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6. MDAN: Multi-level Dependent Attention Network for Visual Emotion Analysis

Author

Xu, Liwen, Wang, Zhengtao, Wu, Bin, and Lui, Simon

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Visual Emotion Analysis (VEA) is attracting increasing attention. One of the biggest challenges of VEA is to bridge the affective gap between visual clues in a picture and the emotion expressed by the picture. As the granularity of emotions increases, the affective gap increases as well. Existing deep approaches try to bridge the gap by directly learning discrimination among emotions globally in one shot without considering the hierarchical relationship among emotions at different affective levels and the affective level of emotions to be classified. In this paper, we present the Multi-level Dependent Attention Network (MDAN) with two branches, to leverage the emotion hierarchy and the correlation between different affective levels and semantic levels. The bottom-up branch directly learns emotions at the highest affective level and strictly follows the emotion hierarchy while predicting emotions at lower affective levels. In contrast, the top-down branch attempt to disentangle the affective gap by one-to-one mapping between semantic levels and affective levels, namely, Affective Semantic Mapping. At each semantic level, a local classifier learns discrimination among emotions at the corresponding affective level. Finally, We integrate global learning and local learning into a unified deep framework and optimize the network simultaneously. Moreover, to properly extract and leverage channel dependencies and spatial attention while disentangling the affective gap, we carefully designed two attention modules: the Multi-head Cross Channel Attention module and the Level-dependent Class Activation Map module. Finally, the proposed deep framework obtains new state-of-the-art performance on six VEA benchmarks, where it outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods by a large margin, e.g., +3.85% on the WEBEmo dataset at 25 classes classification accuracy., Comment: Published in CVPR 2022

Published
2022

27. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy confers metabolic improvements by reducing intestinal bile acids and lipid absorption in mice

Author

Ding, Lili, Zhang, Eryun, Yang, Qiaoling, Jin, Lihua, Sousa, Kyle M, Dong, Bingning, Wang, Yangmeng, Tu, Jui, Ma, Xiaoxiao, Tian, Jingyan, Zhang, Hongli, Fang, Zhipeng, Guan, Ana, Zhang, Yixin, Wang, Zhengtao, Moore, David D, Yang, Li, and Huang, Wendong

Subjects
Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Nutrition, Liver Disease, Digestive Diseases, Obesity, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Oral and gastrointestinal, Metabolic and endocrine, Animals, Bile Acids and Salts, Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase, Diet, High-Fat, Gastrectomy, Humans, Lipid Metabolism, Lipids, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Obesity, Morbid, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Weight Loss, bile acids, bariatric surgery, farnesoid X receptor, cyp27a1, lipid absorption
Abstract

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is one of the most effective and durable therapies for morbid obesity and its related complications. Although bile acids (BAs) have been implicated as downstream mediators of VSG, the specific mechanisms through which BA changes contribute to the metabolic effects of VSG remain poorly understood. Here, we confirm that high fat diet-fed global farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) knockout mice are resistant to the beneficial metabolic effects of VSG. However, the beneficial effects of VSG were retained in high fat diet-fed intestine- or liver-specific Fxr knockouts, and VSG did not result in Fxr activation in the liver or intestine of control mice. Instead, VSG decreased expression of positive hepatic Fxr target genes, including the bile salt export pump (Bsep) that delivers BAs to the biliary pathway. This reduced small intestine BA levels in mice, leading to lower intestinal fat absorption. These findings were verified in sterol 27-hydroxylase (Cyp27a1) knockout mice, which exhibited low intestinal BAs and fat absorption and did not show metabolic improvements following VSG. In addition, restoring small intestinal BA levels by dietary supplementation with taurocholic acid (TCA) partially blocked the beneficial effects of VSG. Altogether, these findings suggest that reductions in intestinal BAs and lipid absorption contribute to the metabolic benefits of VSG.

Published
2021

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