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This article aims to explore an effective method for reducing vehicle collisions at unsignalized intersections. First, a monocular-binocular vision switching system is built to enable machine vision-based detection of obstacle vehicles in the left and right front directions. Then, the motion state and trajectory of each obstacle vehicle are predicted, and the intersection points of the trajectories of the obstacle vehicle and the ego vehicle are calculated. On this basis, a cross-conflict judgment model based on trajectories and collision times and a safety assessment model based on safety distance are established. Finally, the conflict judgment and safety assessment for the obstacle vehicles are simulated. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the monocular-binocular vision switching system proposed in this article can achieve a detection accuracy of 95%, a ranging accuracy of 96%, and a cross-conflict detection accuracy of 97%, while ensuring a maximum detection area, which can meet the requirements of traffic safety assurance at unsignalized intersections., Author(s): Yuqiong Wang [1]; Liming Wang [1]; Ruoyu Zhu [1]; Yi Xu (corresponding author) [1,2]; Guoxin Jiang [1]; Xiaotian Ma [3] 1. Introduction Traffic conflict can be expressed as the [...]

PM2.5 pollution variations in different microenvironments would result in PM2.5 exposure inequity between rural and urban residents. In this study, the real-time PM2.5 exposure of urban and rural residents in China was examined based on portable PM2.5 sensors together with activity patterns derived from questionnaire surveys, with a focus on students and senior citizens who are sensitive to air pollution. The results showed that PM2.5 exposure varied significantly among different resident groups, with higher PM2.5 exposure of rural residents than those of urban residents. PM2.5 exposure peaks mostly occurred during (Accompanied) cooking activities owing to strong emissions. Sleeping and resting were the main activities that affected PM2.5 exposures of different resident groups, accounting for 60.7%–94.5% of total daily exposures. Furthermore, the long duration of sleeping makes it the predominant activity contributing to PM2.5 exposure inequity. It is necessary to obtain point-to-point respiratory volume (respiratory rate) data when measuring real-time PM2.5 exposure data and incorporate respiratory volume (respiratory rate) into the analysis of PM2.5 exposure. For the first time, this study quantified the PM2.5 exposure inequality based on a novel method and can provide useful information for further studies on the exposure inequity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embedding all-inorganic CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I) perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) into glass matrixes overcomes the instability of PNCs. However, there is still a significant need to enhance the photoluminescence properties of CsPbX3 PNC glasses for optoelectronic applications. Currently, there are few strategies to modulate the photoluminescence (PL) of CsPbX3 PNC glasses due to a lack of understanding regarding the precipitation and PL mechanism of PNCs in glass matrixes. In this work, effective strategies were proposed to enhance visible PL by using Bi ions as fluorescent probes and structural modifiers. The addition of Bi ions promoted the precipitation of CsPbX3 PNCs in glasses, and increased the photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) by 5-fold. Various characterisation studies demonstrated that Bi ions effectively compensated for structural defects and transferred energy to CsPbX3 PNCs, thereby suppressing non-radiative transitions. Furthermore, high-purity green- and red light emitting diodes (LEDs) were successfully fabricated by combining CsPbX3:Bi2O3 PNC glasses with blue LED chips. Clear fluorescence imaging was achieved using a miniaturised fluorescence detector with the green LED as an excitation source. This work provides a powerful strategy for designing highly efficient PNC glasses with potential applications in lighting, displays and bioimaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's rapidly evolving software environment, the graphical user interface (GUI) plays a crucial role in providing intuitive, user-friendly interaction. However, traditional intrusive GUI testing methods often face challenges such as interrupting user workflows, requiring significant manual effort and insufficient test scenario coverage. Non-intrusive testing methods, such as Robotic Process Automation (RPA), offer a solution to validate GUI functionality without modifying the application's code or affecting the user experience. RPA systems automate repetitive tasks by simulating user interactions, becoming valuable tools in GUI testing. However, challenges like limited computational resources, time constraints, or restricted exploration capabilities may limit the efficiency of individual RPA agents, thus restricting coverage and effectiveness. To address this issue, this study explores the performance of a single RPA agent versus an RPA cluster under different testing conditions, using three popular testing methods: Monkey, Stoat and Q-testing. Experimental results indicate that an RPA cluster outperforms a single RPA in GUI coverage and error detection, making a significant contribution to the field of non-intrusive GUI exploration testing. The findings of this study provide directions for future research to ensure the delivery of high-quality mobile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism. GS can be divided into cytosolic and plastidic subtypes and has been reported to respond to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little research has been reported on the function of GS in mulberry. In this study, the full length of MaGS2 was cloned, resulting in 1302 bp encoding 433 amino acid residues. MaGS2 carried the typical GS2 motifs and clustered with plastidic-subtype GSs in the phylogenetic analysis. MaGS2 localized in chloroplasts, demonstrating that MaGS2 is a plastidic GS. The expression profile showed that MaGS2 is highly expressed in sclerotiniose pathogen-infected fruit and sclerotiniose-resistant fruit, demonstrating that MaGS2 is associated with the response to sclerotiniose in mulberry. Furthermore, the overexpression of MaGS2 in tobacco decreased the resistance against Ciboria shiraiana, and the knockdown of MaGS2 in mulberry by VIGS increased the resistance against C. shiraiana, demonstrating the role of MaGS2 as a negative regulator of mulberry resistance to C. shiraiana infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the classical setting of an optimal stopping problem under full information to include problems with an unknown state. The framework allows the unknown state to influence (i) the drift of the underlying process, (ii) the payoff functions, and (iii) the distribution of the time horizon. Since the stopper is assumed to observe the underlying process and the random horizon, this is a two-source learning problem. Assigning a prior distribution for the unknown state, standard filtering theory can be employed to embed the problem in a Markovian framework with one additional state variable representing the posterior of the unknown state. We provide a convenient formulation of this Markovian problem, based on a measure change technique that decouples the underlying process from the new state variable. Moreover, we show by means of several novel examples that this reduced formulation can be used to solve problems explicitly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present toxicological assessments of carbon nanomaterials in HL-7702 cells, and it was found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were elevated. Mass spectrometry results indicated that cysteine sulfhydryl of glutaredoxin-1 (GLRX1) was oxidized to sulfenic acids and sulfonic acids by excessive ROS, which broke the binding of GLRX1 to apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, causing the activation of the JNK/p38 signaling pathway and ultimately hepatocyte apoptosis. However, a lower level of ROS upregulated GLRX1 instead of sulfonation modification of its active sites. Highly expressed GLRX1 in turn enabled the removal of intracellular ROS, thereby exerting inconspicuous toxic effects on cells. Taken together, these findings emphasized that CNM-induced hepatotoxicity is attributable to oxidative modifications of GLRX1 arising from redox imbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]