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Large language models (LLMs) are being used in data science code generation tasks, but they often struggle with complex sequential tasks, leading to logical errors. Their application to geospatial data processing is particularly challenging due to difficulties in incorporating complex data structures and spatial constraints, effectively utilizing diverse function calls, and the tendency to hallucinate less-used geospatial libraries. To tackle these problems, we introduce GeoAgent, a new interactive framework designed to help LLMs handle geospatial data processing more effectively. GeoAgent pioneers the integration of a code interpreter, static analysis, and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) techniques within a Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithm, offering a novel approach to geospatial data processing. In addition, we contribute a new benchmark specifically designed to evaluate the LLM-based approach in geospatial tasks. This benchmark leverages a variety of Python libraries and includes both single-turn and multi-turn tasks such as data acquisition, data analysis, and visualization. By offering a comprehensive evaluation among diverse geospatial contexts, this benchmark sets a new standard for developing LLM-based approaches in geospatial data analysis tasks. Our findings suggest that relying solely on knowledge of LLM is insufficient for accurate geospatial task programming, which requires coherent multi-step processes and multiple function calls. Compared to the baseline LLMs, the proposed GeoAgent has demonstrated superior performance, yielding notable improvements in function calls and task completion. In addition, these results offer valuable insights for the future development of LLM agents in automatic geospatial data analysis task programming.

The challenge of Multimodal Deformable Image Registration (MDIR) lies in the conversion and alignment of features between images of different modalities. Generative models (GMs) cannot retain the necessary information enough from the source modality to the target one, while non-GMs struggle to align features across these two modalities. In this paper, we propose a novel coarse-to-fine MDIR framework,LLM-Morph, which is applicable to various pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) to solve these concerns by aligning the deep features from different modal medical images. Specifically, we first utilize a CNN encoder to extract deep visual features from cross-modal image pairs, then we use the first adapter to adjust these tokens, and use LoRA in pre-trained LLMs to fine-tune their weights, both aimed at eliminating the domain gap between the pre-trained LLMs and the MDIR task. Third, for the alignment of tokens, we utilize other four adapters to transform the LLM-encoded tokens into multi-scale visual features, generating multi-scale deformation fields and facilitating the coarse-to-fine MDIR task. Extensive experiments in MR-CT Abdomen and SR-Reg Brain datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework and the potential of pre-trained LLMs for MDIR task. Our code is availabel at: https://github.com/ninjannn/LLM-Morph.

As wireless researchers are tasked to enable wireless communication as infrastructure in more dynamic aerial settings, there is a growing need for large-scale experimental platforms that provide realistic, reproducible, and reliable experimental validation. To bridge the research-to-implementation gap, the Aerial Experimentation and Research Platform for Advanced Wireless (AERPAW) offers open-source tools, reference experiments, and hardware to facilitate and evaluate the development of wireless research in controlled digital twin environments and live testbed flights. The inaugural AERPAW Challenge, "Find a Rover," was issued to spark collaborative efforts and test the platform's capabilities. The task involved localizing a narrowband wireless signal, with teams given ten minutes to find the "rover" within a twenty-acre area. By engaging in this exercise, researchers can validate the platform's value as a tool for innovation in wireless communications research within aerial robotics. This paper recounts the methods and experiences of the top three teams in automating and rapidly locating a wireless signal by automating and controlling an aerial drone in a realistic testbed scenario., Comment: submitted to IEEE magazine paper

Contrastive learning (CL) for Vision Transformers (ViTs) in image domains has achieved performance comparable to CL for traditional convolutional backbones. However, in 3D point cloud pretraining with ViTs, masked autoencoder (MAE) modeling remains dominant. This raises the question: Can we take the best of both worlds? To answer this question, we first empirically validate that integrating MAE-based point cloud pre-training with the standard contrastive learning paradigm, even with meticulous design, can lead to a decrease in performance. To address this limitation, we reintroduce CL into the MAE-based point cloud pre-training paradigm by leveraging the inherent contrastive properties of MAE. Specifically, rather than relying on extensive data augmentation as commonly used in the image domain, we randomly mask the input tokens twice to generate contrastive input pairs. Subsequently, a weight-sharing encoder and two identically structured decoders are utilized to perform masked token reconstruction. Additionally, we propose that for an input token masked by both masks simultaneously, the reconstructed features should be as similar as possible. This naturally establishes an explicit contrastive constraint within the generative MAE-based pre-training paradigm, resulting in our proposed method, Point-CMAE. Consequently, Point-CMAE effectively enhances the representation quality and transfer performance compared to its MAE counterpart. Experimental evaluations across various downstream applications, including classification, part segmentation, and few-shot learning, demonstrate the efficacy of our framework in surpassing state-of-the-art techniques under standard ViTs and single-modal settings. The source code and trained models are available at: https://github.com/Amazingren/Point-CMAE., Comment: Bringing Masked Autoencoders Explicit Contrastive Properties for Point Cloud Self-Supervised Learning

Enabling robots to autonomously perform hybrid motions in diverse environments can be beneficial for long-horizon tasks such as material handling, household chores, and work assistance. This requires extensive exploitation of intrinsic motion capabilities, extraction of affordances from rich environmental information, and planning of physical interaction behaviors. Despite recent progress has demonstrated impressive humanoid whole-body control abilities, they struggle to achieve versatility and adaptability for new tasks. In this work, we propose HYPERmotion, a framework that learns, selects and plans behaviors based on tasks in different scenarios. We combine reinforcement learning with whole-body optimization to generate motion for 38 actuated joints and create a motion library to store the learned skills. We apply the planning and reasoning features of the large language models (LLMs) to complex loco-manipulation tasks, constructing a hierarchical task graph that comprises a series of primitive behaviors to bridge lower-level execution with higher-level planning. By leveraging the interaction of distilled spatial geometry and 2D observation with a visual language model (VLM) to ground knowledge into a robotic morphology selector to choose appropriate actions in single- or dual-arm, legged or wheeled locomotion. Experiments in simulation and real-world show that learned motions can efficiently adapt to new tasks, demonstrating high autonomy from free-text commands in unstructured scenes. Videos and website: hy-motion.github.io/, Comment: Project page: https://hy-motion.github.io/

Large language models (LLMs) have gained increasing prominence in scientific research, but there is a lack of comprehensive benchmarks to fully evaluate their proficiency in understanding and mastering scientific knowledge. To address this need, we introduce the SciKnowEval benchmark, a novel framework that systematically evaluates LLMs across five progressive levels of scientific knowledge: studying extensively, inquiring earnestly, thinking profoundly, discerning clearly, and practicing assiduously. These levels aim to assess the breadth and depth of scientific knowledge in LLMs, including memory, comprehension, reasoning, discernment, and application. Specifically, we first construct a large-scale evaluation dataset encompassing 70K multi-level scientific problems and solutions in the domains of biology, chemistry, physics, and materials science. By leveraging this dataset, we benchmark 26 advanced open-source and proprietary LLMs using zero-shot and few-shot prompting strategies. The results reveal that despite the state-of-the-art performance of proprietary LLMs, there is still significant room for improvement, particularly in addressing scientific reasoning and applications. We anticipate that SciKnowEval will establish a standard for benchmarking LLMs in science research and promote the development of stronger scientific LLMs. The dataset and code are publicly available at https://scimind.ai/sciknoweval ., Comment: 47 pages, 3 figures

Recently, diffusion models have made significant strides in synthesizing realistic 2D human images based on provided text prompts. Building upon this, researchers have extended 2D text-to-image diffusion models into the 3D domain for generating human textures (UV Maps). However, some important problems about UV Map Generative models are still not solved, i.e., how to generate personalized texture maps for any given face image, and how to define and evaluate the quality of these generated texture maps. To solve the above problems, we introduce a novel method, UVMap-ID, which is a controllable and personalized UV Map generative model. Unlike traditional large-scale training methods in 2D, we propose to fine-tune a pre-trained text-to-image diffusion model which is integrated with a face fusion module for achieving ID-driven customized generation. To support the finetuning strategy, we introduce a small-scale attribute-balanced training dataset, including high-quality textures with labeled text and Face ID. Additionally, we introduce some metrics to evaluate the multiple aspects of the textures. Finally, both quantitative and qualitative analyses demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in controllable and personalized UV Map generation. Code is publicly available via https://github.com/twowwj/UVMap-ID., Comment: Accepted to ACMMM2024

In this paper, a class of high-order methods to numerically solve Functional Differential Equations with Piecewise Continuous Arguments (FDEPCAs) is discussed. The framework stems from the expansion of the vector field associated with the reference differential equation along the shifted and scaled Legendre polynomial orthonormal basis, working on a suitable extension of Hamiltonian Boundary Value Methods. Within the design of the methods, a proper generalization of the perturbation results coming from the field of ordinary differential equations is considered, with the aim of handling the case of FDEPCAs. The error analysis of the devised family of methods is performed, while a few numerical tests on Hamiltonian FDEPCAs are provided, to give evidence to the theoretical findings and show the effectiveness of the obtained resolution strategy., Comment: 29 pages, 23 figures

This paper aims to tackle the problem of modeling dynamic urban streets for autonomous driving scenes. Recent methods extend NeRF by incorporating tracked vehicle poses to animate vehicles, enabling photo-realistic view synthesis of dynamic urban street scenes. However, significant limitations are their slow training and rendering speed. We introduce Street Gaussians, a new explicit scene representation that tackles these limitations. Specifically, the dynamic urban scene is represented as a set of point clouds equipped with semantic logits and 3D Gaussians, each associated with either a foreground vehicle or the background. To model the dynamics of foreground object vehicles, each object point cloud is optimized with optimizable tracked poses, along with a 4D spherical harmonics model for the dynamic appearance. The explicit representation allows easy composition of object vehicles and background, which in turn allows for scene editing operations and rendering at 135 FPS (1066 $\times$ 1600 resolution) within half an hour of training. The proposed method is evaluated on multiple challenging benchmarks, including KITTI and Waymo Open datasets. Experiments show that the proposed method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods across all datasets. The code will be released to ensure reproducibility., Comment: Project page: https://zju3dv.github.io/street_gaussians/

Learning-based point cloud registration approaches have significantly outperformed their traditional counterparts. However, they typically require extensive training on specific datasets. In this paper, we propose , the first zero-shot point cloud registration approach that eliminates the need for training on point cloud datasets. The cornerstone of ZeroReg is the novel transfer of image features from keypoints to the point cloud, enriched by aggregating information from 3D geometric neighborhoods. Specifically, we extract keypoints and features from 2D image pairs using a frozen pretrained 2D backbone. These features are then projected in 3D, and patches are constructed by searching for neighboring points. We integrate the geometric and visual features of each point using our novel parameter-free geometric decoder. Subsequently, the task of determining correspondences between point clouds is formulated as an optimal transport problem. Extensive evaluations of ZeroReg demonstrate its competitive performance against both traditional and learning-based methods. On benchmarks such as 3DMatch, 3DLoMatch, and ScanNet, ZeroReg achieves impressive Recall Ratios (RR) of over 84%, 46%, and 75%, respectively.

Malicious use of deepfakes leads to serious public concerns and reduces people's trust in digital media. Although effective deepfake detectors have been proposed, they are substantially vulnerable to adversarial attacks. To evaluate the detector's robustness, recent studies have explored various attacks. However, all existing attacks are limited to 2D image perturbations, which are hard to translate into real-world facial changes. In this paper, we propose adversarial head turn (AdvHeat), the first attempt at 3D adversarial face views against deepfake detectors, based on face view synthesis from a single-view fake image. Extensive experiments validate the vulnerability of various detectors to AdvHeat in realistic, black-box scenarios. For example, AdvHeat based on a simple random search yields a high attack success rate of 96.8% with 360 searching steps. When additional query access is allowed, we can further reduce the step budget to 50. Additional analyses demonstrate that AdvHeat is better than conventional attacks on both the cross-detector transferability and robustness to defenses. The adversarial images generated by AdvHeat are also shown to have natural looks. Our code, including that for generating a multi-view dataset consisting of 360 synthetic views for each of 1000 IDs from FaceForensics++, is available at https://github.com/twowwj/AdvHeaT.

Point cloud completion aims to recover raw point clouds captured by scanners from partial observations caused by occlusion and limited view angles. This makes it hard to recover details because the global feature is unlikely to capture the full details of all missing parts. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to point cloud completion task called Point-PC, which uses a memory network to retrieve shape priors and designs a causal inference model to filter missing shape information as supplemental geometric information to aid point cloud completion. Specifically, we propose a memory operating mechanism where the complete shape features and the corresponding shapes are stored in the form of ``key-value'' pairs. To retrieve similar shapes from the partial input, we also apply a contrastive learning-based pre-training scheme to transfer the features of incomplete shapes into the domain of complete shape features. Experimental results on the ShapeNet-55, PCN, and KITTI datasets demonstrate that Point-PC outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.

In recent years, 3D models have been utilized in many applications, such as auto-driver, 3D reconstruction, VR, and AR. However, the scarcity of 3D model data does not meet its practical demands. Thus, generating high-quality 3D models efficiently from textual descriptions is a promising but challenging way to solve this problem. In this paper, inspired by the ability of human beings to complement visual information details from ambiguous descriptions based on their own experience, we propose a novel text-3D generation model (T2TD), which introduces the related shapes or textual information as the prior knowledge to improve the performance of the 3D generation model. In this process, we first introduce the text-3D knowledge graph to save the relationship between 3D models and textual semantic information, which can provide the related shapes to guide the target 3D model generation. Second, we integrate an effective causal inference model to select useful feature information from these related shapes, which removes the unrelated shape information and only maintains feature information that is strongly relevant to the textual description. Meanwhile, to effectively integrate multi-modal prior knowledge into textual information, we adopt a novel multi-layer transformer structure to progressively fuse related shape and textual information, which can effectively compensate for the lack of structural information in the text and enhance the final performance of the 3D generation model. The final experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly improves 3D model generation quality and outperforms the SOTA methods on the text2shape datasets.

The Swin transformer has recently attracted attention in medical image analysis due to its computational efficiency and long-range modeling capability. Owing to these properties, the Swin Transformer is suitable for establishing more distant relationships between corresponding voxels in different positions in complex abdominal image registration tasks. However, the registration models based on transformers combine multiple voxels into a single semantic token. This merging process limits the transformers to model and generate coarse-grained spatial information. To address this issue, we propose Recovery Feature Resolution Network (RFRNet), which allows the transformer to contribute fine-grained spatial information and rich semantic correspondences to higher resolution levels. Furthermore, shifted window partitioning operations are inflexible, indicating that they cannot perceive the semantic information over uncertain distances and automatically bridge the global connections between windows. Therefore, we present a Weighted Window Attention (WWA) to build global interactions between windows automatically. It is implemented after the regular and cyclic shift window partitioning operations within the Swin transformer block. The proposed unsupervised deformable image registration model, named RFR-WWANet, detects the long-range correlations, and facilitates meaningful semantic relevance of anatomical structures. Qualitative and quantitative results show that RFR-WWANet achieves significant improvements over the current state-of-the-art methods. Ablation experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the RFRNet and WWA designs. Our code is available at \url{https://github.com/MingR-Ma/RFR-WWANet}.

Third-party libraries (TPLs) are extensively utilized by developers to expedite the software development process and incorporate external functionalities. Nevertheless, insecure TPL reuse can lead to significant security risks. Existing methods are employed to determine the presence of TPL code in the target binary. Existing methods, which involve extracting strings or conducting function matching, are employed to determine the presence of TPL code in the target binary. However, these methods often yield unsatisfactory results due to the recurrence of strings and the presence of numerous similar non-homologous functions. Additionally, they struggle to identify specific pieces of reused code in the target binary, complicating the detection of complex reuse relationships and impeding downstream tasks. In this paper, we observe that TPL reuse typically involves not just isolated functions but also areas encompassing several adjacent functions on the Function Call Graph (FCG). We introduce LibAM, a novel Area Matching framework that connects isolated functions into function areas on FCG and detects TPLs by comparing the similarity of these function areas. Furthermore, LibAM is the first approach capable of detecting the exact reuse areas on FCG and offering substantial benefits for downstream tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that LibAM outperforms all existing TPL detection methods and provides interpretable evidence for TPL detection results by identifying exact reuse areas. We also evaluate LibAM's accuracy on large-scale, real-world binaries in IoT firmware and generate a list of potential vulnerabilities for these devices. Last but not least, by analyzing the detection results of IoT firmware, we make several interesting findings, such as different target binaries always tend to reuse the same code area of TPL., Comment: 35 pages, 12 figures

Deep point cloud registration methods face challenges to partial overlaps and rely on labeled data. To address these issues, we propose UDPReg, an unsupervised deep probabilistic registration framework for point clouds with partial overlaps. Specifically, we first adopt a network to learn posterior probability distributions of Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) from point clouds. To handle partial point cloud registration, we apply the Sinkhorn algorithm to predict the distribution-level correspondences under the constraint of the mixing weights of GMMs. To enable unsupervised learning, we design three distribution consistency-based losses: self-consistency, cross-consistency, and local contrastive. The self-consistency loss is formulated by encouraging GMMs in Euclidean and feature spaces to share identical posterior distributions. The cross-consistency loss derives from the fact that the points of two partially overlapping point clouds belonging to the same clusters share the cluster centroids. The cross-consistency loss allows the network to flexibly learn a transformation-invariant posterior distribution of two aligned point clouds. The local contrastive loss facilitates the network to extract discriminative local features. Our UDPReg achieves competitive performance on the 3DMatch/3DLoMatch and ModelNet/ModelLoNet benchmarks., Comment: CVPR 2023

The development of electric and connected vehicles as well as automated driving technologies are key towards the smart city, with convenient urban mobility and high energy economy performance. However, the global rise in electricity price provokes renewed interest on CAVs with hybrid electric powertrains rather than considering battery electric powertrains. This paper provides a decentralized coordination strategy for a group of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) with a series hybrid electric (sHEV) powertrain at signal-free intersections. The problem is formulated as a convex form with suitable relaxation and approximation of the powertrain model and solved by decentralized model predictive control, which is able to ensure a rapid search and unique solution in real time. Numerical examples validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods concerning physical and safety constraints. By utilizing the petrol fuel and battery charging prices over the last year, the performance of the proposed approach is evaluated against the optimal results produced by two benchmark solutions, conventional vehicles (CVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The comparison results show that the traveling cost of sHEVs approaches and even under some circumstances reaches the same level as for BEVs, which indicates the importance of hybridization, particularly under the current rising electricity price situation., Comment: This paper has been submitted to the IFAC World Congress 2023 for potential publication

Due to the subjective crowdsourcing annotations and the inherent inter-class similarity of facial expressions, the real-world Facial Expression Recognition (FER) datasets usually exhibit ambiguous annotation. To simplify the learning paradigm, most previous methods convert ambiguous annotation results into precise one-hot annotations and train FER models in an end-to-end supervised manner. In this paper, we rethink the existing training paradigm and propose that it is better to use weakly supervised strategies to train FER models with original ambiguous annotation.

Swing arms have an irreplaceable role in promoting highly dynamic locomotion on bipedal robots by a larger angular momentum control space from the viewpoint of biomechanics. Few bipedal robots utilize swing arms and its redundancy characteristic of multiple degrees of freedom due to the lack of appropriate locomotion control strategies to perfectly integrate modeling and control. This paper presents a kind of control strategy by modeling the bipedal robot as a flywheel-spring loaded inverted pendulum (F-SLIP) to extract characteristics of swing arms and using the whole-body controller (WBC) to achieve these characteristics, and also proposes a evaluation system including three aspects of agility defined by us, stability and energy consumption for the highly dynamic locomotion of bipedal robots. We design several sets of simulation experiments and analyze the effects of swing arms according to the evaluation system during the jumping motion of Purple (Purple energy rises in the east)V1.0, a kind of bipedal robot designed to test high explosive locomotion. Results show that Purple's agility is increased by more than 10 percent, stabilization time is reduced by a factor of two, and energy consumption is reduced by more than 20 percent after introducing swing arms., Comment: 7 pages, 12 figures