridulatory organs), in ethanol, IZCAS. CH 3674, Selangor, Templer Park near Kuala Lumpur (3��17���N, 101��39���E), 19 iii 1984, leg. K.-G. Heller (song and stridulatory organs), in ethanol. Male CH 3758+CHX071, Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3��20���N, 101��45���E), 200 m, 28 ii���24 iv 1984, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth (stridulatory organs). Song CHX071, same data, animal not collected. Other material: Females. MALAYSIA: CH3744, Selangor, Ulu Gombak Field Study Centre (20 km nno Kuala Lumpur) (3��20���N, 101��45���E), 260 m, 8���28 iii 1981, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth. CH 3790, same locality, 4 iii���5 iv 1992, leg. K.-G. Heller & M. Volleth. Material used for comparison. Mecopoda dilatata Redtenbacher, 1892. Type series with three males under M. dilatata Redtb., 13846, Borneo, all NMW. Holotype male, labels: (1) type, (2) Mecopoda dilatata Redt, det. Redtenbacher, (3) Coll. Br. v. W. Borneo Grabovsky, (4) 13846, (5) II 13846. Second male from type series without labels. Third male with label Borneo. Male, labels (1) Mecopoda dilatata Redtenbacher, 1892 det. S. Ingrisch 1994, (2) SABAH Poring 15 IV 1991, leg K. Riede, (3) DORSA ORTmecdilS01 (4) Museum Koenig ORT 2005/413. Mecopoda divergens Redtenbacher, 1892. Holotype female, NMW, labels: (1) Mecopoda divergens det. Redtenbacher, (2) Coll. Br. v. W. Indien T��rk, (3) 2635, (4) 12 2635. Male, NMW, labels: (1) Mecopoda divergens det. Redtenbacher, (2) Coll. Br. v. W., (3) Java occident. Pengalengan, 4000��� 1893 H. Fruhstorfer, (4) 20 286. Within Mecopoda, M. angusta does not belong to the elongata group s.l. because the apex of the vertex is not rounded as in the elongata -related forms, but transversely and bluntly carinate. The fastigium verticis is met from below by a broad fastigium frontis, leaving a distinct gap in between (Fig. 16). These characteristics are shown by M. dilatata, M. divergens and M. platyphoea Walker, 1870 and probably also by M. kerinci (no information given in Gorochov 2020). From M. dilatata, M. angusta can be easily discriminated by its special subgenital plate. M. divergens, however, was known only by the female holotype with unknown origin. Fortunately it turned out that Redtenbacher obtained and identified also a male collected one year (1893) after his description of the female. It has the typical mecopodine fork-like subgenital plate (Fig. 17). Finally, E. platyphoea (see under Eumecopoda) from Sri Lanka, known only from the brown female type and, after Kirby (1891), a green male, has broader tegmina and a shorter, thicker ovipositor than M. angusta (Fig. 18). It also has spines on the fore femora (���Fore femora with three spines in one row towards the tips��� Walker 1870) missing in M. angusta. The females from Pakistan, described under M. platyphoea by Panhwar et al. (2016), differ widely in the species-specific characteristics (see their figures 1a,c,e) and do not belong to this species. For other morphological details see Fig. 20. Stridulatory vein with 59���73 teeth (Fig. 11 M; inter-tooth distances see Fig. 12). Song. The calling song of M. angusta consists of series of 7���18 echemes (trill segments), each series (trill) lasting about 10 ���15 s. The echemes had durations of 0.7��� 1.3 s with SRRs between 30 and 40 Hz (Fig. 10; Tab. 7). In the echeme structure the song is similar to that of Eumecopoda c. cyrtoscelis (Helfert & S��nger 2007; see below), but not to any known in Mecopoda. M. angusta was known from two localities in peninsular Malaysia and from one locality in Sumatra, but is obviously more widespread., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on pages 129-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2020) A review of the genus Mecopoda (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) from Indo-Malayan and Papuan Regions. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 324 (4), 564 - 586. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / trudyzin / 2020.324.4.564","Redtenbacher, J. (1892) Monographische Uebersicht der Mecopodiden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 42, 183 - 224.","Walker, F. (1870) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum. Part III. British Museum of Natural History, London, pp. 425 - 604.","Kirby, W. F. (1891) Notes on the Orthopterous family Mecopodidae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1891, 405 - 412. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1891. tb 03036. x","Panhwar, W. A., Sultana, R., Wagan, M. S. & Khatri, I. (2016) New records of Mecopodinae (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Tet- tigoniidae) from Pakistan. Arquivos Entomoloxicos, 15, 269 - 274.","Helfert, B. & Sanger, K. (2007) Variability of diagnostic features in Eumecopoda cyrtoscelis cyrtoscelis (Karsch, 1888) from the Raja Ampat Islands (Indonesia) (Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oesterreichischer Entomologen, 59 (3 - 4), 71 - 83."]}

Mecopoda macassariensis (Haan, 1843) stat. rev. Holotype male, RMNH.INS.1256442 (Indonesia, Sulawesi, Makassar). NBC. From its broad mirror area (length/width = 1.44), the species belongs to the niponensis subgroup. In tooth number (93) and inter-tooth distances it is very similar to M. himalaya (Fig. 11, 12). Since M. himalaya is quite widespread, both names could refer to the same species with macassariensis having priority. However, even species with quite similar files can have very different songs (see below; M. fallax and M. s. stridulata). Since wrong combining is more difficult to restore than wrong splitting, we remain on the safe side and consider at the moment M. macassariensis as a species endemic to Sulawesi. Data on its song are urgently needed.

Mecopoda niponensis niponensis (Haan, 1843) Lectotype male, here designated; labels (1) cotypus, (2) Museum Leiden, L. (Mecopoda) niponensis d. H., Det: de Haan (hand-written), (3) Museum Leiden, Mecopoda elongata L., det. C. de Jong, 1937. Stridulatory organs studied. In the description of the species, de Haan (1843) obviously used a male and a female, probably both labeled as cotypes. We formally designate the male as lectotype although the female cotype seems to be lost. The stridulatory file has 116 teeth with the largest inter-tooth intervals between middle and anal third (Fig. 11���12). M. marmorata Liu, 2019 (Fig. 12) is similar to M. niponensis in file structure and basic pattern of the song (Liu et al. 2020), but not in genetics (Liu et al. 2019; Liu Cx in prep.). Measurements (in mm): length of pronotum 7.1, tegmen length 39.1, tegmen width 15.4 (widest in the middle)., Published as part of Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Baker, Ed, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Korsunovskaya, Olga, Liu, Chun-Xiang, Riede, Klaus & Warcha��owska-��liwa, El��bieta, 2021, Bioacoustics and systematics of Mecopoda (and related forms) from South East Asia and adjacent areas (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Mecopodinae) including some chromosome data, pp. 101-144 in Zootaxa 5005 (2) on page 114, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5141281, {"references":["Haan, W. de (1843) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. In: Temminck, C. J. (Ed.), Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen, de Leden der Natuurkundige Commissie in Indie en andere Schrijvers, Leiden, 19 / 20, pp. 165 - 228.","Liu, Y. - F., Shen, C-Z., Gong, P., Zhang, L. & He, Z-Q. (2019) Three new species of genus Mecopoda Serville, 1831 from China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae). Zootaxa, 4585 (3), 561 - 572. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4585.3.10","Liu, C. - X., Heller, K. - G., Wang, X. - S., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Liu, F. & Zhang, T. (2020) Taxonomy of a katydid genus Mecopoda Serville (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Mecopodinae) from East Asia. Zootaxa, 4758 (2), 296 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4758.2.5"]}