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Abstract Background Biochar, a carbon-rich source and natural growth stimulant, is usually produced by the pyrolysis of agricultural biomass. It is widely used to enhance plant growth, enzyme activity, and crop productivity. However, there are no conclusive studies on how different levels of biochar application influence these systems. Methods and results The present study elucidated the dose-dependent effects of biochar application on the physiological performance, enzyme activity, and dry matter accumulation of tobacco plants via field experiments. In addition, transcriptome analysis was performed on 60-day-old (early growth stage) and 100-day-old (late growth stage) tobacco leaves to determine the changes in transcript levels at the molecular level under various biochar application levels (0, 600, and 1800 kg/ha). The results demonstrated that optimum biochar application enhances plant growth, regulates enzymatic activity, and promotes biomass accumulation in tobacco plants, while higher biochar doses had adverse effects. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 6561 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were up- or down-regulated in the groupwise comparison under different treatments. KEGG pathways analysis demonstrated that carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms (ko00710), photosynthesis (ko00195), and starch and sucrose metabolism (ko00500) pathways were significantly up-regulated under the optimal biochar dosage (600 kg/ha) and down-regulated under the higher biochar dosage (1800 kg/ha). Conclusion Collectively, these results indicate that biochar application at an optimal rate (600 kg/ha) could positively affect photosynthesis and carbon fixation, which in turn increased the synthesis and accumulation of sucrose and starch, thus promoting the growth and dry matter accumulation of tobacco plants. However, a higher biochar dosage (1800 kg/ha) disturbs the crucial source-sink balance of organic compounds and inhibits the growth of tobacco plants.

Introduction: Drug therapy-related problems (DTRP) can lead to avoidable negative health consequences, particularly during hospital admissions. This study aimed to assess the frequency, causes, and associated factors of DTRPs, which are detected by clinical pharmacists’ interventions. Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study of patients admitted to the medical wards of Fakeeh University Hospital, UAE, over a three-month period from September 2022 to December 2022. The data of patients who were assessed by clinical pharmacists regarding the pretense and causes of DTRPs were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 27.0. Results: 310 patients with the mean age of 33.43 ± 19.98 years were studied (53.9% male). The highest percentage of patients were Asian (31.0%) and Arabs (30.6%). 79 (25.4%) cases had no DTRPs, while 231 (74.6) had DTRPs. The surgical ward had the highest frequency of DTRPs (41.0%). Improper drug selection with 79 cases, drug use without indication with 73 cases, and sub-therapeutic dosage with 26 cases were among the most common causes of DTRPs. Alcohol intake (p= 0.03), food allergy (p = 0.02), age group 31-40 years (p = 0.04), presence of co-morbidities (p = 0.01), family history of diseases (p = 0.02), and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (p = 0.01) were amongst the significantly associated factors of DTRPs. The acceptance status for clinical pharmacists’ interventions were complete in 90.0% of cases, partial in 4.1 %, and rejection in 5.9%. Conclusion: The study findings show a high prevalence of DTRPs due to drug/dose selection and drug use without indication. It seems that the participation of clinical pharmacists in multidisciplinary teams together with the presence of closed loop medication management facilitates the detection and correction of DTRPs.

Oleogel significantly affects the product's sensory properties, texture, and shelf life. The goal of this study was to create oleogel by combining corn oil and sunflower oil and utilizing beeswax as a structural agent. A variety of physicochemical analyses were done to evaluate the quality of oleogel, including peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, fatty acid, rheological parameters and firmness. Different percentages of oleogel, ranging from 0% to 75%, were used to substitute margarine in cookies. The cookies' quality was evaluated using proximate analysis, color analysis, texture analysis, calorific value, and sensory analysis. The study yielded substantial results by finding the ideal margarine-to-oleogel mix ratio, allowing for the manufacturing of high-quality cookies with a greater degree of unsaturation. Cookies with oleogel showed higher levels of unsaturation and better properties, making them the preferred option among consumers.

Background Moderate physical activity (MPA) has proven advantages for glycemic control, cardiovascular health, and functional independence. However, physical activity is not part of routine conventional physical therapy (CPT) in managing diabetic adhesive capsulitis patients. Objective To determine the effects of moderate MPA on diabetic adhesive capsulitis (AC). Methodology A randomized control trial was conducted at the Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Muzaffarabad, Pakistan from March 2022 to October 2022. A total of n = 44 patients with diabetic AC, aged 40 to 65 years, HbA1c > 6.5% were enrolled. Group A received MPA and CPT, while Group B only received CPT for six weeks. The upper extremity function, pain, and range of motion were assessed at baseline, third week, and sixth week through the disability of arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) questionnaire, numeric pain rating scale (NPRSS), and goniometer respectively. Results The NPRS score and ROMs showed significant improvement (p < 0.05) in group A compared to group B with a large effect size. When comparing the mean difference of the DASH score (73 + 7.21 vs. 57.9 + 12.64, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.46) was significantly improved with large effect size in group A as compared to group B. Conclusion MPA along with CPT has positive effects on patient pain, range of motion, and disability in patients with diabetic adhesive capsulitis.

Abstract Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are a diverse group of viruses associated with respiratory infections in humans worldwide. However, there is a lack of research on the genetic diversity and epidemiology of HAdVs in Pakistan. This study characterized HAdVs in pediatric patients with respiratory tract infections in Karachi, Pakistan, between 2022 and 2023. We analyzed 762 nasopharyngeal samples of children ≤ 5 years. DNA extraction, followed by PCR targeting E2B and hexon genes, was carried out. Data analysis was performed on SPSS 25.0, and phylogenetic analysis of hexon gene was performed on MEGA 11. HAdV was detected in 7.34% (56/762) of patients round the year, but at a significantly higher rate during the winter season. Age was insignificantly associated with HAdV incidence (p = 0.662), but more than 62.5% (35/56) of positive cases were younger than 10 months. The circulating HAdVs were identified as six different types from species B (78.57%) and C (21.42%), with the majority of isolates found to be like B3. HAdV was found to be co-infected with bocavirus (5.4%) and measles (7.14%). These findings revealed a high frequency and genetic diversity of respiratory HAdVs in Karachi, Pakistan. We conclude that periodic and continuous surveillance of adenoviruses and other respiratory pathogens is necessary to improve the prognosis and management of respiratory diseases, thereby reducing the child mortality rate in Pakistan.

Abstract Recent results demonstrate the dynamical peculiarities of the quantum chaos within the hybrid systems by chaotic parameters and probe the pattern formation under the influence of condensation. The complex dynamic behavior of the considered systems was determined with numerical simulation and presented an efficient technique that studied fractional systems comprising chaos-coherence fractions. The findings divulge the peculiar association between the coherence structure and the correlations at finite relative momenta. Thus the present study helps to explore the partially chaos hybrid systems in order to stimulate the experimental applications of nonlinear phenomena. The coherent-chaotic parameters can be measured by examining the chaos peculiarities that possess explicit relations with the condensations to demonstrate the environs of the physical systems. We investigate the influence of the multiplicities, chaos, momentum and temperature of the nonlinear system on the coherent-chaotic normalized correlations. The chaotic parameters are suppressed considerably with the coherence fraction and it appears numerically zero at maximum condensation and one at ideal chaos emissions. We procure that the meaningful parameters decrease significantly with the multiplicity of the nonlinear systems and increase with the momentum in the specified regimes. The identical multiplicity leads to contemplating the coherence and thus the normalized chaotic parameters within its spectacular influences exhibit significance worth contemplating in earnest. The findings underscore the significance of cogitating correlations in deciphering the nonlinear system characteristics and bestowing extraordinary perceptiveness into the convoluted essence of complex systems. The contemplated methodology can be applied to evaluating and analyzing the nonlinear systems and such an innovative approach computes the problems of celestial mechanics, heartbeats and chemical reactions in engineering and medical fields.

Abstract The rapid deterioration of freshwater ecosystems, particularly rivers, has threatened many living organisms, including human beings. In order to comprehend and maintain the well-being of a river ecosystem, it is important to assess the spatial and temporal variations in its physico-chemical parameters. The aim of the present study was to examine spatial and temporal physico-chemical parameters of snow-fed River Poonch in the Northwest Himalayas from July 2021 to June 2023. In order to generate precise and reliable data, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, Pearson correlation, linear regression, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to analyse a total of fifteen physico-chemical parameters of the river. Significant (p 0.70) in most cases, apart from DO (r ≥ − 0.80). Linear regression indicated significant (p 0.70) in most of the cases. PCA showed that physico-chemical parameters such as AT, WT, EC, TDS, FCO2, TA, TH, NO2-N, NO3-N, TP, SO4 2− and F− were significant for the determination of qualitative characteristics of River Poonch. In CA, two distinct clusters, viz. Cluster-I consisting of Site-III, downstream site prone to pollution and Cluster-II consisting of Site-II and Site-I, mid and upstream sites, respectively, less prone to pollution were obtained. The results of the study revealed that the water quality parameters were found well within the recommended ranges, suggesting that they are conducive for the existence of inhabitant fish species, which influence the local economy of the region.

This study investigates the role of time-fractional derivatives in the entropy analysis of mixed convection in a reacting nanofluid within a vertical permeable channel saturated with a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium. This is crucial for enhancing heat and mass transfer, incorporating memory effects, and addressing delayed responses in various engineering applications. Key phenomena such as thermophoresis, porous medium permeability, buoyancy forces, chemical reactions, viscous dissipation, Brownian motion, and velocity slip are considered. The study presents an advanced computational methodology that integrates the Euler wavelets collocation method with an implicit difference scheme to discretize the system of time-fractional partial differential equations. This advanced numerical framework is thoroughly validated, ensuring high accuracy in capturing the complex interactions between fluids and solids. The study reveals that a 20% increase in the Eckert number leads to a 15% rise in entropy generation, signifying greater energy dissipation within the system. Likewise, higher Reynolds numbers contribute to increased entropy generation, emphasizing the flow’s dissipative nature. On the other hand, a 10% increase in pressure gradient and Forchheimer parameters results in a 12% reduction in entropy generation, demonstrating their ability to control the system’s irreversibility. These findings pave the way for more optimized and energy-efficient designs in engineering systems involving porous media.

Background and aimsNitrogen (N) distribution in plants is intricately linked to key physiological functions, including respiration, photosynthesis, structural development, and nitrogen storage. However, the specific effects of different N morphologies on N accumulation and plant growth are poorly understood. Our research specifically focused on determining how different N morphologies affect N absorption and biomass accumulation.MethodsThis study elucidated the impact of different application rates (CK: 0 g N/plant; T1: 4 g N/plant; T2: 8 g N/plant) of N fertilizer on N and biomass accumulation in tobacco cultivars Hongda and K326 at different growth stages.ResultsOur findings emphasize the critical role of N distribution in various plant parts, including leaves, stems, and roots, in determining the complex mechanisms of N and biomass accumulation in tobacco. We found that in relation to total N, a greater ratio of water-soluble N (Nw) in leaves facilitated N accumulation in leaves. In contrast, an increased ratio of SDS (detergent)-insoluble N (Nin-SDS) in leaves and non-protein N (Nnp) in roots hindered this increase. Additionally, our results indicate that a greater proportion of Nnp in leaves has a negative impact on biomass accumulation in leaves. Furthermore, elevated levels of Nin-SDS, Nw, and Nnp in roots, and Nnp in leaves adversely affected biomass accumulation in tobacco leaves. The Hongda cultivar exhibited greater biomass and N accumulation abilities as compared to K326.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the significant role of distribution of N morphologies on plant growth, as well as N and biomass accumulation in tobacco plants. Understanding N distribution allows farmers to optimize N application, minimizing environmental losses and maximizing yield for specific cultivars. These insights advance sustainable agriculture by promoting efficient resource use and reducing environmental impact.

Objective: To determine the effect of alpha blocker drugs on reduction of Double J Stent related symptoms. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Urology, The Kidney Centre, Post Graduate Training Institute, Karachi Pakistan, from May 2014 to Nov 2019. Methodology: Total 92 patients who had unilateral stent, inserted retrograde or antegrade, were studied. On 7th postoperative day double J stent related symptoms were documented on Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire and alpha-blocker was started if score is >10. After 4 weeks, data was again collected to assess mean change in Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire score. Results: Of 92 patients, pre-treatment mean Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire score was 38.36±16.07 and post treatment was 14.87±8.62. Mean difference between pre and post Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire score was found significant (p

Rice is the major food crop and a significant source of foreign exchange of Pakistan. In order to meet food demands, high quality varieties of rice, including early and late maturing varieties, as well as hybrid and conventional rice varieties must be developed with the adoptability and suitability of different hybrid rice varieties in local soil. The hybrid varieties revealed supremacy regarding the growth characters over the inbred rice. The study results pretended that the highest plant height was recorded in hybrid variety ennpova-55 (106.5 cm) while inbred IRRI-9 produced the shortest height (65.5 cm) at reproduction stage. Whereas highest number of tillers was observed in Winner-55, Tahafuz-121, and Ashoka (24 m-2) and have highest seedling number and lowest number of tillers were recorded in Komal 21 m-2. Highest plant dry matter per hill was found in Ennova-55 (95.9/cm and lowest observed in IRRI-9 (69.8 cm) as compared to all other rice verities studied in this study. In chlorophyll studies, highest chlorophyll parameter was observed in Ennova-08 and Pukhraj and lowest was observed only in inbred varieties. Shoot and root length showed significant variation among the different rice varieties. The tallest shoot was found in Ennova-55 (82.3 cm) which was statistically identical with Thafuz-121 (78.1 cm), while shortest was found in IRRI-9 (54.1 cm) at harvest. However, the maximum Leaf area index was recorded from Komal (4.50) at the heading stage followed by Ennova-55 (4.20), but significantly lower in Shakar (2.70). Compared with inbred, hybrid rice produced a higher yield with BCR of 12.03. However, further research studies are obligatory to perform for adoptability of hybrid rice locally for sustainable rice production.

The potential benefits of biochar, a carbon-rich substance derived from biomass, for enhancing agricultural yield and soil health have drawn increasing interest. Nevertheless, owing to the lack of specialized studies, the role of its poly-spatial structure in the success of fostering plant growth remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the effects of various biochar pore shapes on tobacco growth and the underlying microbiological processes. Three pyrolysis temperatures (250 °C, 400 °C, and 550 °C) were used to produce biochar from tobacco stems, resulting in different pore structures (T3 > T2 > T1). We then used BET-specific surface area (BET), t.Plot micropore specific surface area (t.Plot), mesopore specific surface area (MSSA), specific pore volume (SPV), average pore size (AP), and mesopore pore volume (MPV) measurements to evaluate the effects of these biochars on tobacco growth and biomass accumulation, and microbial analyses were performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms. When applied to plants, biochar increased their growth compared to untreated controls. The most notable improvement in tobacco growth was observed in the biochar produced at 400 °C (T3), which possessed the largest and most advantageous pore structure among all treatments. Further studies demonstrated that biochars with greater specific surface areas (BET, t.Plot, and MSSA) positively altered the abundance of key microbial taxa (e.g., Stenotrophobacter, Ensifer, Claroideoglomus) and community composition, thereby encouraging plant development and biomass accumulation. Conversely, greater pore volumes (SPV, AP, and MPV) inhibited microbial activity and significantly affected growth and biomass accumulation. Structural equation modeling further demonstrated that the pore structure of biochar greatly affected plant growth by changing the relative abundance and community composition of soil microbes. Maximizing the benefits of biochar in stimulating plant growth and improving soil microbial communities depends on optimizing the material’s pore structure, particularly by increasing the specific surface area. These findings will help expand the use of biochar in sustainable agriculture.

Background: Holmium YAG (yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser, a comparatively new technique, can clear all types and sizes of stones and is only being used in two institutes of Karachi, Pakistan. The study aimed to compare pneumatic lithoclast and holmium YAG laser, to evaluate stone-free rate (SFR), postoperative complications, operative duration, and effectiveness. Methods: This cross-sectional research included 60 patients with age 16-65 years having ureteric stones, reporting to kidney center, Urology Department, Karachi, Pakistan. CT Scan of Kidneys, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) were used to record stone size, laterality, and location within the ureter. Patients were divided into two clusters of 30 each, group A (Ho: YAG laser) and group B (pneumatic Lithoclast) having 0.5 to 02 cm of size ureteric stones. An Independent two-sample “t” test was used to assess the difference for the continuous variables. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Stone sizes distribution was 1.3±0.3cms and 1.4±0.3cms for A and B groups respectively (p=0.8). The insignificance of the p-value demonstrated no substantial divergence between both groups and stone sizes. Clearance from the proximal ureter was noted 26(84.6%) in group A and 41.7% in group B with (p

Background: Double J stent is used to prevent complications after extra corporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) like ureteric obstruction. Extent the ureteral stent affects stone fragments passage in patients, with renal stone, who had shock wave lithotripsy. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of Double J stent on stone clearance after extra corporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Methods: A total of 194 patients with pelvic renal stones were treated with extra corporeal shockwave Lithotripsy, divided into two groups: Group 1 represents n= 97, 50%, patients with double-J (DJ) stent while, Group 2 n= 97, 50%, patients without DJ stent. These patients were further subdivided into two more groups as per stone burden: Group A n=184, 94.4% hold the stone size of ≤ 1.0 cm – 2.0 cm and Group B, n=11, 5.6% consisted of 2.1 cm – 3.0 cm stone size. The effect of DJ stent on stone passage was evaluated by statistical analysis included Chi-squared, Mann-Whitney U test, Cross-Tabulation and p-value=0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among 194 patients, the male: female ratio was 136(69.7%):55 (30.0%) with a mean age of 42.77±14.24. Single and multiple stones were present in 133(68.2%) and 62(31.8%) respectively. In cross-tab analysis stone clearance rates were 83(42.7%) with DJ stenting while 14 (7.2%) stones were pending, similarly, 87(44.8%) were stone free without DJ stenting and 10(5.1%) were pending. Large stones were reportedly more prone to complications such as hematuria and loin pain (p=0.074). Conclusion: Stone free rate is significantly higher in the non-stented group than in stented with pelvic renal stone. Keywords: Renal Stones; DJ Stents; Lithotripsy; DJ Stent Complications.

BackgroundPlasmodiophora brassicae is an ever-increasing threat to cruciferous crop production worldwide.Aims and methodsThis study investigated the impact of pre-soil fumigation with ammonium bicarbonate (N) and lime (NB) to manage clubroot disease in Chinese cabbage through 16S rRNA gene amplification sequencing.ResultsWe found that soil fumigation with N and NB suppressed disease incidence by reducing the soil acidity and population of P. brassicae in the rhizosphere. Minimum disease incidence and maximum relative control effect of about 74.68 and 66.28% were achieved in greenhouse and field experiments, respectively, under the combined application of ammonium bicarbonate and lime (LNB) as compared with N, NB, and control (GZ). Microbial diversity analysis through Miseq sequencing proved that pre-soil fumigation with N, NB, and LNB clearly manipulated rhizosphere microbial community composition and changed the diversity and structure of rhizosphere microbes compared with GZ. Bacterial phyla such as Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, and Acidobacteria and fungal phyla including Olpidiomycota and Ascomycota were most dominant in the rhizosphere of Chinese cabbage plants. Soil fumigation with N and NB significantly reduced the abundance of clubroot pathogen at genus (Plasmodiophora) level compared with GZ, while decreased further under combined application LNB. Microbial co-occurrence network analysis showed a highly connected and complex network and less competition for resources among microbes under combined application LNB.ConclusionWe conclude that for environmentally friendly and sustainable agriculture, soil fumigation with combined ammonium bicarbonate and lime plays a crucial role in mitigating Chinese cabbage clubroot disease by alleviating soil pH, reducing pathogen population, and manipulating the rhizosphere microbiome.

The use of extract from indigenous plant species for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has significant importance as they have a capacity to act as potential reducing, capping and stabilizing agent. In this research, latex of Azadirachta indica (Neem) was selected for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Maximum absorbance was achieved at 425 nm (λmax) for AgNPs. FTIR vibrational peaks of AgNPs were observed at 3462, 2933, 1732, 1658, 1458, 1381, 1244, and 1028 and near 600 cm -1. Moreover, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) showed that the synthesized AgNPs were face-centered cuboid, spherical, hexahedral, and pentagonal structures ranging in size between 7.15-71.5nm. XRD analysis shows that most of the nanoparticles have spherical crystalline structure. Photocatalytic degradation of hazardous azo dye; Methylene blue dye (MB) was performed in the presence of synthesized AgNPs as catalysts under UV-induced photocatalytic degradation. The degradation efficiency after 180 minutes of reaction time was 82 % which proposes its potential to use as environmental pollutant eradicators in the treatment of textile industries wastewater.

Fusarium root rot caused by the Fusarium species complex significantly affects the yield and quality of Angelica sinensis, a valuable medicinal herb. Traditional management primarily relies on chemical fungicides, which have led to pathogen resistance, environmental hazards, and concerns regarding public health and the active components in A. sinensis. This study explores the efficacy of a novel plant-derived biopesticide Shi Chuang Zhi Feng Ning (T1; SCZFN), alongside Bacillus subtilis wettable powder (T2) and a chemical fungicide (T3), in controlling root rot and understanding their impacts on the rhizosphere microbial community and root metabolome. Results of the field experiment demonstrated that treatments T1 and T3 achieved control efficiencies of 73.17% and 75.45%, respectively, significantly outperforming T2 (39.99%) and the control. High-throughput sequencing revealed that all treatments altered the diversity and structure of microbial communities, with T1 and T2 reducing the abundance of taxa linked to root rot, such as Muribaculaceae spp., Humicola spp., Fusarium spp., and Mycochlamys spp. Treatment T1 notably enhanced beneficial bacterial taxa, including Acidobacteria spp., Nitrospira spp., and Pedosphaeraceae spp., involved in carbon cycling and plant growth promotion. Metabolomic analysis identified 39, 105, and 45 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) across the treatments, demonstrating T1’s potential to modulate the root metabolome effectively. Further, a correlation analysis demonstrated a stronger correlation between distinct microorganisms with significant influence and DEMs of T1 treatment compared to other treatments. These findings underscore biopesticide SCZFN’s role in enhancing plant health and disease suppression in A. sinensis, providing insights into its biocontrol mechanisms and supporting the development of sustainable disease management strategies in its cultivation.

BackgroundBiochar application has become one of the most potential tools to improve soil fertility and plant growth for sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture. However, both positive and negative effects of biochar application have been recorded on plant growth and soil fertility.MethodsThis study investigated the impact of different application rates (0, 600, 900, 1200, and 1800 kg/ha) of biochar on the soil nutrient contents, accumulation of nutrients and dry matter in different plant parts, and growth of flue-cured tobacco plants under field conditions.ResultsResults demonstrated that soil organic carbon pool and carbon/nitrogen ratio were increased proportionally with the increasing dosage of biochar, 25.54 g/kg and 14.07 g/kg compared with control 17 g/kg and 10.13 g/kg, respectively. The contents of soil total nitrogen were also significantly increased after biochar application in the middle (1.77 g/kg) and late-growth (1.54 g/kg) stages of flue-cured tobacco than in control (1.60 g/kg and 1.41 g/kg, respectively). The contents of soil nitrate nitrogen were also higher under low (600 and 900 kg/ha) application rates of biochar and reduced when higher (1200 and 1800 kg/ha) dosages of biochar were applied. However, it was observed that varying application rates of biochar had no impact on soil ammonium nitrogen content during the growth period of flue-cured tobacco plants. The nutrient accumulation (N, P, K) in different parts of flue-cured tobacco plants was significantly increased under a low application rate of biochar, which enhanced the soil and plant analyzer development values, effective leaves number, growth, dry matter accumulation, and leaf yield of flue-cured tobacco. In contrast, the high biochar application rate (1200 and 1800 kg/ha) negatively impacted nutrient accumulation and growth of flue-cured tobacco.ConclusionConclusively, the optimum application of biochar (600 and 900 kg/ha) is beneficial for plant growth, soil fertility, accumulation of nutrients, and dry matter in different plant parts. However, excessive biochar application (> 900 kg/ha) could inhibit flue-cured tobacco plant growth. This study provides a theoretical foundation for biochar application in tobacco and other crop production to obtain agricultural sustainability and economic stability.

Background The association between hamstring tightness and knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is significant because tight hamstrings can put more strain on the knee joint, reduce its range of motion, and cause compensatory movements that worsen the KOA. Objective To compare the effects of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) and proprioceptive neuromuscular (PNF) on hamstring flexibility in patients with KOA. Methods Data for the randomized controlled trial (NCT05110326) was collected from n = 60 participants randomly divided into group A received IASTM and group B received PNF stretching. In group A, the therapist made 30 strokes gentle strokes with the tool from the origin to the insertion while holding the plane at a 45-degree angle over the treatment area. In group B, PNF stretching was done with three repetitions and 10 seconds rest between each, after isometric contraction of the hamstring muscle using approximately 50% of their maximum strength, holding it for 8 seconds, and then releasing it. A 30-minute session was given to each patient three times per week and was given for 6 weeks. Outcome measures were the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain intensity, the active knee extension test (AKET) for hamstring flexibility, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) for the health status of KOA patients. Results The study found a significant interaction (p

BackgroundAngular leaf spot disease caused by plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas fragariae seriously threatens strawberry crop production globally.MethodsIn this study, we sequenced the whole genome of X. fragariae YM2, isolated from Yunnan Province, China. In addition, we performed a comparative genome analysis of X. fragariae YM2 with two existing strains of X. fragariae YL19 and SHQP01 isolated from Liaoning and Shanghai, respectively.ResultsThe results of Nanopore sequencing showed that X. fragariae YM2 comprises one single chromosome with a contig size of 4,263,697 bp, one plasmid contig size of 0.39 Mb, a GC content ratio of 62.27%, and 3,958 predicted coding genes. The genome of YM2 comprises gum, hrp, rpf, and xps gene clusters and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which are typical virulence factors in Xanthomonas species. By performing a comparative genomic analysis between X. fragariae strains YM2, YL19, and SHQP01, we found that strain YM2 is similar to YL19 and SHQP01 regarding genome size and GC contents. However, there are minor differences in the composition of major virulence factors and homologous gene clusters. Furthermore, the results of collinearity analysis demonstrated that YM2 has lower similarity and longer evolutionary distance with YL19 and SHQP01, but YL19 is more closely related to SHQP01.ConclusionsThe availability of this high-quality genetic resource will serve as a basic tool for investigating the biology, molecular pathogenesis, and virulence of X. fragariae YM2. In addition, unraveling the potential vulnerabilities in its genetic makeup will aid in developing more effective disease suppression control measures.

Recent technological advances have made it possible to produce particles with nanometer dimensions that are uniformly and steadily suspended in traditional solar liquids and have enhanced the impact of thermo-physical parameters. In this research, a three-dimensional flat plate solar collector was built using a thin flat plate and a single working fluid pipe. The physical model was solved computationally under conditions of conjugated laminar forced convection in the range 500 ≤ Re ≤ 1900 and a heat flux of 1000 W/m2. Distilled water (DW) and different types of hybrid nanofluids (namely, 0.1%-Al2O3@Cu/DW, 0.1%-MWCNTs@Fe3O4/DW, 0.3%-MWCNTs@Fe3O4/DW, 0.5%-Ag@MgO/DW, 1%-Ag@MgO/DW, 1%-S1 and 1%-S2, where MWCNTs are multi-wall carbon nanotubes, S1 means 2CuO–1Cu and S2 means 1CuO–2Cu nanocomposites) were evaluated via a set of parameters. The numerical results revealed that, by increasing the working fluid velocity (the Reynolds number), the average heat transfer coefficient, pressure loss, heat gain and solar collector efficiency were increased. Meanwhile, outlet fluid temperature and flat plate surface temperature were decreased. At Re = 1900, 1%-S2 and 1%-S1 presented higher thermal performance enhancement by 44.28% and 36.72% relative to DW. Moreover, low thermal performance enhancement of 7.59% and 7.44% were reported by 0.1%-Al2O3@Cu/DW and 0.3%-MWCNTs@Fe3O4/DW, respectively.

This paper investigates the performance of five supervised machine learning algorithms, including support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LogR), decision tree (DT), multiple perceptron neural network (MLP-NN), and K-nearest neighbours (KNN) for predicting the water quality index (WQI) and water quality class (WQC) in the coastal aquifer of the Gaza Strip. A total of 2,448 samples of groundwater were collected from the coastal aquifer of the Gaza Strip, and various physical and chemical parameters were measured to calculate the WQI based on weight. The prediction accuracy was evaluated using five error measures. The results showed that MLP-NN outperformed other models in terms of accuracy with an R value of 0.9945–0.9948, compared with 0.9897–0.9880 for SVM, 0.9784–0.9800 for LogR, 0.9464–0.9247 for KNN, and 0.9301–0.9064 for DT. SVM classification showed that 78.32% of the study area fell under poor to unsuitable water categories, while the north part of the region had good to excellent water quality. Total dissolved solids (TDS) was the most important parameter in WQI predictions while and were the least important. MLP-NN and SVM were the most accurate models for the WQI prediction and classification in the Gaza coastal aquifer. HIGHLIGHTS Machine learning (ML) algorithms are used for predicting water quality index.; Prediction performance of LogR, DT, KNN, SVM, and MLP-NN are compared.; MLP-NN and SVM-based prediction and quality classification models performed better than other ML-developed models.; Gaza coastal aquifer is experiencing a severe deterioration in water quality, as it is currently unsafe for drinking purposes without adequate treatment.;

Background and aimsIn agriculture, biochar (BC) and nitrogen (N) fertilizers are commonly used for improving soil fertility and crop productivity. However, it remains unclear how different levels of BC and N fertilizer affect soil fertility and crop productivity.MethodsThis study elucidates the impact of different application rates of BC (0, 600, and 1200 kg/ha) and N fertilizer (105 and 126 kg/ha) on biomass accumulation, soil microbial biomass of carbon (SMC) and nitrogen (SMN), and soil biochemical properties, including soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3−−N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+−N), urease (UE), acid phosphatase (ACP), catalase (CAT), and sucrase (SC) of tobacco plants. In addition, a high throughput amplicon sequencing technique was adopted to investigate the effect of different application rates of BC/N on rhizosphere bacterial communities of tobacco plants.ResultsThe results confirm that high dosages of BC and N fertilizer (B1200N126) significantly enhance dry matter accumulation by 31.56% and 23.97% compared with control B0N105 and B0N126 under field conditions and 23.94% and 24.52% under pot experiment, respectively. The soil biochemical properties, SMC, and SMN significantly improved under the high application rate of BC and N fertilizer (B1200N126), while it negatively influenced the soil carbon/nitrogen ratio. Analysis of rhizosphere bacteriome through amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA revealed that the structure, diversity, and composition of rhizosphere bacterial communities dramatically changed under different BC/N ratios. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria were highly abundant bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere of tobacco plants under different treatments. Co-occurrence network analysis displayed fewer negative correlations among rhizosphere bacterial communities under high dosages of biochar and nitrogen (B1200N126) than other treatments, which showed less competition for resources among microbes. In addition, a redundancy analysis further proved a significant positive correlation among SMC, SMN, soil biochemical properties, and high dosage of biochar and nitrogen (B1200N126).ConclusionsThus, we conclude that a high dosage of BC (1200 kg/ha) under a high application rate of N fertilizer (126 kg/ha) enhances the biomass accumulation of tobacco plants by improving the soil biochemical properties and activities of rhizosphere bacterial communities.

Abstract Mn3O4 nanograins incorporated into reduced graphene oxide as a nanocomposite electrocatalyst have been synthesized via one-step, facile, and single-pot microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique. The nanocomposites were employed as cathode material of fuel cells for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The synthesized product was thoroughly studied by using important characterization, such as XRD for the structure analysis and FESEM and TEM analyses to assess the morphological structures of the material. Raman spectra were employed to study the GO, rGO bands and formation of Mn3O4@rGO nanocomposite. FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis were used to verify the effective synthesis of the desired electrocatalyst. The Mn3O4@rGO-10% nanocomposite with 10 wt% of graphene oxide was used to alter the shiny surface of the working electrode and applied for ORR in O2 purged 0.5 M KOH electrolyte solution. The Mn3O4@rGO-10% nanocomposite electrocatalyst exhibited outstanding performance with an improved current of − 0.738 mA/cm2 and shifted overpotential values of − 0.345 V when compared to other controlled electrodes, including the conventionally used Pt/C catalyst generally used for ORR activity. The tolerance of Mn3O4@rGO-10% nanocomposite was tested by injecting a higher concentration of methanol, i.e., 0.5 M, and found unsusceptible by methanol crossover. The stability test of the synthesized electrocatalyst after 3000 s was also considered, and it demonstrated excellent current retention of 98% compared to commercially available Pt/C electrocatalyst. The synthesized nanocomposite material could be regarded as an effective and Pt-free electrocatalyst for practical ORR that meets the requirement of low cost, facile fabrication, and adequate stability.

Abstract In this paper, we investigate brain activity associated with complex visual tasks, showing that electroencephalography (EEG) data can help computer vision in reliably recognizing actions from video footage that is used to stimulate human observers. Notably, we consider not only typical “explicit” video action benchmarks, but also more complex data sequences in which action concepts are only referred to, implicitly. To this end, we consider a challenging action recognition benchmark dataset—Moments in Time—whose video sequences do not explicitly visualize actions, but only implicitly refer to them (e.g., fireworks in the sky as an extreme example of “flying”). We employ such videos as stimuli and involve a large sample of subjects to collect a high-definition, multi-modal EEG and video data, designed for understanding action concepts. We discover an agreement among brain activities of different subjects stimulated by the same video footage. We name it as subjects consensus, and we design a computational pipeline to transfer knowledge from EEG to video, sharply boosting the recognition performance.

In recent studies, Thermo-Electric Coolers (TEC) have been utilized for dehumidification purposes, which is mainly based on the extraction of moisture from humid atmospheric air. The reviewed literature showed that the rate of water collection from the TEC-based system can be affected by various parameters such as the module’s input voltage, the heat sink orientation, and tilt angles. In this research, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the significance of these factors and their interaction within the system on the TEC-based dehumidification system. Four levels were investigated for both, the Peltier’s input voltage and the rotation angle, and three levels for the tilt angle. This study indicated the significance of the studied factors and their interactions within the dehumidification system along with performing an overall numerical optimization. The experiments were conducted under the same working conditions in an enclosed environment to minimize errors. According to the overall numerical optimization, which was validated experimentally, the optimum system performance was predicted to be obtained at approximately 6.8V Peltier input volt, 65° rotation angle, and 90° tilt angles, with predicted optimum productivities of 0.32278 L/kWh and 13.03 mL/hr. For the same set of parameters, the variation between the experiment and the numerical optimization was less than 4%. The experiments show that when optimizing water collection rates for thermoelectric cooling heat sinks​ under high humidity conditions, the orientation of the heat sink should be considered.

Abstract Covalent and non-covalent nanofluids were tested inside a circular tube fitted with twisted tape inserts with 45° and 90° helix angles. Reynolds number was 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17,000, and thermophysical properties were assessed at 308 K. The physical model was solved numerically via a two-equation eddy-viscosity model (SST k-omega turbulence). GNPs-SDBS@DW and GNPs-COOH@DW nanofluids with concentrations (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% and 0.1 wt.%) were considered in this study. The twisted pipes' walls were heated under a constant temperature of 330 K. The current study considered six parameters: outlet temperature, heat transfer coefficient, average Nusselt number, friction factor, pressure loss, and performance evaluation criterion. In both cases (45° and 90° helix angles), GNPs-SDBS@DW nanofluids presented higher thermohydraulic performance than GNPs-COOH@DW and increased by increasing the mass fractions such as 1.17 for 0.025 wt.%, 1.19 for 0.05 wt.% and 1.26 for 0.1 wt.%. Meanwhile, in both cases (45° and 90° helix angles), the value of thermohydraulic performance using GNPs-COOH@DW was 1.02 for 0.025 wt.%, 1.05 for 0.05 wt.% and 1.02 for 0.1 wt.%.

Leaf-blight disease caused by the Fusarium oxysporum is an emerging problem in Dendrobium chrysotoxum production in China. Symptoms of leaf blight were observed on seedlings of D. chrysotoxum cultivated in a nursery in Ruili City, Yunnan Province, China. In this study, we isolated the Fusarium sp. associated with leaf-blight disease of D. chrysotoxum from the diseased seedlings. A pathogenicity test was performed to fulfill Koch’s postulates to confirm the pathogenicity of isolated strains and identified using morphological and molecular techniques. The results revealed that all four isolated Fusarium sp. isolates (DHRL-01~04) produced typical blight symptoms followed by marginal necrosis of leaves on the D. chrysotoxum plants. On the PDA medium, the fungal colony appeared as a white to purplish color with cottony mycelium growth. Microconidia are oval-shaped, whereas macroconidia are sickle-shaped, tapering at both ends with 2–4 septations. The phylogenetic trees were construed based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor (EF-1α), and RNA polymerase subunit genes RPB1 and RPB2 genes, respectively, and blasted against the NCBI database for species confirmation. Based on the NCBI database’s blast results, the isolates showed that more than 99% identify with Fusarium oxysporum. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report on the identification of Fusarium oxysporum as the causal agent of Dendrobium chrysotoxum leaf blight in Yunnan Province, China, based on morphological and molecular characteristics.

Smartphone applications (apps) that utilize embedded inertial sensors have the potential to provide valid and reliable estimations of different balance and gait parameters in older adults with mild balance impairment. This study aimed to assess the reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the Gait&Balance smartphone application (G&B App) for measuring gait and balance in a sample of middle- to older-aged adults with mild balance impairment in Pakistan. Community-dwelling adults over 50 years of age (N = 83, 50 female, range 50–75 years) with a Berg Balance Scale (BBS) score between 46/56 and 54/56 were included in the study. Data collection involved securing a smartphone to the participant’s lumbosacral spine. Participants performed six standardized balance tasks, including four quiet stance tasks and two gait tasks (walking looking straight ahead and walking with head turns). The G&B App collected accelerometry data during these tasks, and the tasks were repeated twice to assess test-retest reliability. The tasks in quiet stance were also recorded with a force plate, a gold-standard technology for measuring postural sway. Additionally, participants completed three clinical measures, the BBS, the Functional Reach Test (FRT), and the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). Test-retest reliability within the same session was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the standard error of measurement (SEM). Validity was evaluated by correlating the G&B App outcomes against both the force plate data and the clinical measures using Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients. To assess the G&B App’s sensitivity to differences in balance across tasks and repetitions, one-way repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted. During quiet stance, the app demonstrated moderate reliability for steadiness on firm (ICC = 0.72) and compliant surfaces (ICC = 0.75) with eyes closed. For gait tasks, the G&B App indicated moderate to excellent reliability when walking looking straight ahead for gait symmetry (ICC = 0.65), walking speed (ICC = 0.93), step length (ICC = 0.94), and step time (ICC = 0.84). The TUG correlated with app measures under both gait conditions for walking speed (r −0.70 and 0.67), step length (r −0.56 and −0.58), and step time (r 0.58 and 0.50). The BBS correlated with app measures of walking speed under both gait conditions (r 0.55 and 0.51) and step length when walking with head turns (r = 0.53). Force plate measures of total distance wandered showed adequate to excellent correlations with G&B App measures of steadiness. Notably, G&B App measures of walking speed, gait symmetry, step length, and step time, were sensitive to detecting differences in performance between standard walking and the more difficult task of walking with head turns. This study demonstrates the G&B App’s potential as a reliable and valid tool for assessing some gait and balance parameters in middle-to-older age adults, with promise for application in low-income countries like Pakistan. The app’s accessibility and accuracy could enhance healthcare services and support preventive measures related to fall risk.

Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is congenital anomaly which can be detected by ultrasound during antenatal period. The reported rate of MCDK ranges between 1 in 2,200 to 1 in 4,300 live births. This study was aimed to assess the determinants associated with the MCDK with follow-up until teens to evaluate the evolution of the disorder. This was an observational longitudinal study, involution degrees were observed following the baseline measurement of the size of the MCDK as documented on postnatal ultrasound, and long-term complications and renal function were also recorded. A total of 350 patients were identified, while 90 patients fulfilled the criteria of the study and completed the study duration of 10 years. Out of which 19 (21.1%) patients reported involution of MCDK size during follow-up as complete and partial, 7 (7.7%) within first year of age, 5 (5.5%) during first 2 years and 7 (7.7%) within 4 years of age. Large-sized MCDK at the time of diagnosis is less likely to involute through the first decade of life. However, conventional treatment is rational with the absence of complications.

The distribution of water deteriorates when the operating pressure of an impact sprinkler (IS) decreases to some level. The aeration jet method is utilized to form an aeration impact sprinkler (AIS), aiming to improve the uniformity of water distribution under low pressure. Based on the structures of a 20PY2 impact sprinkler, an IS and AIS with the same sprinkler discharge were studied under operating pressures range between 150 and 250 kPa. A square test zone was formed by the four sprinklers, and the combined irrigation experiment was conducted under windless conditions. The results showed that the water loss ranged from 3% to 9.5% in all 18 test schemes. The coefficient of uniformity (CU) and distribution uniformity (DU) were used to quantify the degree of uniformity. The AIS had an approximately 3%–7% greater CU than the IS, which resulted in the CU reaching the specified value in the IS standard when the sprinkler functioned under low operating pressure. A linear relationship was found between the CU and DUlq. The uniformity of water distribution clearly changed with the operating pressure (150 kPa, 200 kPa, and 250 kPa) but decreased slightly with the increase in combination spacing (1 R, 1.1 R, and 1.2 R). In addition, the results of field experiment were compared with those of the simulation developed from a single sprinkler indoor experiment based on the water distribution radial curve. The simulated coefficient of uniformity was highly consistent with the experimental data and had an error of

Abstract Background Black shank disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae is a serious threat to flue-cured tobacco production. Whole-plant resistance is characterized by the expression of a number of pathogenesis-related proteins, genes, and the activity of different defense-related enzymes. In this study, we investigated the activity of defense-related enzymes and expression of differentially expressed proteins through the iTRAQ technique across two flue-cured tobacco cultivars, i.e., K326 and Hongda, in response to the black shank pathogen. Results Results showed that the highest disease incidence was recorded in flue-cured tobacco cultivar Hongda compared with K326, which shows that Hongda is more susceptible to P. nicotianae than K326. A total of 4274 differentially expressed proteins were detected at 0 h and after 24 h, 72 h of post-inoculation with P. nicotianae. We found that 17 proteins induced after inoculation with P. nicotianae, including pathogenesis (5), photosynthesis (3), oxidative phosphorylation (6), tricarboxylic acid cycle (1), heat shock (1), and 14–3-3 (1) and were involved in the resistance of flue-cured tobacco against black shank disease. The expression of 5 pathogenesis-related proteins and the activities of defense-related enzymes (PPO, POD, SOD, and MDA) were significantly higher in the leaves of K326 than Hongda after inoculation with P. nicotianae. Conclusion These results provide new molecular insights into flue-cured tobacco responses to P. nicotianae. It is concluded that differences in protein expressions and defense-related enzymes play an important role in developing resistance in flue-cured tobacco cultivars against black shank disease.

Abstract Background Bacterial wilt disease caused by the soilborne bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious threat to flue-cured tobacco production. In this study, an indigenous disease suppressive Bacillus strain was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy tobacco plants, and its biocontrol and plant growth promoting (PGP) potential were evaluated in in-vivo and in-vitro assays. Results Through isolation and screening of 250 isolates, WS-10 was found to be the best candidate antagonistic strain against R. solanacearum (WS-001). In-vitro assays revealed that the isolated strain WS-10 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) showed an effective antagonistic activity against R. solanacearum WS-001 and several plant-pathogenic fungi. As promising PGP rhizobacteria, WS-10 had the ability of nitrogen fixation, solubilization of inorganic potassium and phosphate, and biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic. In a co-culture assay, it significantly inhibits the growth of WS-001. Our greenhouse experiments showed that the soil physicochemical properties and accumulation of dry matter contents in different plant parts (roots, stems, and leaves) were significantly increased in the presence of B. amyloliquefaciens WS-10. The soil treated with B. amyloliquefaciens WS-10 displayed significantly higher values of the average well color development index, the utilization ability of 6 types of carbon sources by rhizosphere microorganisms, and the diversity indices of the rhizosphere microbial communities. In planta assay, B. amyloliquefaciens WS-10 significantly reduced tobacco bacterial wilt disease incidence by up to 73.36, 43.82, and 86.82% under three different treatments by improving the functional diversity and biological activity of the soil microbial community. Conclusions Obtained findings suggested that B. amyloliquefaciens WS-10 had an excellent potential as a growth-promoting and biocontrol agent of tobacco bacterial wilt disease due to its multiple beneficial traits of nutrient solubilization and disease suppression. Thus, we conclude that B. amyloliquefaciens WS-10 was a high potential PGP and biocontrol strain for healthy production of tobacco crop.

Abstract Graphene: zinc oxide nanocomposite (GN:ZnO NC) platform was tried for the sensitive determination of para-nitrophenol (p-NP) through the electrochemical method. ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the modified wet-chemical method where in potassium hydroxide and zinc nitrate were used as precursors and starch as a stabilizing agent. A green and facile approach was applied to synthesize GN:ZnO NC in which glucose was employed as a reductant to reduce graphene-oxide to graphene in the presence of ZnO NPs. The synthesized NC was characterized using scanning and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic techniques to examine the crystal phase, crystallinity, morphology, chemical composition and phase structure. GN:ZnO NC layer deposited over the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was initially probed for its electrochemical performance using the standard 1 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] model complex. GN:ZnO NC modified GCE was monitored based on p-NP concentration. An enhanced current response was observed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 for the determination of p-NP in a linear working range of 0.09 × 10–6 to 21.80 × 10–6 M with a lower detection limit of 8.8 × 10–9 M employing square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric technique at a deposition-potential and deposition-time of − 1.0 V and 300 s, respectively. This electrochemical sensor displayed very high specificity for p-NP with no observed interference from some other possible interfering substances such as 2, 4-di-NP, ortho-NP, and meta-NP. The developed strategy was useful for sensitive detection of p-NP quantity in canals/rivers and ground H2O samples with good recoveries.

The construction projects are rising in Pakistan to overcome the flow of traffic on the main road of big cities. Karachi is the metropolitan city of Pakistan facing uncontrolled growth and urbanization, which leads to an increase in the demand for urban transport facilities. The study focuses on the assessment of the environmental impacts of the Tariq Road underpass construction site. The data was collected with the help of community consultation using analytical methods. It includes public chat, site visits, interviews, questioners, and the samples collection of environmental components. The results show that the most common hazards were related to excavation, working practice variation, and personal protective equipment (PPEs). Faulty and unmaintained machinery with the lack of proper barrier producing noise and air pollution

The quality of fats and oils is a critical aspect of the food processing industry and consumer health. Fat degradation, particularly through oxidation, impacts various quality parameters, including color, taste, flavor, aroma, quality, and appearance. To address this issue, a study was conducted using five degraded fats/oil (DF/O) commodities as the target for an adsorption process. These commodities were chosen because of their high level of degradation by-products. The study used sugarcane bagasse (SCB) to develop five different treatments of indigenous adsorbents activated with various NaOH concentrations. Analyses including iodine number, adsorbent yield, and scanning electron microscope were performed to identify the potential of the prepared concentrations. Results showed that the indigenous adsorbent created with 1.0% NaOH was the most effective. The alkali treatment had a positive impact on the samples, but the SCB 10% was found to be the most efficient in reducing the degradation value of the treated samples. The findings of this study suggest that the use of indigenous adsorbents, particularly those prepared with SCB 10%, can be an effective way to reduce fat degradation and enhance the quality of fats and oils in the food processing industry. This approach can also address consumer health concerns related to fat and oil quality.

Abstract Renal stones constitute 40% of renal disorders in Pakistan with silent stones constituting up to 3%. Nephrolithotomy and Pyelolithotomy were the only surgical options available for the treatment of large renal stones, with high rate of complications. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has now become the mainstay of treatment for large renal stones over the past 30 years. Recent advances in equipment and technology has made PCNL the gold standard for this disease, resulting in removal of stones with shorter recovery time and decreased morbidity and mortality, and with few complications Case Discussion A boy aged 13 years, underwent mini PCNL for treatment of left side renal stone causing hydronephrosis, previously evaluated by KUB X-Rray and non contrast CT scan. His retrograde-percutanous access to the collecting system was done under fluoroscopic guidance. At the end of procedure, patient revealed taut and distended abdomen. Aspiration revealed presence of intraperitoneal fluid. Patient was effectively treated with immediate placement of abdominal drain with improvement of clinical presentation Conclusion Hydroperitoneum is a rare complication of conventional PCNL. Based on our experience and review of published literature, our case of hydroperitoneum after mini PCNL, is the first of its kind. A high degree of sensitivity and knowledge of this complication during PCNL in children would help identify and manage this complication in future. We recommend examination of abdomen post-PCNL in every child before he/she is brought out of anesthesia.

The changes in plant life behaviors and water status are accompanied by electrophysiological activities. In this study, the theoretical relationship between clamping force (CF) and leaf resistance (R), capacitive reactance (XC), inductive reactance (XL), impedance (Z), and capacitance (C) were exposed as 3-parameter exponential decay and linear models based on bioenergetics, respectively, for mangrove species. The intracellular water metabolism parameters and salt transport characteristics were also determined based on mechanical equations with influences of Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and rewatering (RW). The results show that the inherent capacitance and effective thickness could better represent Aegiceras corniculatum (A. corniculatum) species, and inherent resistance and impedance show obvious effects on Kandelia obovate (K. obovate) species at different salt levels. SNP application shows positive effect on different salt-resistance capacities of A. corniculatum, while K. obovate perform better in RW phase at high salt level. These outcomes indicates that K. obovate is more salt-resistant because RW process is consistent with actual situation, and response of A. corniculatum at high salt stress is irreversible, even in RW. It is concluded that the electrophysiological parameters could be used for the determination of salt-resistant capacities, which gave more enhanced and reliable information of mangroves’ life activities.

Abstract Inflammation is strongly implicated in both injury and repair processes occurring after stroke. In this exploratory study we assessed the feasibility of repeated sampling of exhaled volatile organic compounds and performed an untargeted metabolomic analysis of plasma collected at multiple time periods after stroke. Metabolic profiles were compared with the time course of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Serial breath sampling was well-tolerated by all patients and the measurement appears feasible in this group. We found that exhaled decanal tracks CRP and IL-6 levels post-stroke and correlates with several metabolic pathways associated with a post-stroke inflammatory response. This suggests that measurement of breath and blood metabolites could facilitate development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Results are discussed in relation to the utility of breath analysis in stroke care, such as in monitoring recovery and complications including stroke associated infection.

The demand for renewable energy sources is gradually escalating due to the spontaneously growing population and global economic development. The access to fossil fuels is gradually declining due to the limited available reserves. Hence, renewable energy resources, technology choice, and energy policy are always being revised due to the modernization of society. Meanwhile, the liquid energy sources such as methyl ester from locally produced vegetable oils are readily accepted by many countries globally, although it is currently being blended (up to 20%) with diesel. Oxides of nitrogen are the most substantial emissions from diesel engines produced due to high combustion temperature. The addition of alcohol in the fuel reduces the NOxformation since alcohols have high latent heat of evaporation. The present study’s primary purpose is to investigate the effect of different alcohol types on engine performance and emission characteristics. For this purpose, seven test fuels and neat diesel were used. The test fuels P20 (20% palm biodiesel with 70% neat diesel and 10% alcohol on a volume basis), D70P20E10, D70P20Pr10, D70P20B10, D70P20Pe10, D70P20H10 were prepared and tested on a single-cylinder, 4-stroke, DI-diesel engine at different speeds at 100 % load. The P20E10 ternary fuel blend illustrated the most practical combination of all the bioethanol-based blends, which considerably improves the BTE, BSFC and reduces NOxformation at high speed compared to other types of alcoholic fuel blends. Also, the P20E10 fuel blend improved the cloud point of neat diesel.

This study focused on evaluating the lubricity of diesel–biodiesel fuel with oxygenated alcoholic and nano-particle additives. Fuel injection system lubrication depended primarily on the fuel used in the diesel engine. Palm–sesame oil blend was used to produce biodiesel using the ultrasound-assisted technique. B30 fuel sample as a base fuel was blended with fuel additives in different proportions prior to tribological behavior analysis. The lubricity of fuel samples measured using HFRR in accordance with the standard method ASTM D6079. All tested fuels’ Tribological behavior examined through worn steel balls and plates using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess wear scar diameter and surface morphology. During the test run, the friction coefficient was measured directly by the HFRR tribometer system. The results exhibited that B10 (diesel) had a very poor coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter, among other tested fuels. The addition of oxygenated alcohol (ethanol) as a fuel additive in the B30 fuel sample decreased the lubricity of fuel and increased the wear and friction coefficient, among other fuel additives. B30 with DMC showed the least wear scar diameter among all tested fuels. B30 with nanoparticle TiO2exhibited the best results with the least wear scar diameter and lowest friction coefficient among all other fuel samples. B30+DMC demonstrated significant improvement in engine performance (BTE) and carbon emissions compared to different tested samples. B30+TiO2 also showed considerable improvement in engine characteristics.

Depletion of mineral reservoirs along with health and environmental concerns have led to a greater focus on bio-lubricants. The purpose of this study was to analyze and optimize the reaction conditions of the transesterification process for cotton biolubricant synthesis by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). In RSM, Rotatable central composite design was selected to examine the effect of reaction input factors on the yield of cotton bio-lubricant during the transesterification process. ANOVA analysis showed that temperature was the most significant factor followed by time, pressure and catalyst-concentration. Optimum reaction conditions obtained by RSM for maximum TMP tri-ester (cotton bio-lubricant) yield of about 37.52% were 144 °C temperature, 10 h time, 25 mbar pressure, and 0.8% catalyst-concentration. RSM predicted results were successfully validated experimentally and by artificial neural networking. About 90%–94% cotton seed oil bio-lubricant was obtained after purification and its physiochemical, lubricity and tribological properties were evaluated and found comparable with ISO VG-46 and SAE-40 mineral lubricant. Hence, cottonseed oil is a potential source for the bio-lubricant industry.

This paper presents a novel idea of utilizing nanofluid as external cooling jacket around the condenser of an air conditioner. Experimental investigations were carried out to study the influence of two types of nanofluids namely, copper and aluminum oxide nanofluids on the performance of an air conditioner. The nanofluids were used to enhance the heat transfer by means of providing an external nanofluid medium around the condenser section. Both Cu and Al2O3 nanofluids were prepared in three volume fractions of 1%, 2% and 5% with water as the base fluid. The performance of the air conditioner was evaluated by comparing the coefficient of performance when the system is operated with and without nanofluid. Experimental results indicate that employment of Cu and Al2O3 nanofluids causes a significant enhancement in the COP. As the volume fraction was increased, the performance was found to increase. For the highest volume fraction of 5%, Al2O3nanofluid was found to enhance the COP by a maximum of 22.1% while copper nanofluid exhibited a more significant enhancement by 29.4%.

Dilution of engine oil with unburned fuels alters its lubricity and tribological properties. In this research paper, SAE-40 lubricating oil samples were contaminated with known percentages (5%) of fuels (diesel, palm-sesame biodiesel blend (B30), B30 + ethanol, B30 + dimethyl carbonate, B30 + carbon nanotubes and, B30 + titanium oxide). The effect of all these fuels on wear and frictional characteristics of lubricating oil was determined by using a 4-ball tribo tester and wear types on worn surfaces were analyzed by using SEM. Lubricating oil diluted with B10 (commercial diesel) showed highest COF (42.95%) with severe abrasive and adhesive wear than mineral lubricant among other fuels. Lubricating oil diluted with palm-sesame biodiesel (B30 blend) with alcoholic additives showed comparatively less COF, less wear scar diameter and polishing wear due to presence of ester molecules. Lub + B30 + Eth exhibited increment in COF value (35.81%) compared to SAE-40 mineral lubricant. While lubricating oil contaminated with B30 with nanoparticles showed least frictional characteristics with abrasive wear. Lub + B30 + TiO2 showed least increment in COF value (13.78%) among all other contaminated fuels compared to SAE-40 mineral lubricant. It is concluded that nanoparticles in biodiesel blends (B30) helps in reducing degradation of lubricants than alcoholic fuel additives and commercial diesel.

Abstract The non-fullerene acceptors A1–A5 with diflourobenzene or quinoline core (bridge) unit, donor cyclopenta[1,2-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene unit and 2-(2-methylene-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile as acceptor unit with additional phenyl, fulvene or thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl 5-oxide groups have been designed through DFT calculations. The optimization of molecular geometries were performed with density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP 6-31G (d,p) level of theory. The frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energies, band gap energies and dipole moments (ground and excited state) have been calculated to probe the photovoltaic properties. The band gap (1.42–2.01 eV) and dipole moment values (5.5–18. Debye) showed that these designed acceptors are good candidates for organic solar cells. Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) results showed λmax (wave length at maximum absorption) value (611–837 nm), oscillator strength (f) and excitation energies (1.50–2.02 eV) in gas phase and in CHCl3 solvent (1.48–1.89 eV) using integral equation formalism variant (IEFPCM) model. The λmax in CHCl3 showed marginal red shift for all designed acceptors compared with gas phase absorption. The partial density of states (PDOS) has been plotted by using multiwfn which showed that all the designed molecules have more electronic distribution at the donor moiety and lowest at the central bridge. The reorganization energies of electron (λ e ) (0.0007 eV to 0.017 eV), and the hole reorganization energy values (0.0003 eV to − 0.0403 eV) were smaller which suggested that higher charged motilities. The blends of acceptors A1–A5 with donor polymer D1 provided open circuit voltage (Voc) and ∆HOMO off-set of the HOMO of donor and acceptors. These blends showed 1.04 to 1.5 eV values of Voc and 0 to 0.38 eV ∆HOMO off set values of the donor–acceptor bends which indicate improved performance of the cell. Finally, the blend of D1–A4 was used for the study of distribution of HOMO and LUMO. The HOMO were found distributed on the donor polymer (D1) while the A4 acceptor was found with LUMO distribution. Based on λmax values, and band gap energies (Eg), excitation energies (Ex), reorganization energies; the A3 and A4 will prove good acceptor molecules for the development of organic solar cells.

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a recent advancement in the management of urolithiasis, it has now become the gold standard. This study aimed to assess the safety of mini PCNL in pediatric patients with large renal stones. This cross-sectional study included pediatric patients (n=12) who underwent mini-PCNL. Age, gender, number of stones, size of stones, and position in the renal system were documented. The mean age of the patients in the study was 7.67 years. The stones ranged from 10 mm to 20 mm with a mean size of 10 mm. Complete clearance of stones was achieved in 83.7%. 16.7% had incomplete clearance with clinically insignificant residual stones (i.e. < 4mm) requiring no further treatment except follow-up. The major complication in our series was hydroperitoneum in one patient, which was identified and managed by placing the intraperitoneal drain. Patients were discharged from the hospital on or before 3rd post-operative day. The study concludes that Mini-PCNL method is effective, safe, and economical for the removal of renal calculi in the paediatric age group. Further large scale studies exploring methods to lessen its morbidity would be recommended specially in patients with renal stone complications like hydroperitoneum.

Food intake and body weight regulation are of special interest for meeting today's lifestyle essential requirements. Since balanced energy intake and expenditure are crucial for healthy living, high levels of energy intake are associated with obesity. Hence, regulation of energy intake occurs through short- and long-term signals as complex central and peripheral physiological signals control food intake. This work aims to explore and compile the main factors influencing satiating efficiency of foods by updating recent knowledge to point out new perspectives on the potential drivers of satiety interfering with food intake regulation. Human internal factors such as genetics, gender, age, nutritional status, gastrointestinal satiety signals, gut enzymes, gastric emptying rate, gut microbiota, individual behavioral response to foods, sleep and circadian rhythms are likely to be important in determining satiety. Besides, the external factors (environmental and behavioral) impacting satiety efficiency are highlighted. Based on mechanisms related to food consumption and dietary patterns several physical, physiological, and psychological factors affect satiety or satiation. A complex network of endocrine and neuroendocrine mechanisms controls the satiety pathways. In response to food intake and other behavioral cues, gut signals enable endocrine systems to target the brain. Intestinal and gastric signals interact with neural pathways in the central nervous system to halt eating or induce satiety. Moreover, complex food composition and structures result in considerable variation in satiety responses for different food groups. A better understanding of foods and factors impacting the efficiency of satiety could be helpful in making smart food choices and dietary recommendations for a healthy lifestyle based on updated scientific evidence.

Abstract With the threat of increasing SARS‐CoV‐2 cases looming in front of us and no effective and safest vaccine available to curb this pandemic disease due to its sprouting variants, many countries have undergone a lockdown 2.0 or planning a lockdown 3.0. This has upstretched an unprecedented demand to develop rapid, sensitive, and highly selective diagnostic devices that can quickly detect coronavirus (COVID‐19). Traditional techniques like polymerase chain reaction have proven to be time‐inefficient, expensive, labor intensive, and impracticable in remote settings. This shifts the attention to alternative biosensing devices that can be successfully used to sense the COVID‐19 infection and curb the spread of coronavirus cases. Among these, nanomaterial‐based biosensors hold immense potential for rapid coronavirus detection because of their noninvasive and susceptible, as well as selective properties that have the potential to give real‐time results at an economical cost. These diagnostic devices can be used for mass COVID‐19 detection to understand the rapid progression of the infection and give better‐suited therapies. This review provides an overview of existing and potential nanomaterial‐based biosensors that can be used for rapid SARS‐CoV‐2 diagnostics. Novel biosensors employing different detection mechanisms are also highlighted in different sections of this review. Practical tools and techniques required to develop such biosensors to make them reliable and portable have also been discussed in the article. Finally, the review is concluded by presenting the current challenges and future perspectives of nanomaterial‐based biosensors in SARS‐CoV‐2 diagnostics.

Abstract One of the best methods of extracting Vitamin A, as a helper of the immune body system and vision, was measured in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2); Mole fractions were gained at practical conditions in which the temperature was in the range of 303–323 K and the pressure range was 90–235 bar, respectively. Moreover, four Equation of States [Soave–Redlich–Kwong, Peng–Robinson, Stryjek–Vera and Dashtizadeh–Pazuki–Taghikhani–Ghotbi (DPTG)] were compared with the experimental data. Also, the mixing rules of Van der Waals (vdW1 and vdW2) selected to correlate the solubility data of vitamin A. The outcomes indicate that each of EOSs coupled with vdW2, as a method of estimating the physicochemical and critical properties, were correlated with the solubility data of vitamin A in SC-CO2 with more accuracy, in comparison with vdW1. Among the cubic EOSs, the DPTG model with vdW2 generated the most suitable correlation with the percentage average absolute relative deviation (Average Absolute Relative Deviation%) of 6.