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Copyright of Bank is the property of Bank-Verlag Medien GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bank is the property of Bank-Verlag Medien GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bank is the property of Bank-Verlag Medien GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bank is the property of Bank-Verlag Medien GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the history of financial exchange taxes and a proposal in eleven European Union (EU)countries to impose a new tax, sometimes called Börsenumsatzteur (stock revenues tax) and at other times called Transaktionssteuer (transaction tax). Topics include rising tax bureaucracy in the EU, and the previous financial market tax law, instituted in 1994, and rescinded in 1991.

The article discusses the history of financial bonds in Germany, dating to the time of the Seven Years War (1756-1763) between Friedrick the Great and Austria. Topics include the establishment in 1770 of the Silesian Landschaften, credit unions for agricultural land-owners, and its system of Pfandbrief, or interest bearing bonds.

The article discusses the history of German sovereign debt crises and draws examples of how the problem was solved in the past in order to shed light on the current debt crisis in Europe. Examples are drawn from the kingdom of Saxony in the mid-18th century. The author calls for a comprehensive clean-up of state finances.

The article discusses the historic development of the German stock market from the founding of the German Reich in 1871 and the unprecedented economic boom, to the depression in 1873, marked by the crash of the stock market, banks, and stock trading agencies. This plunged Germany into a drawn-out crisis.