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Abstract Objective This report details the experience of a patient who developed a second primary glioblastoma (GB), offering insights into the treatment process and reviewing relevant literature. Case presentation A male patient, who was diagnosed with medulloblastoma at age 9, received treatment with cobalt-60 craniospinal irradiation (CSI) (36 Gy/20 fractions) and a tumor bed boost (total of 56 Gy). After 32 years, at age 41, an MRI revealed a space-occupying mass in the left cerebellar hemisphere. Surgical resection was performed, and postoperative pathology confirmed a diagnosis of radiation-induced glioblastoma (RIGB). Given the history of irradiation and the current tolerability of brainstem doses, proton beam therapy (PBT) combined with Temozolomide (75 mg/m2) was chosen. The treatment plan included 60 Gy on the gross tumor bed and 54 Gy on the clinical target volume, delivered in 30 fractions. The patient underwent regular follow-up and achieved a complete response. Clinical discussion For childhood cancer survivors, the development of a second primary tumor significantly impacts prognosis. RIGB is a rare form of secondary tumor with distinct molecular characteristics compared to primary GB and recurrent secondary GB. Molecular markers such as IDH and MGMT status can help differentiate between primary GB, recurrent secondary GB, and radiation-induced secondary GB in patients with a history of prior radiation therapy. Surgical resection remains a primary treatment option, while PBT is preferred for postoperative treatment due to its superior protection of normal tissues and the ability to deliver high-dose irradiation. Conclusion RIGB is a rare second primary tumor that requires strategic molecular profiling and individualized management. Proton beam therapy provides effective high-dose irradiation in the postoperative phase and is the preferred treatment option for such cases.

BackgroundClozapine belongs to atypical antipsychotic drugs that has shown significant efficacy in treating schizophrenia. However， clozapine can induce arrhythmias in patients. Currently， there is a lack of systematic research on the types and incidence of clozapine-induced arrhythmias.ObjectiveTo explore the types and incidence of arrhythmias in patients with schizophrenia induced by clozapine through Meta-analysis， so as to provide references for clinical treatment.MethodsOn October 31， 2022， a search was conducted through PubMed， Embase， Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） to collect relevant literature on clozapine-induced arrhythmia in patients with schizophrenia. Joanna Briggs Institute （JBI） was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4.ResultsA total of 12 studies were included， involving 42 490 schizophrenia patients taking clozapine. The incidence of arrhythmias caused by clozapine was 23% （95% CI： 0.16~0.29）. Among them， the incidence of tachycardia was 25% （95% CI： 0.15~0.35）， atrial arrhythmia was 6% （95% CI： -0.02~0.14）， ventricular arrhythmia was 7% （95% CI： -0.02~0.16）， conduction block was 2% （95% CI： 0~0.04）， QTc prolongation was 4% （95% CI： -0.04~0.12） and T-wave changes was 23% （95% CI： 0.16~0.30）.ConclusionSchizophrenia patients taking clozapine may increase their risk of developing arrhythmia， with tachycardia being the most prevalent. ［Funded by Graduate Innovation Fund of Kunming Medical University （number， 2023S302）］

The main protease (Mpro) of coronaviruses plays a key role in viral replication, thus serving as a hot target for drug design. PF-00835231 is a promising inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Here, we report the inhibitory potency of PF-00835231 against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and seven Mpro mutants (G15S, M49I, Y54C, K90R, P132H, S46F, and V186F) from SARS-CoV-2 variants. The results confirm that PF-00835231 has broad-spectrum inhibition against various coronaviral Mpros. In addition, the crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, SARS-CoV M pro, MERS-CoV Mpro, and seven SARS-CoV-2 Mpro mutants (G15S, M49I, Y54C, K90R, P132H, S46F, and V186F) in complex with PF-00835231 are solved. A detailed analysis of these structures reveals key determinants essential for inhibition and elucidates the binding modes of different coronaviral Mpros. Given the importance of the main protease for the treatment of coronaviral infection, structural insights into M pro inhibition by PF-00835231 can accelerate the design of novel antivirals with broad-spectrum efficacy against different human coronaviruses.

Objective To quantitatively analyze the effects of population aging and other risk factors on the burden of colorectal cancer in China from 1990 to 2019. Methods The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 was used to describe the temporal trend of the burden of colorectal cancer. A decomposition method established by Gupta was applied to quantify the burden related to population growth, aging, age-specific prevalence, and disease severity. Results The age-standardized disability adjusted life years (DALY) rates of colorectal cancer in China showed an overall upward trend from 1990 to 2019. The DALY in 2019 increased by 191.12% compared with that in 1990, with 34.54% of the increase attributed to population growth, 111.36% to population aging, and 77.56% to the rise of age-specific prevalence. Meanwhile, -32.54% benefited from the changes in disease severity. Diet low in milk was the primary risk factor for the disease burden of colorectal cancer in China in 2019, followed by diet low in whole grains and calcium. In the last 30 years, the corresponding risk factor of the most rapid increase in China was high BMI with an average annual percentage of change of 4.14%, and the corresponding risk factor of the most rapid decrease in China was diet low in fiber with an average annual percentage of change of -2.00%. Conclusion Aging population is mainly responsible for the considerable increase in the burden of colorectal cancer in China from 1990 to 2019. The health administrative authorities should take corresponding measures to address the adverse impacts associated with aging.

Magnesium‒scandium (Mg‒Sc) alloys were prepared by powder sintering at 500 ℃ for 2 h and extrusion at 300 ℃ under the inert atmosphere. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg‒Sc alloys were investigated. The results show that, the phase composition of the Mg‒Sc alloys is mainly Mg phase, and no Mg‒Sc phase is detected. Due to the diffusion of Sc element in the Mg matrix during the sintering process, the interfacial combination is significantly improved, and the interface bonding between Mg and Sc particles is increased. The elongation of the sintered Mg‒Sc alloys with the Sc mass fraction of 1.0% is 10.37%, which is increased by 61%. In addition, a large number of dimples are observed at the tensile fracture, indicating that sintering can improve the toughness of the Mg‒Sc alloys.

Objective To investigate the effect of FLI-1 on Klotho-mediated IGF-1R/Gi/PLC pathway on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Methods The cells were divided into 8 groups: control group, model group, model+NC Vector group, model+pcDNA-FLI-1 group, model+NC Vector+NC siRNA group, model+NC Vector+Klotho siRNA group, model+pcDNA-FLI-1+NC siRNA group and model+pcDNA-FLI-1+Klotho siRNA group. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy models were established by treating cells with isoproterenol (ISO), and the latter cells were transfected with pcDNA-FLI-1 and Klotho siRNA, respectively. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry; hypertrophic area was detected by phalloidin staining; apoptosis, hypertrophy and expression of IGF-1R/Gi/PLC pathway-related proteins were detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with the control group, the ISO group had increased apoptotic rate, cardiomyocyte surface area and IGF-1R, GNAI1 and PLCG1 expression, indicating successful modeling; compared with the model +NC Vector group, the model +pcDNA-FLI-1 group had decreased apoptosis, cardiomyocyte surface area and IGF-1R, GNAI1 and PLCG1 expression. Apoptosis, cardiomyocyte surface area, and IGF-1R, GNAI1 and PLCG1 expression were increased in the model +NC Vector+Klotho siRNA group compared with the model +NC Vector+NC siRNA group; apoptosis, cardiomyocyte surface area, and IGF-1R, GNAI1 and PLCG1 expression were decreased in the model +pcDNA-FLI-1+Klotho siRNA group compared with the model +pcDNA-FLI-1+NC siRNA group. Conclusion FLI-1 can inhibit IGF-1R/Gi/PLC pathway and reduce myocardial apoptosis and myocardial hypertrophy by up-regulating Klotho. [Key words] cardiomyocyte hypertrophy , FLI-1 , Klotho , IGF-1R/Gi/PLC pathway ,cell apoptosis ,

Objective To investigate the predictive value of acoustic cardiographic parameters for post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) early ventricular remodeling (EVR). Methods A total of 102 AMI patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in our hospital during June 2021 and February 2022 were recruited in this study. Electrocardiography, cardiac Doppler ultrasound examination, and acoustic cardiography were performed for all of them. Their biomarkers of cardiac injury and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were detected and recorded. According to the value of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), they were and divided into EVR group (< 50%, n=50) and control group (≥50%, n=52). The baseline data and acoustic cardiographic parameters were compared between the 2 groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the independent predictors for EVR, and the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) were conducted to evaluate the predictive performances of these predictive factors. Results Among the acoustic cardiographic parameters, significantly higher electromechanical activation time divided by the cardiac cycle length (EMATc), left ventricular systolic time divided by the cardiac cycle length (LVSTc), fourth heart sound (S4) strength, and systolic dysfunction index (SDI) were observed in the EVR group than the control group (P

Main protease (M pro) serves as an indispensable factor in the life cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as well as its constantly emerging variants and is therefore considered an attractive target for antiviral drug development. Benzothiazole-based inhibitors targeting M pro have recently been investigated by several groups and proven to be promising leads for coronaviral drug development. In the present study, we determine the crystal structures of a benzothiazole-based inhibitor, YH-53, bound to M pro mutants from SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) or variants of interest (VOIs), including K90R (Beta, B.1.351), G15S (Lambda, C.37), Y54C (Delta, AY.4), M49I (Omicron, BA.5) and P132H (Omicron, B.1.1.529). The structures show that the benzothiazole group in YH-53 forms a C-S covalent bond with the sulfur atom of catalytic residue Cys145 in SARS-CoV-2 M pro mutants. Structural analysis reveals the key molecular determinants necessary for interaction and illustrates the binding mode of YH-53 to these mutant M pros. In conclusion, structural insights from this study offer more information to develop benzothiazole-based drugs that are broader spectrum, more effective and safer.

Intelligent education is an inevitable trend in the development of teaching in colleges and universities, and this paper constructs a smart teaching mode of business English in colleges and universities based on the achievement scalar function and multi-objective optimization algorithm. In the paper, the mixed difference operator is used to improve the singularity of business English teaching objectives and to diversify the teaching objectives. The achievement scalar function is used to assess students’ business English proficiency, and teaching strategies are proposed based on the target distribution parameters. By exploring the intrinsic connection between diversified objectives and intelligent classrooms, the intelligent classroom teaching model is constructed. Analyzing the learning effect and language proficiency of students under the smart classroom teaching mode of business English, the feasibility and effectiveness of the teaching mode are demonstrated. The results show that in terms of creating a relaxed classroom learning environment, 0.7267 students agreed that the smart classroom could create a relaxing and enjoyable learning environment, and around 0.7 learners believed that the learning resources released by teachers through the smart classroom could further promote their understanding of knowledge. This study provides an effective reference guide for business English teaching, which is more conducive to the development and progress of business English education.

Objective To investigate the relationships between the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 4 (TRAF4) and ribosomal S6 protein kinase 4 (RSK4) protein in gastric cancer tissues and the recurrence after laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. Methods In total, 176 patients were divided into the recurrence and non-recurrence group, and the expression levels of TRAF4 and RSK4 protein in cancer and adjacent tissues and in gastric cancer tissues in the recurrence and non-recurrence group were compared. The influencing factor of recurrence and the efficacy of TRAF4 and RSK4 protein expression in predicting recurrence were analyzed. Results The positive expression rate of TRAF4 protein in gastric cancer tissues was higher than that in adjacent tissues (P < 0.05) and that in the recurrence group was higher than that in the non-recurrence group (P < 0.05). The positive expression rate of RSK4 protein in gastric cancer tissues was lower than that in adjacent tissues (P < 0.05) and that in the recurrence group was lower than that in non-recurrence group (P < 0.05). The largest tumor diameter 5 cm, poor differentiation, TNM Ⅲ stage, depth of invasion T3-T4, lymph node metastasis, absence of adjuvant chemotherapy after operation, positive expression of TRAF4 and RSK4 protein, and regular diet w influenced the post-operative recurrence (all P < 0.05). The accuracy of TRAF4 and RSK4 protein in gastric cancer tissues in combined predicting the recurrence was 83.52%. Conclusion The expression of TRAF4 protein is high, and the RSK4 protein is low in gastric cancer tissue, which are related to recurrence.

This paper researches on the pricing and design of a certain stock-type structured product. Firstly, a semi-analytic pricing model is deduced by discounting the payoff function of the product. Secondly, the difference between publishers' and investors' required rate of return is explained with market segmentation theory when estimating the pricing model’s parameters, which defines the cost and sale price of a product. Finally, with sensitivity analysis, it is concluded that publishers can increase their profits by extending the due date of the product or publishing it with relatively large asset volatility. The study aims to help publishers make reasonable product design and pricing decisions.

Apurinic/apyrimidic (AP) sites are severe DNA damages and strongly block DNA extension by major DNA polymerases. Y-family DNA polymerases possess a strong ability to bypass AP sites and continue the DNA synthesis reaction, which is called translesion synthesis (TLS) activity. To investigate the effect of the molecular structure of the AP site on the TLS efficiency of Dbh, a Y-family DNA polymerase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, a series of different AP site analogues (various spacers) are used to characterize the bypass efficiency. We find that not only the molecular structure and atomic composition but also the number and position of AP site analogues determine the TLS efficiency of Dbh. Increasing the spacer length decreases TLS activity. The TLS efficiency also decreases when more than one spacer exists on the DNA template. The position of the AP site analogues is also an important factor for TLS. When the spacer is opposite to the first incorporated dNTPs, the TLS efficiency is the lowest, suggesting that AP sites are largely harmful for the formation of hydrogen bonds. These results deepen our understanding of the TLS activity of Y-family DNA polymerases and provide a biochemical basis for elucidating the TLS mechanism in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius cells.

Currently, there is a lack of a comprehensive evaluation method for assessing the sustainability of small hydropower at different levels. This deficiency hinders the rational planning of small hydropower development and utilization, as well as the delicate balance between safeguarding and harnessing small hydropower resources. To address this gap, this study primarily focuses on establishing a comprehensive evaluation system for the sustainability of small hydropower at the international, national, and individual power station levels. On the international stage, an evaluation index system is formulated, and a national quantitative assessment model for small hydropower sustainability is developed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with fuzzy evaluation techniques. The research is exemplified by investigating countries within the Belt and Road Initiative. At the national level, models for assessing the overall development status and spatial distribution patterns of small hydropower are created. The study thoroughly examines the temporal and spatial evolution patterns and trends in the sustainable development of small hydropower in various provinces and states, with China serving as a case study. At the individual power station level, a green evaluation model is established to comprehensively assess small hydropower stations. This model considers ecological, social, managerial, and economic dimensions to evaluate the environmental sustainability of each small hydropower station.

This paper studies the method of constructing high order recombined multinomial tree based on fast Fourier transform (FFT), and applies multinomial tree option pricing under the Lévy process. First, the Lévy option pricing model and Fourier transform are introduced. Then, the network model based on FFT (Markov chain) is presented. After that, a method of constructing a recombined multinomial tree based on FFT is given. It is proved that the discrete random variables corresponding to the multinomial tree converge to the Lévy distributed continuous random variable. Next, we obtain the European option pricing formula of FFT multinomial tree pricing, and apply the reverse iteration method to the American option pricing. Finally, under the Jump-diffuse process, the difference between the computational accuracy and computational efficiency of the Semi-analytical solution of European Option and Merton European Call Option which are priced under FFT is compared. The results show that the method of constructing a high-order recombined multinomial tree based on FFT has very high calculation precision and calculation speed, which can solve the problem of traditional risk-neutral multinomial tree construction and it is a promising pricing method for derivative products.

Based on the one-factor CIR interest rate model, the pricing of Sherpa Target Redemption Notes (STARN) with early-excise features is investigated in this paper. Firstly, the characteristics of Sherpa target redemption notes were described and the partial differential equation was proposed. Secondly, both non-arbitrage jump conditions on the coupon date and early-excise policy on the redemption date were provided; furthermore, the boundary conditions of partial differential equations were also discussed. Thirdly, a numerical method for solving the partial differential equation was obtained based on the control volume in the theory of finite volume by making use of the upwind weighting scheme to avoid the numerical oscillation phenomenon. Finally, the sensitivity of the model parameters was analyzed. The results show that the STARN value decreases rapidly with the increase in short-term interest rates, furthermore, when short-term interest rates reached a turning point the rate of decline slowed. As volatility increases, the value of the Notes is increased; increasingly as the proportion redeemed is large, STARN value increases.

To improve the biogas potential in anaerobic digestion of cattle manure in cold regions, we investigated, in this study, the potential of the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure through sequencing batch anaerobic digestion experiments at sub-mesophilic temperatures (15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 37°C) for 50 days. Specifically, the changes in the biogas yield, pH, sCOD concentration, enzyme activity, and microbial community structure were examined. The maximum daily yield of biogas was 19.18 mL·gVS−1, which was recorded on day 6 at 37°C, and the final biogas accumulation yield at this temperature was 403.64 mL·gTS−1. The concentration of sCOD gradually increased as enzyme activity increased. The maximum activities of cellulase, hemicellulase, protease, and amylase were recorded in the 37°C experimental group. The decrease in temperature severely limited the activity of different types of enzymes, resulting in a decrease in the activity of microorganisms, which greatly influenced the methanogenic reaction. The dominant bacteria at the phylum level were Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, and the dominant methanogen at the genus level was Methanosaeta.

Abstract Aloe vera is reputed to have medicinal properties. For centuries, it has been used for an array of ailments such as mild fever, wounds and burns, gastrointestinal disorders, diabetes, sexual vitality and fertility problems to cancer, immune modulation, AIDS and various skin infections. In present study, antibacterial activity of aloe vera gel extracts was tested against some common skin infection pathogens, that is, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus all were recorded positive. Antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern of above isolates were also studied against 10 clinically significant antibiotics (ampicillin [AMC], amoxicillin, augmentin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime [CAZ], cefuroxime [CXM], ciprofloxaci, tetracycline, cefpodoxime and imipenem). AMC and CXM were found to be most effective antibiotic followed by CXM with highest efficacy against Gram‐negative bacteria. In case of CAZ showed highest efficacy was showed against Gram‐positive bacteria. Aloe vera leave gel was extracted with four different solvent‐like aloe vera leaf extract, root extract, leaf ethanol extract and root ethanol extract; however, Gram‐negative as well Gram‐positive isolates was found highest susceptibility with aloe leaf and aloe root ethanol extract. Moderate sensitivity observed with aloe leaf extract and aloe root extract against both Gram‐positive as well as Gram‐negative bacterial isolates. This result showed that ethanol extracts of aloe vera both leaf and root can be used alongside conventional antibiotics to fight agents of infections that are so prevalent in the skin infection.

[Purpose/Significance] The smartness of public culture is one of the important ways to realize the innovation of public cultural service and management mode. The extraction and analysis of the description information of the smartness of public culture is helpful to understand the current situation of intelligent construction, and is of great significance for promoting the better development of intelligent construction of public cultural institutions. [Method/Process] On the basis of reviewing related research on the smartness of public culture, we obtained information on the official website pages of domestic provincial and sub-provincial city libraries and museums through crawlers, and used topic models and cluster analysis methods to conduct intelligent description for analysis. [Results/Conclusions] The thematic modeling results of libraries and museums reflect the similarities of the two types of institutions, such as user-centric, demand-oriented, smart resource construction, and high technical sensitivity. The library related studies pay more attention to "acquisition" and "circulation". The museum related studies pay more attention to "interaction" and "protection". Clustering and visual analysis reflect that libraries have made more achievements in self-service borrowing and returning facilities, smart equipment, etc. The smart construction of museums mainly focuses on digital interaction, smart protection, and smart management.

Marriage is one of the closest and longest relationships in people’s lives. However, not everyone finds happiness in a marital relationship. In recent years, the rapid development of the social economy and the rapid transformation of the social structure have impacted on the traditional marriage relationship in China. The stability of the modern family structure has encountered severe challenges and the divorce rate has increased year by year. This makes research into the factors that influence marital satisfaction an important topic. We used data from the China General Social Survey (CGSS) in 2017 to construct a structural equation model to study the influences of spouse doing housework (SDH), family decision-making (FDM) and physical and mental health (PMH) on Chinese family marital satisfaction (MS). Our results show that SDH has a positive effect on MS, FDM has a negative effect on MS, and PMH has a positive effect on MS. SDH and FDM affect MS in combination, as do SDH and PMH. PMH has the greatest impact on MS, followed by SDH, and FDM has the weakest relative impact on MS. This research has important practical significance for society and suggests ways in which a “harmonious family” could be promoted by motivating society to promote and support a good family style, and so to improve MS for married couples.

The thermal transient load of the primary loop nuclear pipeline will cause fatigue damage at sensitive locations.And cumulative fatigue damage factors of these sensitive locations need to be monitored during the life extension of the nuclear power plant,and thermal transient stresses need to be calculated rapidly during online monitoring. Taking the thermal shock of the spray nozzle of pressurizer as an example,the double temperature boundary Green’s function method is discussed. By the volume integration of Green’s function,the transient thermal stress under the heat-up condition is calculated. The accuracy of the two temperature boundary Green’s function is verified by comparing with the direct calculation results of finite element method.Studies have shown that the Green’s function should be established separately for subdivisions which are divided according to the differences of the flow heat transfer boundary（ such as the convection heat transfer coefficient） and the width of the temperature range. While in a certain temperature range,it is feasible to establish the Green’s function based on the average temperature of the temperature range with large enough step temperature.

Objective To establish a model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats, and investigate the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) intervention on liver function and lipid metabolism in model rats and explore its clinical significance. Methods A total of 24 SD rats were selected and a rat NAFLD model was established by high-fat diet feeding. The rats were divided into 4 groups, that is, group A (normal control group, 0.2 mL/d normal saline), group B (NAFLD model group, 0.2 mL/d normal saline gavage), group C (probiotics group, 0.2 mL/d probiotic solution gavage, containing probiotics 2.7×109) and group D (FMT group, 0.2 mL/d fecal bacteria solution, intragastric administration of 2.7×109 fecal bacteria). After 8 weeks of treatment, the survival of the rats was recorded. The body weight, liver function, and changes in serum insulin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) before and after treatment were compared in the groups. Results There was no death in all the experimental rats. Compared with the model group, FMT induced significantly decrease in the liver index (P < 0.01), improved liver function, and lower plasma ALT and AST levels (P < 0.01). Lipid metabolism disorder was also significantly improved after FMT intervention, including obviously decreased LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO) and elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) when compared with the levels in the model group (P < 0.01). Fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance index were also decreased significantly after the intervention (P < 0.01). What's more, serum contents of IL-6 and TNF-α were markedly lower in rats receiving FMT than those in the model group (P < 0.01). Conclusion Human FMT is feasible in rats. It can improve liver function and correct lipid metabolism disorder in NAFLD rats.

Objective: To explore the microstructural damage of extrapyramidal system gray matter nuclei in Parkinson disease (PD) using diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI).Materials and Methods: We enrolled 35 clinically confirmed PD patients and 23 healthy volunteers. All patients underwent MR examination with conventional MRI scan sequences and an additional DKI sequence. We subsequently reconstructed the DKI raw images and analyzed the data. A radiologist in our hospital collected the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of all subjects.Results: In the PD group, the mean kurtosis and axial kurtosis level decreased in the red nucleus (RN) and thalamus; the radial kurtosis increased in the substantia nigra (SN) and globus pallidus (GP). Fractional anisotropy decreased in the putamen. The largest area under the ROC curve of mean diffusion in GP was 0.811. Most kurtosis parameters demonstrated a positive correlation with the MMSE score, while several diffusion parameters showed a negative correlation with the same.Conclusion: DKI can qualitatively distinguish PD from healthy controls; furthermore, DKI-derived parameters can quantitatively evaluate the modifications of microstructures in extrapyramidal system gray matter nucleus in PD.