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The rapid development of photo‐synergistic transition metal catalytic systems has provided a green paradigm to complement thermal transition metal catalytic methods. However, the most commonly used iridium or ruthenium complexes involve expensive in nature, in contrast to the abundant copper elements in the earth's crust, which are highly valued for their unique electronic structure and light‐absorbing properties. Recently, the application of copper and photocatalytic synergistic strategies in radical cyclization reactions has progressed considerably, leading to a renaissance in the synthesis of functional natural products, drugs and their analogues, but summary work addressing this aspect has not been reported. In this review, we briefly analyze the effect of ligand choice on copper complexes and some inorganic copper salts and even on light sources. We then summarize the copper and photocatalytic synergistic strategies in radical cyclization reactions and classify them into three categories, C, N and O radicals, according to the class of the central atom of the radical in each work, and in each category will be elaborated in turn from coordination cyclization via Cu catalysts, direct radical cyclization and other cyclization mode. For individual more complex reactions, the mechanisms are explored and briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite that extensive efforts have been dedicated to the search for advanced catalysts to boost the electrocatalytic nitrobenzene reduction reaction (eNBRR), its progress is severely hampered by the limited understanding of the relationship between catalyst structure and its catalytic performance. Herein, this review aims to bridge such a gap by first analyzing the eNBRR pathway to present the main influential factors, such as electrolyte feature, applied potential, and catalyst structure. Then, the recent advancements in catalyst design for eNBRR are comprehensively summarized, particularly about the impacts of chemical composition, morphology, and crystal facets on regulating the local microenvironment, electron and mass transport for boosting catalytic performance. Finally, the future research of eNBRR is also proposed from the perspectives of performance enhancement, expansion of product scope, in‐depth understanding of the reaction mechanism, and acceleration of the industrialization process through the integration of upstream and downstream technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marital concerns can trigger emotional stress, especially among long‐term hospitalised individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, significantly affecting their treatment and recovery. Unfortunately, rehabilitation programs tend to overlook the marital needs of individuals with diagnosed schizophrenia. This research aimed to investigate the content related to marital concerns of Chinese individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia who were undergoing extended hospitalisation. Fifteen participants diagnosed with schizophrenia were recruited through purposive sampling for face‐to‐face semi‐structured interviews. The gathered data were analysed using Colaizzi's method, revealing three themes: (1) manifestations of marriage‐related concerns, (2) effects of marriage on disease progression, and (3) the need for support from family and the hospital. This study offers new insights into marital concerns among long‐term schizophrenia inpatients and underscores the significance of screening and intervention for such concerns. Healthcare professionals and family members should extend support to patients to foster confidence within their marital relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To make up for the inadequacy of Sr modification,Al-5Ti-1B-1RE master alloy refiner was prepared,then were used together with Al-10Sr master alloy for dynamic composite refinement and modification of A356 alloy.The A356 alloy microstructure of modification was studied and compared with the theoretical calculating results.The results show that the melt is fiercely stirred and vibrated by the JJ-1 laboratory electric stirrer;the refining effect of α-Al phase is excellent;the coarse and needle-like eutectic Si phase transforms into tiny,widely dispersed spherical particles and well-distributed at the grain boundaries.And mechanical property of the A356 alloy increases obviously.The grain size control study results are consistent with Johnson-Mehl equation theory.At the same time,the contents of gases of the A356 alloy are significantly reduced,which can not be achieved by Sr alone.Quantitative calculating results of degassing mechanism are consistent with the approximate calculating equations of thermodynamics and Stokes Law.

Enamides, functional derivatives of enamines, play a significant role as synthetic targets. However, the stereoselective synthesis of these molecules has posed a longstanding challenge in organic chemistry, particularly for acyclic enamides that are less thermodynamically stable. In this study, we present a general strategy for constructing β‐borylenamides by C−H borylation, which provides a versatile platform for generating the stereodefined enamides. Our approach involves the utilization of metalloid borenium cation, generated through the reaction of BBr3 and enamides in the presence of two different additives, avoiding any exogenous catalyst. Importantly, the stereoconvergent nature of this methodology allows for the use of starting materials with mixed E/Z configurations, thus highlighting the unique advantage of this chemistry. Mechanistic investigations have shed light on the pivotal roles played by the two additives, the reactive boron species, and the phenomenon of stereoconvergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple method was proposed to activate alkaline Cu(OH)2 with an acidic ionomer, Nafion, to regulate its surface microenvironment, including hydrophobicity and local basicity. In particular, the direct complete neutralization reaction between Cu(OH)2 and Nafion in aqueous solution induces the exposing of vast anions which can exclude the in‐situ‐formed hydroxides and raise the local basicity. Remarkably, the optimal Nafion‐activated Cu(OH)2‐derived Cu can efficiently suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and improve the selectivity for multi‐carbon products in the CO2 electroreduction reaction (eCO2RR). The H2 Faradaic efficiency (FE) decreased to 11% at a current density of 300 mA/cm2 (−0.76 V vs. RHE) in a flow cell, while the bare one with H2 had an FE of 40%. The total eCO2RR FE reaches as high as 83%, along with an evidently increased C2H4 FE of 44% as compared with the bare one (24%), and good stability (8000 s), surpassing that of most of the reported Cu(OH)2‐derived Cu. The experimental and theoretical results both show that the strong hydrophobicity and high local basicity jointly boosted the eCO2RR as acquired by felicitously introducing ionomer on the Cu(OH)2‐derived Cu surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rather than just focusing on the catalyst itself in the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR), as previously reviewed elsewhere, we herein extend the discussion to the special topic of the microenvironment around the electrocatalytic center and present a comprehensive overview of recent research progress. We categorize the microenvironment based on the components relevant to electrocatalytic active sites, i.e. the catalyst surface, substrate, co‐reactants, electrolyte, membrane, and reactor. Supported by most of the reported articles, the relevant factors affecting the catalytic performance of eCO2RR are then discussed in detail, and existing challenges and potential solutions are mentioned. Perspectives for the future research on eCO2RR, including the integration of different microenvironment factors, the extension to industrial application by coupling with carbon capture and conversion, and separation of products, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoredox‐mediated radical/polar crossover (RPC) processes provide unique solutions to challenging annulations. Herein, we describe an approach to the cyclopropanation of olefins that are embedded within bicyclic scaffolds. Whereas these systems are notoriously recalcitrant toward classical cyclopropanation approaches, RPC cyclopropanation can be executed with ease, leading to polycarbocyclic and polyheterocyclic cyclopropanes. The cyclopropanation proceeds through a photoredox‐enabled Giese‐type radical addition followed by an intramolecular anionic substitution reaction on a neopentyl leaving group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]