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In the late-nineteenth century, U.S. "navalist" historians reinterpreted defeat in the War of 1812 as an argument for an ocean-going battlefleet. Something similar is underway in the People's Republic of China (PRC) as historians and propogandists reimagine the Qing Dynasty's defeats in the Sino-French (1883-1885) and Sino-Japanese Wars (1894-1895) as sources of naval heritage. Discarding Mao-era orthodoxies, the navalist reinterpretation rescues an origin story for Chinese sea power from the "century of national humiliation." As in the nineteenth-century United States, historical example and myth stress China's identity as a maritime state and contextualize the ongoing modernization of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). By highlighting these parallel revisionist efforts, this article draws attention to the instrumentalization of historical memory in the service of navalism as well as the comparative history of the United States and China: two continental empires that justified battlefleet navies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By 1812, a sophisticated system had emerged in the greater Anglo Atlantic for processing and housing of prisoners of war. This affected American captives of the British in the first decades of the new United States republic. Through the interrogation of three narratives written by captive American mariners, this article explores the connections between the greater Atlantic, the development of British imperial systems, and the development of ideas relating to American identity during the early republic. It underscores the significance of captivity in the Atlantic World and the contested notions of proto-American nationalism and identity that underpinned imprisonment by the British as American prisoners complemented and contested the authority of the British Empire around the Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Convict labourers in Bermuda formed part of a uniquely mixed workforce that challenged racial and class-based divisions of labour in the British Empire. Following the War of 1812, investment poured into Bermuda's royal naval dockyard to secure its strategic position; convicts arrived in 1824, working alongside enslaved people, free black workers, and colonial soldiers. This article reveals the nature of interactions between different types of free and unfree labourers in Bermuda between 1824 – when convicts arrived – and 1838, when a change in governance took place. It examines racial diversity in the dockyards and the arrival of convict labourers, before considering perceived threats of racial intermixing and opposition to convict labour deployment in Caribbean colonies. The final section examines perceptions of convicts – moments where they equated their experiences to slavery, and administrative unease over interactions with white military workers. What the article shows is that although there were concerns over racial intermixing, officials objected most strongly to interactions between white workers of different classes, fearing their alliances would alter the island's power balance. In detailing the coexistence and interactions between contrasting labour types, this article provides a greater sense of the nuances of labour deployment and administrative anxiety in colonial locales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians of the British Army during the First World War have emphasised the shift from the small pre-war professional army engaged in imperial policing to the mass citizen army capable of conducting modern industrialised warfare on the European continent. That the conflict's global dimensions led British forces beyond the Western Front to operate in conditions which bore remarkable resemblance to those encountered during the 'small wars' of the nineteenth century and confront comparably irregular adversaries has remained understudied, not least in how earlier experiences affected how such challenges were met. This article redresses this omission by examining how the expeditionary force in Macedonia, the British Salonika Force, was guided by institutional and individual experiences of 'small wars' when approaching the challenges posed by the region, not least the hostile indigenous population and comitadji irregulars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how a diverse assemblage of monuments erected in St Paul's Cathedral to commemorate men who fought in the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 operated as a collective expression of imperial ideology. It is primarily a visual essay, using photographs of these monuments as a starting point, and focusing on the body of the deceased and its representation in sculptural and photographic form. The text offers a short exploration of how military bodies conceptualized violence for audiences in St Paul's Cathedral and how the sculpted body offers a way to understand monuments as vehicles of imperial propaganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the arrest of American sea captain George Washington Eayrs in Spanish California in the 1810s, revealing insights into the complex geopolitical and commercial relationships across the Pacific Ocean. It discusses how the War of 1812 altered trading patterns, leading American merchants like Eayrs to engage more in the eastern Pacific, resulting in his arrest. Additionally, it highlights broader transpacific developments and the Mexican Revolution.

John Norton (fl. 1770–1823) has long fascinated historians. After having been taken in by the prominent Mohawk leader Thayendanegea Joseph Brant as a young man, Norton claimed to imperial outsiders that he occupied a position of great influence among the Haudenosaunee. Norton bolstered this assertion with the improbable story that his own father had been Cherokee. While many historians have accepted Norton's claims, there is good reason to reconsider this view. Existing records, including Six Nations council minutes, suggest that not only did Norton misrepresent his ancestry, he greatly exaggerated his standing among the Grand River communities. Rather than an authentic representative of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, it appears much more likely that Norton mobilized his claims of Cherokee blood and Six Nations belonging in order to gain remarkable influence in the British Atlantic World. Recognizing the power of these claims, his opponents eventually succeeded in undermining Norton's self-presentation, eventually resulting in his political marginalization and ultimately in his exile from the Grand River under pain of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a summary of Alexander Mikaberidze's biography of Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolenskii, titled "Kutuzov: A Life in War and Peace." The biography explores Kutuzov's life as a Russian aristocrat, warrior, diplomat, and serf-owner, with a focus on his role in the Napoleonic Wars and the Russian Empire. The author presents Kutuzov as a complex figure, highlighting his personal charm, intelligence, bravery, and leadership in the victory over Napoleon's army. The biography also addresses the challenge of separating fact from myth in Kutuzov's story. Additionally, the text challenges Tolstoy's portrayal of Kutuzov as a passive observer and presents him as an effective military leader who implemented reforms and made strategic decisions to protect Russia. The biography concludes with a discussion of Kutuzov's legacy and his place in Russian historiography. [Extracted from the article]

This article seeks to provide insight into the history and acceptance of paper money within British North America by examining the state money issued by Lower Canada's civil government and the British Army during the War of 1812. Prior to the war, British North America was suffering from a specie shortage that was further exacerbated by the need for significant expenditure increases to provision the state with the resources it needed for its war effort. In response, colonial authorities issued the Army Bills, a paper money that was backed by acceptance in paying public debts and duties while also possessing qualities that adhered to metalist principles. To many observers surprise, the money successfully circulated and was accepted by Lower Canada's colonists, who beforehand had largely been perceived by colonial officials as distrusting of paper money. This research argues that the state's acceptance of Army Bills for discharging public debts, particularly merchant duties, ensured that the money would provide the colonial government with the fiscal flexibility it needed to conduct its war effort. This provision, in addition to measures like legal tender laws protecting its use in private transactions, also supported its successful circulation within the colonial economy during the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat market integration between the US and the UK before the "first era of globalization" (in the second half of the nineteenth century) was frequently interrupted by policy and "exogenous" events such as wars. This paper adds Canada to this story by looking at trade and price data, as well as contemporary debates. This allows us to triangulate the role of policy and wars, since Canada as a small open economy was part of the British Empire. We find that, despite its privileged access to British markets, Canada faced similar barriers to the US, suggesting that membership of the British Empire provided only a modest benefit to trade. We also describe the limitations she faced accessing the US market, in particular after American independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a response to a comment made by Steve Fuller on the book "A Theory of Catastrophe." The author discusses various topics related to catastrophe, including theodicy, historical analysis, and the question of optimism in the face of catastrophe. They also explore the impact of COVID-19 on society and the role of sociology in understanding and responding to major catastrophes. The author concludes with a defense of inter-generational ethics and a discussion on demographic issues, such as declining fertility rates and the potential need for technological advancements to supplement the labor force. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of British Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of Liverpool University Press / Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Bottom-Up Diplomatic History" by Thomas Blake Earle explores how maritime laborers, specifically commercial fishermen, influenced U.S. foreign policy decisions in the 19th century. Earle argues that fishermen and the fish themselves were key agents in shaping Anglo-American relations, often leading to conflicts and the need for new treaties. The book highlights how fishermen's demands for fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland played a significant role in diplomatic negotiations between the United States and Great Britain. Overall, Earle's work emphasizes the impact of maritime laborers and the marine environment on U.S. diplomacy during this period. [Extracted from the article]

During the War of 1812, the British Royal Navy attempted to transport four prefabricated warships in pieces from England to be reassembled for service on Lake Ontario. Of the four, only the 56-gun frigate HMS Psyche completed its journey. This paper explores the historical and technical background of this project and reconstructs how British and Canadian seamen, militia, and private contractors hauled a deconstructed warship up the St. Lawrence River, often within cannon range of the American shore. Once regarded as an example of the imbecility of the British Admiralty, a closer look reveals a clearer picture of the capabilities and institutional limitations of the Royal Navy in the Napoleonic Era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the U.S. bicentennial as a case study to develop two themes about U.S.-British relations in the 1970s. First, the performative framework of commemoration was of considerable importance to the "special relationship." The U.S. and British governments effectively used the bicentennial of an Anglo-American war to enact and popularize a distinctly useful historical narrative—a story of bilateral unity and strength, shared culture, eternal peace, and friendship—that was useful during the Cold War. Commemoration of the bicentennial signaled British recognition that historical and cultural ties offered a robust source of influence in Washington. Second, as the zenith of Anglo-American cooperation during World War II faded in collective memory, the political salience of commemorative events increased during the Cold War. They became contributory to and constitutive of a continually renewing public narrative of "special" Anglo-American relations that interwove times past, present, and future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this study is the issue of peace treaties, which are among the most important diplomatic acts and documents in international relations. Peace treaties represent one of the most important types of international treaties. They are an integral part of the couple relationship of peace and war. Their basic specificity is the fact that, on the one hand, they confirm the end of the war conflict and, on the other hand, establish measures and rules for the subsequent relations between the participants in the conflict. In contrast to the prevailing approach, which deals with this issue from the point of view of international law, the author approached the issue on the basis of historical analysis and comparison. His goal was to establish criteria and, based on this, systematize the most important peace treaties concluded in the course of the history of international relations. The author came to determine a total of six intertwining main models of peace treaties: 1. victory of one side over the other, 2. parties exhausted each other and none won, 3. only one of the stages of the war was ended, 4. participation in the conflict ended with a peace treaty only some parties, 5. number of parties involved, 6. content aspect of the treaty. Following this, the author also paid attention to other related problems. Specifically, these are the ratification and observance of peace treaties, accompanying and follow-up contractual arrangements, the extent and degree of punishment of the defeated party, and treaties intended to prevent conflict. The purpose of the study was to create a conceptual and systematically anchored framework for further research on this important part of international relations and diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose is to rethink critically the Russian historiographical heritage of the War of 1812. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and impartiality. The problematic-chronological and comparative-historical methods, including historiographical analysis and a critical-analytical approach are used. Scientific novelty. For the first time in modern domestic historiography, the author has attempted to study thoroughly, involving various sources, the specifics of the formation and spread of myths in Russian official historiography about Napoleon Bonaparte's political plans for Russia on the eve of and during the military campaign of 1812. For the first time in historiography, the author refuted the assertion of some Russian historians, which became widespread in historiography, that, allegedly, during his stay in Moscow, the French emperor planned to divide and destroy Russia. Conclusions. The author traced the origins of the creation and spread of Russian myths and falsifications about Russian-French relations on the eve of the War of 1812 and Napoleon's political plans during this campaign. Based on the works of official Russian historians, the author came to the conclusion that the distortion of historical realities arose in general due to the political order of the Russian government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The West India Regiments, men of African descent embodied into regular regiments of the British Army, played a hitherto unheralded role in the War of 1812. Knowledge of the military prowess of these regiments was widespread in the US in the early nineteenth century, and the British exploited this, mixed with a large amount of rumour and speculation as a terror tactic during the war. The West India Regiments were used as recruiters in the Chesapeake in 1814, and on active campaigns against New Orleans and Georgia in 1815. They were directly and indirectly responsible for the escape of thousands of enslaved people from slave states to British forces and even forced some US commentators to contemplate the recruitment of their own enslaved soldiers as a counterweight. While their military contribution to the war ended up being small, the psychological importance of regiments of black men within easy reach of the southern states lingered long after peace had been agreed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the historical interpretations of Yevgeny Tarle, a Soviet historian, specifically examining his changing views on Napoleon amidst the political turbulence of the early Soviet period. Topics covered include Tarle's initial reputation as a scholar, his struggles during the cultural revolution, and the impact of political shifts on his interpretations of Napoleon, highlighting the challenges historians faced in navigating ideological changes.

The Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine, launched on February 24, 2022, has demonstrated Moscow's approach to the Black Sea region. Contrary to the provisions of the law on the law, the Russian Federation blocked the freedom of navigation in the inland Sea of Azov and the principle of enforcing the right to act harmlessly in Ukrainian territorial waters off the coast of Crimea. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Black Sea region has become a place of intensive trade and transit and the transfer of energy resources from the Caspian Sea area and Central Asia to Europe. The events in Georgia in 2008 and the recent developments in Ukraine show that the Russian Federation is trying to rebuild its former influence and take control of the region. This article aims to diagnoze the security of the Black Sea Region in the context of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war (2022). The article discusses the historical security context of the Black Sea Region, the main threats to the security of the region in the context of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war (2022) and, forecasts for the formation of the security of the Black Sea Region after the end of hostilities. Scientific research conducted that the Battle of the Black Sea may become the cause of a clash in the Russian-Ukrainian war, which will affect not only Ukrainebut also members of the people around the world, as well as Russia's blockade of the Black Sea communication routes. The research methods used are literature analysis and criticism, historical methods, comparison, and generalization. Scientific studies have shown that the Battle of the Black Sea could become a key clash in the Russo-Ukrainian war that will affect not only Ukraine but also members of the nation around the world and lead to the Russian blockade of the Black Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rulers of Byzantium and England are well known for their centralized nature and their active approach to diplomacy. Both powers often utilized treaties to bolster their military forces, and to undermine those of their foes. Of course, allegiance was not always clear-cut, with many powers having complex relations with their neighbours and the treaties catering to the conflicting obligations of those involved. This article focuses on the treaties of two of the most bureaucratic powers of the medieval world who have comparable treaty corpuses, utilizing the theme of military service to show that treaties were primarily pragmatic documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Treaty of London (1604) brought an end to the long Anglo-Spanish War. Scholars have assumed that peace was broadly welcomed, especially among the English mercantile community. Yet many merchants had made vast fortunes from the war, through privateering or opening trade routes with Spain's imperial territories. This article demonstrates that the lobbying of merchants significantly shaped the negotiations for the Treaty of London. Simultaneously, multiple manuscript treatises arguing pro or contra peace were widely circulated: these foregrounded commercial concerns in their analysis of foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hill's study emphasizes the continuity of Creek diplomacy while recognizing adaptations in how diplomatic power was wielded and by whom. In his epilogue, Hill unexpectedly leaps from 1818 to 1959-1962 to explain how Miccosukees gained sovereign status by using maritime diplomacy during the Cold War instead of being subsumed into the larger Seminole Tribe of Florida. James L. Hill's impressive examination of Creek (Muskogee) international relationships with other tribes and nations covers 1763 through 1818, the end of the First Seminole War. [Extracted from the article]

The issue of Romanian commercial vessels during the Second World War has not been extensively presented in Romanian historiography, although it pertains to national security and defence. After great financial efforts, in 1939, Romania had a commercial fleet that ensured part of the transport needs of exported and imported goods. With the exception of the passenger ships sent to Istanbul, the other vessels, which were in ports in the Mediterranean, the USA and Great Britain, as well as those leased to Germany, were lost. Even if some shipowners managed to recover the vessels or their value, they did not sail under the Romanian flag. The mentioned situation was determined by the geopolitical and geostrategic evolution in Europe and worldwide. With regard to Romania, the proximity to Germany and, then, the "alliance" with the government in Berlin were catastrophic also from the perspective of the situation of the Romanian commercial fleet. The USA, Great Britain and the USSR acted in accordance with their interests both during the war and after its end, so that the Romanian state could not recover any vessel or the value of those lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"A Pictorial History of Black Rock, Buffalo, New York" is a coffee table book that documents the history of the Black Rock neighborhood in Buffalo, New York. The book is a result of the Black Rock Historic Photo Project, which aimed to collect and preserve photographs and memorabilia from the largely Polish community. The book includes over 150 photos, spanning approximately 100 years, and covers various aspects of the community's history, including public service, business, transportation, churches, schools, industry, sports, recreation, family, and community. It provides a valuable resource for current residents, former residents, and researchers interested in urban landscapes, communities, and ethnic history. [Extracted from the article]

Typhus is one of the oldest diseases in human history. Although its historical and geographical origins are controversial, some medical historians suggest that typhus is an ancient European disease described by Thucydides. Transmitted by the body louse “Pediculus humanus”, the symptoms of typhus include high fever, weakness, mental confusion and a characteristic rash. The disease develops in conditions favourable to the reproduction and transmission of the body louse, especially in cold, overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions. This study aims to provide information about typhus epidemics that manifested themselves in some of the wars that shaped European history and affected the outcome of the war. In this way, the political, military and social effects of a disease will be tried to be revealed. It is known that typhus epidemics were effective in many wars. In our study, we have attempted to deal with the wars of Granada, the Habsburg-Valois struggle, the Thirty Years' War, the Napoleonic Wars, the Crimean War, the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878, the typhus epidemic in Serbia during World War I and the typhus epidemic during the Russian Civil War (1918-1922). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Dartmoor prison", quips Nicholas Guyatt, "was a place where even the British thought the weather was bad" (1). As Guyatt makes clear, however, the story of Dartmoor's U.S. inmates is hardly a simple clash of high versus low. [Extracted from the article]

A number of foreign artists received the earliest commissions to represent Napoleon's Russian Campaign of 1812 for Russian emperors. My paper is a case study of a German artist who served the Russian Imperial court. Peter von Hess trained at the Academy in Munich and served both King Ludwig I of Bavaria and Otto I of Greece. In 1839, Emperor Nicholas I commissioned the artist to complete 12 monumental canvases for the Winter Palace representing key battles that followed Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. While earlier battle paintings and portraits commissioned by Alexander I dealt only with elite officers and the emperor, Hess's paintings elevated the common Russian as the bearers of a great sacrifice and as the true defenders of Russia. This representational shift is the product of changing ideas concerning Russia's involvement in several alliances from 1803 to 1815 that included Austria, England, Sweden, and Prussia. In addition, over the course of Nicholas I's reign, the concepts of "autocracy, orthodoxy, nationality" crept into representations of the Russian experience of the Napoleonic wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]