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Hua-Man Wu,1,2,* Zhi-Jun Wang,1,* Chao-Hong Cheng,1 Tong Su,1 Jing Wang,1 Ye-Zhou Li,3 Qiao-Jun Wang,4 Fei Han,4 Rui Chen1,4 1Department of Respiratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zigong First People’s Hospital, Zigong, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Medicine, the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; 4Department of Sleeping Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Rui Chen, Department of Respiratory/Department of Sleeping Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86(0512)67784857, Email chenruigood@126.comPurpose: Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) can lead to cognitive impairment, though few studies have so far examined hypercapnia as its causal mechanism, due to the invasive nature of conventional arterial CO2 measurement. The study aims to investigate the effects of daytime hypercapnia on working memory in young and middle-aged patients with OSAHS.Patients and Methods: This prospective study screened 218 patients and eventually recruited 131 patients (aged 25– 60 years) with polysomnography (PSG)-diagnosed OSAHS. Using a cut-off of 45mmHg daytime transcutaneous partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PtcCO2), 86 patients were assigned into the normocapnic group and 45 patients into the hypercapnic group. Working memory was evaluated using the Digit Span Backward Test (DSB) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.Results: Compared with the normocapnic group, the hypercapnic group performed worse in verbal, visual, and spatial working memory tasks. PtcCO2≥ 45mmHg was an independent predictor for lower DSB scores (OR=4.057), lower accuracy in the immediate Pattern Recognition Memory (OR=2.600), delayed Pattern Recognition Memory (OR=2.766) and Spatial Recognition Memory (OR=2.722) tasks, lower Spatial Span scores (OR=4.795), and more between errors in the Spatial Working Memory task (OR=2.734 and 2.558, respectively). Notably, PSG indicators of hypoxia and sleep fragmentation did not predict task performance.Conclusion: Hypercapnia may be plays an important role in working memory impairment in patients with OSAHS, perhaps more so than hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. Routine CO2 monitoring in these patients could prove of utility in clinical practices.Keywords: hypercapnia, obstructive, sleep apnea, working memory

Zi-Jiao Wang,1,&ast; Xiao-Ning Liu,1,&ast; Jia-Jun He,1 Yan-Ping Wang,1 Chen-Xi Zhao,2 Xiao-Jing Yang,1 Hong-Yan Yin,3 De-Pin Cao,1,&ast; Shu-E Zhang1,&ast; 1Department of Health Management, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China; 2Academic Affairs Office, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: De-Pin Cao; Shu-E Zhang, Department of Health Management, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13351113008 ; +86 15104694354, Email caodp211@126.com; hydzhangshue@163.comPurpose: The COVID-19 pandemic sets specific circumstances that may accelerate academic procrastination behavior of medical students. Career calling is a protective factor that fights against academic procrastination and may further improve medical students’ mental health and academic achievement. This study aims to determine the status of Chinese medical students’ academic procrastination during controlled COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the study investigates the relationships and mechanisms among career calling, peer pressure, a positive learning environment, and academic procrastination.Patients and Methods: Data were collected from several Chinese medical universities through an anonymous cross-sectional survey of 3614 respondents (effective response rate = 60.0%). Using online questionnaires to collect the data and IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 for statistical analysis.Results: The average score of academic procrastination of Chinese medical students was 2.62± 0.86. This study proved the usage of peer pressure and positive learning environment as moderating roles of relationship between career calling and academic procrastination. Career calling was negatively correlated with academic procrastination (r = − 0.232, p < 0.01), while it was positively correlated with peer pressure (r = 0.390, p < 0.01) and a positive learning environment (r = 0.339, p < 0.01). Moreover, academic procrastination was negatively correlated with peer pressure (r = − 0.279, p < 0.01) and a positive learning environment (r = − 0.242, p < 0.01). Peer pressure was positively correlated with a positive learning environment (r = 0.637, p < 0.01).Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of constructive peer pressure and a positive learning environment that discourages academic procrastination. Educators should highlight medical career calling education by offering related courses to fight against academic procrastination.Keywords: career calling, academic procrastination, peer pressure, positive learning environment, medical students, moderating effects

Qi-Wen Deng,1,&ast; Shi Huang,1,&ast; Shuo Li,2,&ast; Qian Zhai,1 Qing Zhang,1 Zhen-Jie Wang,1 Wen-Xia Chen,1 Huiling Sun,3 Min Lu,1 Junshan Zhou1 1Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China; 3General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Junshan Zhou; Min Lu Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 210006, People’s Republic of China Email zhjsh333@126.com; luminnfhsjk@126.comBackground and Purpose: This study aimed to explore several peripheral blood-based markers related to the inflammatory response in a total of 210 patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by large artery occlusion in the anterior circulation who received endovascular therapy (EVT) from an observational study of clinical significance of circulating non-coding RNA in acute ischemic stroke (AISRNA).Methods: We collected baseline characteristics of 210 AIS patients participating in an observational acute stroke cohort: the AISRNA study. The following inflammatory factors were measured in these participants: interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], and interferon-γ [IFN-γ]. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score increase of ≥ 4 within 24 hours after EVT defined as early neurological deterioration (END).Results: Compared with patients without END, patients with END had a higher incidence of atrial fibrillation (P=0.012), and also had higher levels of IL-6 and IL-10 (P< 0.01). Furthermore, we found that the area under the curves (AUCs) of IL-6 and IL-10 for predicting END were 0.768 (0.697– 0.829), and 0.647 (0.570– 0.719), respectively. Adjusting for age, sex, and atrial fibrillation, the odds ratios (ORs; 95% confidence interval) for incident END for IL-6 and IL-10 were 1.98 (1.05– 6.69) and 1.18 (1.04– 1.33), respectively. Additionally, we found significant changes over time in the expression levels of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in patients with END compared with patients without END (P< 0.05).Conclusion: IL-6 and IL-10 levels at admission may be potential markers of END after EVT, and the time course of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 is correlated with stroke progression. Further larger studies are needed to confirm the current findings.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04175691. Registered November 21, 2019, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04175691Keywords: acute ischemic stroke, early neurological deterioration, endovascular therapy, inflammatory factors, IL-6

Ji-Yu Liu,1 Hong-Min Dong,2,3 Wen-Ling Wang,2,3 Gang Wang,1– 3 Huan Pan,3 Wei-Wei Chen,1– 3 Qian Wang,4 Ze-Jun Wang5 1Department of Oncology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550001, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550001, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Abdominal Oncology, Guizhou Cancer Hospital, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550001, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550001, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guizhou Cancer Hospital, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550001, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Hong-Min DongDepartment of Abdominal Oncology, Guizhou Cancer Hospital, NO. 1 Of West Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guizhou, Guiyang, 550001, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 851-6855119Email donghm903hm@163.comObjective: A retrospective analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of the preoperative prognostic nutritional index (PNI) on the severity of toxic side effects of radiochemotherapy and the survival prognosis of patients with gastric cancer to guide the clinical nutritional support for patients with gastric cancer.Methods: Data of 191 patients with gastric cancer in the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of Guizhou Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University between January 2008 and December 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were allocated to the high PNI group (with PNI ≥ 47.7) and the low PNI group (with PNI < 47.7) according to the PNI cutoff value, and the incidence of severe toxic side effects of radiochemotherapy and the overall survival time were compared between the high PNI group and low PNI group. In addition, prognostic factor analysis was performed.Results: The severe hematologic side effects of radiochemotherapy and shorter postoperative survival time were more likely to occur in the low PNI group than in the high PNI group. The multifactor analysis showed that TNM stage (p = 0.000) and PNI (p = 0.001) were the independent risk factors for the overall postoperative survival time in patients with gastric cancer.Conclusion: Preoperative PNI might predict the severity of hematologic toxic side effects of adjuvant chemotherapy/radiochemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer after surgery. Patients in the low PNI group were more likely to have severe hematologic toxic side effects, and therefore a low PNI might be one of the important factors affecting the prognosis of gastric cancer.Keywords: stomach neoplasms, prognosis nutrition index, toxic side effects, prognosis

Helium implantation can cause the formation of a helium gas-bubble superlattice in crystalline materials. Experimental studies of the mechanical response of a material hosting such a superlattice are lacking, especially at the microstructural level. By employing a novel, high-throughput, high-precision nanoscale helium implantation technique, in combination with in-situ transmission electron microscopy nanomechanical testing, we find that the helium-bubble superlattice structure in copper is disordered or maintained depending on whether the material's plasticity occurs by multiple ordinary full dislocations or by deformation twinning. In addition, helium implantation can harden the material significantly: the higher the dose, the larger the yield stress. The measured hardening behavior agrees well with the trend predicted by the Friedel-Kroupa-Hirsch model. Our findings shed new light on understanding the mechanical and microstructural properties of materials subjected to intense helium generation by neutron and alpha-particle bombardment in nuclear fusion, fission or spallation systems.

Wei Jin,1,* Jian-Chun Duan,2,* Zhi-Jie Wang,2 Lin Lin,2 Hua Bai,2 Jie Wang,2 Li Feng1 1Department of Chinese Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People’s Republic of China; 2State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jie WangState Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 139-1070-4669Email zlhuxi@163.comLi FengDepartment of Chinese Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 186-1814-7576Email fengli663@126.comAbstract: Immunotherapy provided with checkpoint inhibitors such as the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor or its ligand-1 (PD-L1) protein has been shown to be effective for treating several types of cancer, and was recently approved for use in treating malignant melanoma, advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), urothelial carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, liver cancer, and additional forms of cancer. However, there is little evidence concerning its effectiveness in treating thymic squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). Here, we report two cases of refractory TSCC that were treated with PD-1 single/combination therapy in a clinical setting. The patients exhibited variable responses to therapy without any serious adverse events. In summary, our findings show that immunotherapy provided with an immuno-checkpoint inhibitor in combination with chemotherapy/anti-angiogenesis therapy can improve the treatment response of patients with refractory TSCC. Anti-PD-1 single/combination therapy may be used as a strategy for treating advanced refractory TC.Keywords: thymic carcinoma, anti-PD-1, single/combination therapy

ObjectiveTo systematically investigate the effect of CT localizer radiograph acquisition on the tube current modulation and thus radiation dose of the subsequent diagnostic scan.MethodsLocalizer radiographs of an abdominal section CT phantom were taken, and the resulting volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) for the diagnostic scan was recorded. Variables included tube potential, the phantom's alignment within the CT scanner gantry in both the vertical and horizontal directions and the X-ray source angle at which the localizer was acquired.ResultsDiagnostic scan CTDIvol decreased with increasing tube potential. Vertical (table height) movement was found to affect radiation dose more than horizontal movement, with ±50 mm table movement resulting in a standard deviation in the diagnostic scan CTDIvol of 4.4 mGy, compared with 2.5 mGy with ±50 mm horizontal movement. Correspondingly, localizer angles of 90° or 270° (3 o'clock and 9 o'clock X-ray source positions) were less sensitive overall to alignment errors, with a standard deviation of 2.5 mGy, compared with a 0° or 180° angle, which had a standard deviation of 3.8 mGy.ConclusionTo achieve a consistently optimized radiation dose, the localizer protocol should be paired with the diagnostic acquisition protocol. A final acquisition angle of 90° should be used when possible to minimize dose variation resulting from alignment errors.Advances in knowledgeLocalizer parameters that affect radiation output were identified for this scanner system. The importance of tube potential and acquisition angle was highlighted.

Keesha L Powell-Roach,1 Yingwei Yao,2 Julienne N Rutherford,3 Judith M Schlaeger,3 Crystal L Patil,3 Marie L Suarez,4 David Shuey,4 Veronica Angulo,4 Jesus Carrasco,4 Miriam O Ezenwa,2 Roger B Fillingim,1 Zaijie J Wang,5 Robert E Molokie,5–7 Diana J Wilkie1,21Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 2Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 3Department of Women, Children and Family Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; 4Department of Biobehavioral Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; 5Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; 6Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; 7Department of Hematology/Oncology, Jessie Brown Veteran’s Administration Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USAPurpose: Only a few studies have reported quantitative sensory testing (QST) reference values for healthy African Americans, and those studies are limited in sample size and age of participants. The study purpose was to characterize QST values in healthy, pain-free African American adults and older adults whose prior pain experiences and psychological status were also measured. We examined the QST values for differences by sex, age, and body test site.Patients and methods: A cross-sectional sample of 124 pain-free African American adults (age 18–69 years, 49% female) completed demographic and self-reported pain, fatigue and psychosocial measures. QST was performed to obtain thermal and mechanical responses and associated pain intensity levels.Results: We found thermal detection values at the anterior forearm were (29.2 °C±1.6) for cool detection (CD) and (34.5 °C±1.2) for warm detection (WD). At that site the sample had cold pain threshold (CPTh) (26.3 °C±5.0), heat pain threshold (HPTh) (37.8 °C±3.6), and mechanical pain thresholds (MPTH) (16.7±22.2 grams of force, gF). There was a significant between sex difference for WD, with women being more sensitive (q=0.027). Lower body sites were less sensitive than upper body sites across all thermal modalities (q

Takayasu arteritis is a chronic, idiopathic, inflammatory disease that primarily affects large vessels, such as the aorta and its major branches and the pulmonary and coronary arteries. The non-specific inflammation of involved vessels usually leads to concentric wall thickening, fibrosis and thrombus formation. Diseased arteries become stenotic or occluded, undergo vascular remodelling or develop aneurysms. According to the involvement of arteries, six types of Takayasu arteritis are documented. The purpose of this pictorial review is to illustrate the various multidetector CT angiography appearances of Takayasu arteritis and to discuss the differential diagnosis.

Huan Xie1, Beth Goins2, Ande Bao2, Zheng Jim Wang3, William T Phillips21Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, 2Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 3MPI Research Inc, Mattawan, MIBackground: Gold nanoshells are excellent agents for photothermal ablation cancer therapy and are currently under clinical trial for solid tumors. Previous studies showed that passive delivery of gold nanoshells through intravenous administration resulted in limited tumor accumulation, which represents a major challenge for this therapy. In this report, the impact of direct intratumoral administration on the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the nanoshells was systematically investigated.Methods: The gold nanoshells were labeled with the radionuclide, copper-64 (64Cu). Intratumoral infusion of 64Cu-nanoshells and two controls, ie, 64Cu-DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazaciclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) and 64Cu-DOTA-PEG (polyethylene glycol), as well as intravenous injection of 64Cu-nanoshells were performed in nude rats, each with a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenograft. The pharmacokinetics was determined by radioactive counting of serial blood samples collected from the rats at different time points post-injection. Using positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging, the in vivo distribution of 64Cu-nanoshells and the controls was monitored at various time points after injection. Organ biodistribution in the rats at 46 hours was analyzed by radioactive counting and compared between the different groups.Results: The resulting pharmacokinetic curves indicated a similar trend between the intratumorally injected agents, but a significant difference with the intravenously injected 64Cu-nanoshells. Positron emission tomography images and organ biodistribution results on rats after intratumoral administration showed higher retention of 64Cu-nanoshells in tumors and less concentration in other healthy organs, with a significant difference from the controls. It was also found that, compared with intravenous injection, tumor concentrations of 64Cu-nanoshells improved substantially and were stable at 44 hours post-injection.Conclusion: There was a higher intratumoral retention of 64Cu-nanoshells and a lower concentration in other healthy tissues, suggesting that intratumoral administration is a potentially better approach for nanoshell-based photothermal therapy.Keywords: gold nanoshells, intratumoral administration, positron emission tomography, biodistribution

Xiao Lin1,2, Zhuo-Jun Wang2, Fang Huang3, Shuang Liang1, Lan Shen2, Yi Feng1, Ke-Feng Ruan11Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 3Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of ChinaBackground: Radix ophiopogonis polysaccharide (ROP) has been found to be effective against myocardial ischemia. One of main problems with its use is its short in-vivo half-life, which makes the development of an effective delivery system necessary. To achieve better therapeutic effects and patient compliance by prolonging its retention in plasma and increasing its distribution in targets, ROP was PEGylated (PEG, polyethylene glycol) in this study.Methods: Through a moderate coupling reaction between hydroxyl-activated ROP and amino-terminated methoxy-PEG (mPEG) (30 or 40 kDa), together with a greater than 1 molar ratio of ROP to mPEG in reaction, long-circulating and potentially bioactive PEGylated ROPs, with PEG grafting number of ~1.0, were prepared, characterized, and the pharmacokinetics evaluated.Results: Relative to ROP, whose half-life was approximately 0.7 hours, the two conjugates prepared, following intravenous administration, showed markedly prolonged retention in systemic circulation with half-lives in blood of 78.4 and 88.3 hours, respectively. When given subcutaneously, their in-vivo mean residence times were further markedly prolonged by the slow absorption phase. They were found to be well absorbed after subcutaneous administration, with absolute bioavailability being 75.4% and 43.9%, respectively.Conclusion: With apparent molecular masses not exceeding 43 kDa, the conjugates prepared have been and will be demonstrated to have prominent advantages for ROP delivery, such as: the good absorption following subcutaneous, intramuscular, or other ways of administration; the effective utilization of the enhanced permeability and retention effect caused by ischemia; and the rapid diffusion within target tissues.Keywords: radix ophiopogonis polysaccharide, polyethylene glycol, conjugation, pharmacokinetics

Abstract Background Nonspecific (nonproductive) binding (adsorption) of cellulase by lignin has been identified as a key barrier to reduce cellulase loading for economical sugar and biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. Sulfite Pretreatment to Overcome Recalcitrance of Lignocelluloses (SPORL) is a relatively new process, but demonstrated robust performance for sugar and biofuel production from woody biomass especially softwoods in terms of yields and energy efficiencies. This study demonstrated the role of lignin sulfonation in enhancing enzymatic saccharification of lignocelluloses – lignosulfonate from SPORL can improve enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses, contrary to the conventional belief that lignin inhibits enzymatic hydrolysis due to nonspecific binding of cellulase. Results The study found that lignosulfonate from SPORL pretreatment and from a commercial source inhibits enzymatic hydrolysis of pure cellulosic substrates at low concentrations due to nonspecific binding of cellulase. Surprisingly, the reduction in enzymatic saccharification efficiency of a lignocellulosic substrate was fully recovered as the concentrations of these two lignosulfonates increased. We hypothesize that lignosulfonate serves as a surfactant to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis at higher concentrations and that this enhancement offsets its inhibitive effect from nonspecific binding of cellulase, when lignosulfonate is applied to lignocellulosic solid substrates. Lignosulfonate can block nonspecific binding of cellulase by bound lignin on the solid substrates, in the same manner as a nonionic surfactant, to significantly enhance enzymatic saccharification. This enhancement is linearly proportional to the amount of lignosulfonate applied which is very important to practical applications. For a SPORL-pretreated lodgepole pine solid, 90% cellulose saccharification was achieved at cellulase loading of 13 FPU/g glucan with the application of its corresponding pretreatment hydrolysate coupled with increasing hydrolysis pH to above 5.5 compared with only 51% for the control run without lignosulfonate at pH 5.0. The pH-induced lignin surface modification at pH 5.5 further reduced nonspecific binding of cellulase by lignosulfonate. Conclusions The results reported in this study suggest significant advantages for SPORL-pretreatment in terms of reducing water usage and enzyme dosage, and simplifying process integration, i.e., it should eliminate washing of SPORL solid fraction for direct simultaneous enzymatic saccharification and combined fermentation of enzymatic and pretreatment hydrolysates (SSCombF). Elevated pH 5.5 or higher, rather than the commonly believed optimal and widely practiced pH 4.8-5.0, should be used in conducting enzymatic saccharification of lignocelluloses.