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Moelleriella simaoensis Hong Yu bis, Z. L. Yang & Z.Q. Wang, sp. nov. MycoBank: 848103 Etymology: Named after Simao District, Pu’er City, where this species was distributed. Holotype: CHINA. Yunnan Province, Pu’er City, Simao District, Xinfang Reservoir (N 22°71’, E 100°95’), alt. 1329 meter, from whiteflies on abaxial surface of dicotyledonous leaves, 4 October 2022, H. Yu bis (holotype YHH 2210015; YFCC 9249, ex-holotype culture). Sexual morph: Teleomorphic stromata flattened pulvinate, pale yellow, 3.4–4.5 mm in diameter, tubercles arising from a thin pulvinate base, usually separated from one another, located at the margin, ovoid or subglobose. Perithecia developing singly in a tubercle, flask-shaped, ostioles orange, 163–484 µm in height, 137–406 µm diameter. Asci hyaline, cylindrical, 182–335 × 5.6–14.9 µm (x = 290.9 × 10.70 µm, n = 30), cap thick 3.5–5.6 µm. Ascospores hyaline, filiform, disarticulating into part-spores inside the ascus. Part-spores were fusiform with slightly rounded ends, 11–16 × 1.4 –3.4 µm (x = 13.7 × 2.6 µm, n = 30). Asexual morph: Most anamorphs were often present in the same stroma as the teleomorph. When the teleomorph was present, the conidiomata were located in the center.Anamorphs were orange in fresh specimens, flattened pulvinate, 2.6–2.9 mm in diameter. Conidiomata were aggregated in the center of the stroma and widely open. Conidial masses were orange, conidia 8.8–14 × 1.6–3 µm (x = 11.4 × 2 µm, n = 30), hyaline, smooth, one-celled, fusoid, with acute ends. Paraphyses were present, linear, filiform, up to 80 µm long. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA at 25 °C slow-growing, attaining 15–18 mm diam in 21 days. Colonies were pale yellow and formed compact pulvinate with abundant slimy masses. Conidial masses were brownish green, the colony reverse was dark brown, and the margins were pale yellow. Known distribution: Simao District, Pu’er City, Yunnan Province, China. Other material examined: CHINA. Yunnan Province, Pu’er City, Simao District, Xinfang Reservoir (N 22°71’, E 100°95’), alt. 1329 meter, from whiteflies on abaxial surface of leaves, 4 October 2022, H. Yu bis (isotype YHH 2210016). Notes: This species was nested in the Moelleriella Effuse clade and formed a distinct clade. Morphologically, Moelleriella simaoensis was closely related to M. puerensis and M. raciborskii based on a pale yellow, thin, pulvinate stroma, ovoid or subglobose tubercle processes developing on the periphery of the stroma, orange ostioles. However, it differs from M. puerensis and M. raciborskii by its longer stroma (3.4–4.5 mm) and acsi (182–335 × 5.6–14.9 µm), (Wang et al. 2022) (Liu et al. 2006)., Published as part of Yang, Zhi-Li, Wang, Zhi-Qin, Ma, Jin-Mei & Yu, Hong, 2023, Moelleriella simaoensis, a new entomogenous species of Moelleriella (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales) from Southwestern China, pp. 60-68 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/8153712, {"references":["Liu, M., Chaverri, P. & Hodge, K. T. (2006) A taxonomic revision of the insect biocontrol fungus Aschersonia aleyrodis, its allies with white stromata and their Hypocrella sexual states. Mycol Research 110: 537 - 554. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. mycres. 2006.01.013"]}

Yang, Zhi-Li, Wang, Zhi-Qin, Ma, Jin-Mei, Yu, Hong (2023): Moelleriella simaoensis, a new entomogenous species of Moelleriella (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales) from Southwestern China. Phytotaxa 603 (1): 60-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.4

We report a new species, Moelleriella puerensis, a fungal pathogen infecting scale insect nymphs, from Puer City, Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Its diagnostic characteristics include pale yellow and thin pulvinate stromata, ovoid tubercles processes developing on the periphery of the stroma, a fully immersed perithecia, orange ostioles, cylindrical asci, and filiform ascospores disarticulated into short secondary spores. Teleomorph and anamorph typically existed in the same stroma, exclusively anamorphic stromata, with pale yellow conidiomata aggregated in the center of the stroma and several conidiomata per stroma fusing with neighboring conidiomata and existing paraphyses. Morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses of combined nrLSU, rpb1, and tef-1α sequence data confirmed the validity of M. puerensis.

Moelleriella puerensis H. Yu, Z. Q. Wang & Y. Wang, sp. nov. Etymology:— Named after Puer City, where the species was first collected. Holotype:— CHINA. Yunnan Province, Puer City, Simao District, Xinfang Reservoir (N22°28’12”, E 100°57’12”), alt. 1371 m, on whiteflies on abaxial surface of leaves, 7 October 2019, H. Yu (YHH10001, holotype; YFCC 8615, ex-holotype culture); Ibid., (YHH 10002, paratype; YFCC 8625, ex-paratype living culture); Ibid., (YHH 10003, paratype; YFCC 8625 ex-paratype living culture). Sexual morph:— Stromata generally effuse to thin pulvinate with pronounced ovoid tubercles on periphery of stroma, pale yellow, 1.5–3.6 mm in diameter, opaque. Hyphae loose textura intricata to epidermoidea. Perithecia 280–520 × 425–600 µm, fully embedded, ostioles orange, numerous perithecia (>10) per stroma, subglobose to ovoid. Asci 130–285 × 6.0–12.5 µm, cylindrical, hyaline. Apical cap hemispherical, 3.5–5.0 × 6.0–8.5 µm. Ascospores as long as asci, hyaline, filiform, multi-septate, smooth, disarticulating into secondary spores. Secondary spores 7.9–13 × 2.3–3.5 µm, fusiform with rounded ends. Asexual morph:— Sexual and asexual morph usually existing in the same stroma, exclusively anamorphic stromata pulvinate with sloping sides (convex), pale yellow to orange. Conidiomata aggregated in center of stroma, simple depressions of the surface without distinct rims, several conidiomata per stroma, fusing with neighboring ones, widely open. Conidial masses orange. In section, conidioma flask-shaped or irregular, shallow, 150–180 × 130–170 µm, with phialides formed in a thick compact palisade. Phialides 9–30 × 1–2 µm, cylindrical, slightly tapering towards tip, Conidia 9.7–13.4 × 1.3–2.3 µm hyaline, smooth, one-celled, fusoid, with acute ends, Paraphyses present. Colonies on PDA at 25°C slow-growing, tomentose, compact, pale yellow. Conidial masses circularly arranged towards center of colonies, abundant, confluent and deep orange. Conidia 11.2–17 × 2.1–3.1 µm. Paraphyses absent. Hirsutella -like synanamorph is present. Phialides 8.5–48.6 × 0.5–1.5 µm, flask-shaped, with a long neck 5.6–41.5 µm long. Known distribution:— Puer City, Yunnan Province, China. Notes:— Moelleriella puerensis was similar to M. raciborskii. However, the teleomorph of M. puerensis differed from M. raciborskii in having longer asci and shorter secondary spores (Liu et al. 2006). The anamorph of M. puerensis differed from M. raciborskii by having shorter conidia; the conidia formed in PDA was wider than M. raciborskii (Liu et al. 2006)., Published as part of Wang, Zhi-Qin, Wang, Yao, Wang, Yuan-Bing & Yu, Hong, 2022, A new species of Moelleriella from Yunnan Province in Southwestern China, pp. 187-194 in Phytotaxa 555 (2) on pages 191-192, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.555.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6876071, {"references":["Liu, M., Chaverri, P. & Hodge, K. T. (2006) A taxonomic revision of the insect biocontrol fungus Aschersonia aleyrodis, its allies with white stromata and their Hypocrella sexual states. Mycological Research 110: 537 - 554. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. mycres. 2006.01.013"]}

s Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease worldwide. However, there is no available therapy reversing the neurodegenerative process of PD. Based on the loss of dopamine or dopaminergic dysfunction in PD patients, most of the current therapies focus on symptomatic relief to improve patient quality of life. As dopamine replacement treatment remains the most effective symptomatic pharmacotherapy for PD, herein we provide an overview of the current pharmacotherapies, summarize the clinical development status of novel dopaminergic agents, and highlight the challenge and opportunity of emerging preclinical dopaminergic approaches aimed at managing the features and progression of PD.