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In this study, the isolation and purification of melanin pigment from Mesona chinensis (MCM) were conducted, and the structural characterization and stability evaluation of MCM were performed. The results indicate that MCM is consistent with the spectral features of catechins and polyphenols, identified the stretching vibrations of functional groups such as O H, C H, C O, and C O. It is inferred that the structure of MCM is consistent with that of theophylline and it is mainly composed of phenolic acids, terpenoids, and organic acids. Stability evaluations indicate that MCM exhibits stability under white light, ultraviolet (UV) light, neutral, and alkaline environments, and it shows low sensitivity to reducing agents. • The structure and composition of MCM have been elucidated through food analysis. • MCM is consistent with theophylline structure. • MCM is mainly composed of phenolic acids, terpenoids and organic acids. • MCM shown good stability under white light, UV light, neutral, acnd alkalinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]