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Objective. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver diseases characterized by the presence of ectopic fat in the liver and steatosis, which cannot be explained by alcohol consumption. The association between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is well established. As liver fibrosis progresses in a patient with NAFLD, insulin resistance (IR) increases and may worsen diabetes control. The aspartate aminotransferase platelet ratio index (APRI) score is a simple and inexpensive bedside marker that can detect liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Several studies have shown an association between APRI and NAFLD. However, there is a gap in correlation with IR in patients with diabetes. In this study, we sought to correlate IR and NAFLD in diabetes using the APRI score.

Background and Aim: Urinary tract infection (UTI), is a common bacterial infection in pediatric group, can be easily diagnosed, but its recurrence can indicate underlying serious anatomical defects of the urogenital tract, leading to acute morbidity and chronic medical condition, such as hypertension and renal insufficiency. Objective: To know the clinical spectrum and the frequency of recurrent UTI among children visiting our hospital. Methods: This prospective study was conducted during the period from April 2020 to March 2021, in the department of pediatrics and pediatric nephrology, Governmental Medical College, Srinagar. All children aged between 6 months to 18 years presenting with a history of recurrent urinary tract were included in the study. A detailed history, relevant clinical examination, and the ultrasonography of kidney ureters and bladder (USG KUB) followed by voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), were carried out and subsequently analyzed. Results: A total of 38 patients with recurrent UTI were evaluated during one year. The commonest age group was 6 months to 2 years (68%), with female preponderance (F: M 3.2:1). Urine culture grew E. coli in 95% of patients, while USG abnormalities and the presence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) on voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) were seen in 14 patients (36%). Conclusion: Recurrent UTI are common between 6 months to 2 years, and E coli is the most common cause. Children with the past history of UTI seem more predisposed to have another E.coli-associated UTI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Urinary tract infection (UTI) might be associated with bacteremia and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in neonates, which can lead to renal parenchymal scarring and chronic kidney disease in complicated situations. We aimed to determine the occurrence of UTI in neonatal sepsis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 term extramural hospitalized neonates suspected to have infection. They underwent a detailed history, physical examination, and comprehensive sepsis workup. The diagnosis of neonatal UTI was based on a positive urine culture obtained by suprapubic aspiration (SPA). Results: Out of 500 neonates included in our study (324 boys and 176 girls), blood culture was positive in 84 (36.5%) neonates in the early onset sepsis group (n=230) and in 130 (48.1%) neonates in late onset sepsis group (n=270) (p < 0.05). In both early onset sepsis (EOS) and late onset sepsis (LOS) groups, blood culture was found to be positive in a greater proportion of male (41.3%) versus female (29.3%) patients (p <0.05). The most common organism isolated from blood and urine culture was Klebsiella followed by E-coli. Urine culture was positive in 34 (6.8%) patients of whom 29 (85%) culture positive cases were from the LOS group (p <0.05). Conclusion: UTI is not uncommon among the hospitalized neonates, and UTI evaluation among septic neonates can prove beneficial for the prevention of long-term sequelae of neonatal UTI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]