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Transparency order (TO{\mathcal{TO}}) is one of the indicators used to measure the resistance of (n,m)\left(n,m)-function to differential power analysis. At present, there are three definitions: TO{\mathcal{TO}}, redefined transparency order (ℛTO{\mathcal{ {\mathcal R} TO}}), and modified transparency order (ℳTO{\mathcal{ {\mathcal M} TO}}). For the first time, we give one necessary and sufficient condition for (n,m)\left(n,m)-function reaching TO=m{\mathcal{TO}}=m and completely characterize (n,m)\left(n,m)-functions reaching TO=m{\mathcal{TO}}=m for any nn and mm. We find that any (n,1)\left(n,1)-function cannot reach TO=m{\mathcal{TO}}=m for odd nn. Based on the matrix product, the necessary conditions for (n,m)\left(n,m)-function reaching ℳTO=m{\mathcal{ {\mathcal M} TO}}=m or ℛTO=m{\mathcal{ {\mathcal R} TO}}=m are given, respectively. Finally, it is proved that any balanced (n,m)\left(n,m)-function cannot reach the upper bound on TO{\mathcal{TO}} (or ℛTO{\mathcal{ {\mathcal R} TO}}, ℳTO{\mathcal{ {\mathcal M} TO}}).

The paper is to explore how to carry out post-market technical evaluation of dietary supplements in China by referring to the experiences at home and abroad. Experiences of major countries and regions in the post-market evaluation of similar products of dietary supplements and China’s experience in drugs were systematically reviewed. Combined with the actual situation of the health food industry in China， suggestions were put forward for the post-market technical evaluation of health foods in China. There are many useful experiences worth learning from， such as the mandatory reporting responsibility of enterprises in the United States， a special scientific committee which provides long-term technical support in the European Union， post-market monitoring by enterprises in Australia， the establishment of relevant monitoring systems in Taiwan， the relatively mature regulatory system， evaluation system and management system in the field of drugs and medical devices， and the establishment of adverse reaction monitoring bases in the field of cosmetics， the responsibility of post-mark adverse reaction monitoring of food for special medical purposes by medical institutions， and the post-market management in various fields giving priority to safety. In combination with the current situation of China’s health food industry， five specific suggestions， such as promoting the construction of laws and regulations， are put forward.

One of the most important tasks in China’s supply-side structural reform is to effectively clean up zombie firms. Using industrial firm-level data in China from 1998 to 2007, we identified zombie firms in Chinese industrial sectors. Based on the identified zombie firms, we measured the survival duration of zombie firms and empirically studied the effect of fiscal subsidies on the survival duration of zombie firms by using survival analysis. Results revealed that fiscal subsidies significantly lengthened the survival duration of zombie firms. Specifically, fiscal subsidies not only reduced the possibility of zombie firms exiting the market, but more importantly, they reduced the possibility of zombie firms’ resurrection. Thus, fiscal subsidies do not contribute to the “death” or “resurrection” of zombie firms. These results are robust despite changing the identification method and the survival analysis method, and considering the endogeneity of fiscal subsidies. Our findings show that we should adhere to market-oriented mechanism in disposing zombie firms and cut off the channels that government transfuses to zombie firms by fiscal subsidies.

C. butyricum is a common gut commensal bacterium, which has many positive functions in human intestine. In this study, we investigated the effects of monosaccharide and its derivatives on the adhesion of C. butyricum to the mucus of HT-29 cells. RNA interference was performed to assess the roles of MUC2 and glycan in the adhesion of C. butyricum to HT-29 cells. The effects of C. butyricum on the glycosylation of mucins were assayed with fluorescence microscope. The expression levels of mucins and glycotransferases were also determined. The results showed that C. butyricum could adhere to the mucins secreted by HT-29 cells. Several kinds of monosaccharides inhibited the adhesion of C. butyricum to HT-29 cells, which suggested that the mucus glycan was the attaching sites of this bacterium. Knockdown of MUC2, FUT2 or GALNT7 significantly decreased the numbers of the bacteria adhering to HT-29 cells. When colonizing on the surface of HT-29 cells, C. butyricum could increase the production of mucins, promote the expression of glycotransferase, and induce the glycosylation of mucins. These results demonstrated that the glycan of mucus played important roles in the adhesion of C. butyricum to HT-29 cells. This study indicates for the first time that C. butyricum possesses the ability to modulate the glycosylation profile of mucus secreted by HT-29 cells. These findings contribute to understanding the mechanism of interaction between colonic epithelial cells and commensal bacteria.

As the most important safety component of the construction elevators, the periodic detection of anti-falling safety devices is particularly important. The embedded detection system based on the Android platform of the SAJ30/40 gear progressive anti-falling safety device was designed, the angle sensor was used to measure the rotation angle of cone hub of the anti-falling safety device and the speed sensor was used to measure the real-time running speed of the elevator respectively, the data was processed by the upper computer analysis software, the braking distance and the operating speed of the anti-falling safety device were output. The test results of the method of the field test frame show that the detection system can measure the braking distance of the anti-falling safety device and other testing parameters accurately, and the measurement accuracy of the braking distance is ±1 millimeter.

Black carbon (BC) plays an important role in the climate system because of its strong warming effect, yet the magnitude of this effect is highly uncertain owing to the complex mixing state of aerosols. Here we build a unified theoretical framework to describe BC's mixing states, linking dynamic processes to BC coating thickness distribution, and show its self-similarity for sites in diverse environments. The size distribution of BC-containing particles is found to follow a universal law and is independent of BC core size. A new mixing state module is established based on this finding and successfully applied in global and regional models, which increases the accuracy of aerosol climate effect estimations. Our theoretical framework links observations with model simulations in both mixing state description and light absorption quantification.

In recent years, Earth system sciences are urgently calling for innovation on improving accuracy, enhancing model intelligence level, scaling up operation, and reducing costs in many subdomains amid the exponentially accumulated datasets and the promising artificial intelligence (AI) revolution in computer science. This paper presents work led by the NASA Earth Science Data Systems Working Groups and ESIP machine learning cluster to give a comprehensive overview of AI in Earth sciences. It holistically introduces the current status, technology, use cases, challenges, and opportunities, and provides all the levels of AI practitioners in geosciences with an overall big picture and to “blow away the fog to get a clearer vision” about the future development of Earth AI. The paper covers all the majorspheres in the Earth system and investigates representative AI research in each domain. Widely used AI algorithms and computing cyberinfrastructure are briefly introduced. The mandatory steps in a typical workflow of specializing AI to solve Earth scientific problems are decomposed and analyzed. Eventually, it concludes with the grand challenges and reveals the opportunities to give some guidance and pre-warnings on allocating resources wisely to achieve the ambitious Earth AI goals in the future.

Abstract Background Clostridium butyricum has become increasingly important in preventing and treating intestinal inflammation. In the intestine it may increase the resistance of the gut to pathogen invasion via inducing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) plays a central role in preventing certain inflammatory diseases by down-regulating inflammatory cascades. In a previous study, we observed that the level of IL-10 mRNA was modulated by C. butyricum. The aim of this study was to investigate whether C. butyricum achieves its beneficial effects through IL-10. Results We treated HT-29 cells with anti-IL-10 (IL-10 antibody) or siIL-10 (IL-10 small interfering RNA) to disrupt IL-10. In both cases, the effects of C. butyricum-induced NF-κB activation and IL-8 expression were enhanced. We also found that neutralization or knockdown of IL-10 could induce apoptosis and necrosis of HT-29 cells treated with C. butyricum compared with control cells. Conclusions These findings show that IL-10 serves an important role in C. butyricum-mediated immune protection, and in host recognition of C. butyricum.