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In this study, changes in the contents of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin of fresh mare milk were analyzed after heat treatments at different temperatures and for different durations, and changes in the volatile composition were also analyzed by electronic nose, electronic tongue and solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The results showed that heat treatment at 85 ℃ for 10 s had the smallest effect on the protein content in mare milk. When the heating temperature was 95 ℃, the particle size of mare milk protein increased from 318.18 to 543.25 nm with the increase in heating time. The fresh taste of mare milk treated at 85 ℃ for 10 s, which had the weakest sour taste, was the closest to that of raw mare milk. Heat-treated mare milk contained more types of volatile flavor compounds and had higher contents of hydrocarbons, aromatics, ketones, and alcohols but significantly lower contents of acids than raw mare milk.

In this study, the effects of adding mixtures of mono- and di-fatty acid glycerides and Tween 80 with different hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values on the stability and whipping characteristics of cream were studied, and the hardness, whipping rate, apparent viscosity, stability, and microstructure of the cream samples were detected. The results showed that with the increase in HLB value, the apparent viscosity of the emulsion decreased, and shear thinning occurred in all cream samples. The centrifugal creaming rate and turbiscan stability index (TSI) decreased first and then increased, and so did the absolute value of zeta potential. The results of whipping characteristics analysis showed that with the increase in HLB value, the whipping time and whipping rate of cream decreased, and the hardness after whipping increased first and then decreased, reaching a maximum of 1 150.1 g when the HLB value was 9. At HLB values in the range of 9–11, cream exhibited a shorter whipping time, higher whipping hardness, appropriate whipping rate, and good mounting performance with no collapse or deformation. Meanwhile, the microstructure showed that the size of the cream bubbles was relatively uniform after whipping, and the fat globules around the bubbles were dense and close to each other, thus forming a better network structure to protect the bubbles and make the foam more stable. Therefore, the HLB value of mixed emulsifiers should be controlled in the range of 9–11 to obtain cream with good stability and whipping characteristics.

Milk is an ideal environment for the growth of microorganisms, especially psychrotrophic bacteria, which can survive under cold conditions and produce heat-resistant enzymes. Psychrotrophic bacteria create the great problem of spoiling milk quality and safety. Several ways that milk might get contaminated by psychrotrophic bacteria include animal health, cowshed hygiene, water quality, feeding strategy, as well as milk collection, processing, etc. Maintaining the quality of raw milk is critically essential in dairy processing, and the dairy sector is still affected by the premature milk deterioration of market-processed products. This review focused on the recent detection and control strategies of psychrotrophic bacteria and emphasizes the significance of advanced sensing methods for early detection. It highlights the ongoing challenges in the dairy industry caused by these microorganisms and discusses future perspectives in enhancing milk quality through innovative rapid detection methods and stringent processing controls. This review advocates for a shift towards more sophisticated on-farm detection technologies and improved control practices to prevent spoilage and economic losses in the dairy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the intelligence of urban and rural buses, it is necessary to realize the accurate prediction of bus arrival time. This paper first introduced urban and rural buses. Then, the arrival time prediction was divided into two parts: road travel time and stop time, and they were predicted by the support vector regression method and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) method. A section of a bus route in Pingdingshan city of Henan province was taken as an example for analysis. The results showed that the method designed in this study had better accuracy, and the result was closer to the actual value, with a maximum error of 84 s, a minimum error of 10 s, an average error of 42.5 s, and an average relative error of 5.74%, which could meet the needs of passengers. The results verify the reliability of the designed method in predicting the arrival time of urban and rural buses, which can be popularized and applied in practice.

Aim: This paper determines the polymorphism distribution of the VDR BsmI gene in 350 patients and provides medication recommendations for osteoporosis based on detection results. Materials & methods: Chi-square tests compared genotype and allele frequencies with other populations. Results: Genotype frequencies were 91.66 bb, 8.72 Bb and 0.21% BB, with allelic frequencies of 95.43 b and 4.57% B, adhering to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These findings suggest that VDR gene polymorphisms, particularly at the BsmIlocus, play an essential role in bone health and osteoporosis treatment. Genotype-based drug selection reduced adverse reactions from 14 to two cases. Conclusion: These findings improve clinical treatment efficacy and guide rational drug use for osteoporosis patients. Article highlights Objective To determine the polymorphism distribution of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) BsmI locus gene in osteoporosis patients and provide medication recommendations. Methods Genetic testing of 350 patients for VDR BsmI gene polymorphisms, comparison of genotype and allele frequencies, and assessment of the impact on drug selection. Significance Understanding the role of VDR gene polymorphisms in bone health and treatment response, and the potential for genotype-based drug selection. Results Genotype distribution: The study identified three genotypes at the BsmI locus: bb (91.66%), Bb (8.72%) and BB (0.21%), with allele frequencies of 95.43% for b and 4.57% for B. This distribution aligns with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, indicating a representative sample. Comparison with other populations: The VDR gene allele frequencies in the Guangdong Han population significantly differ from those in South Asia, America, Europe and Africa but are similar to other East Asian populations. Impact on bone mineral density: There was no significant difference in bone mineral density T-scores before and after treatment across the different VDR genotypes, but patients with the b allele showed better responses to osteoporosis treatments, particularly with bisphosphonates. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs): before genetic testing, there were 14 ADRs, which reduced to only two cases post implementation, indicating improved treatment outcomes and reduced side effects through genotype-based drug selection. Conclusions The study supports the importance of genetic testing in guiding osteoporosis treatment as VDR gene polymorphisms, particularly at the BsmI locus, significantly influence treatment efficacy and the occurrence of ADRs. Genotype-based drug selection can improve clinical outcomes and minimize side effects. The findings suggest the need for further research on the distribution and impact of VDR BsmI locus polymorphism in different Chinese populations. Large-scale, multicenter studies are recommended to validate these results and enhance the precision of genotype-based drug recommendations. Integrating pharmacogenomics into clinical practice promises to improve the effectiveness of osteoporosis treatments, minimize adverse reactions, and advance personalized medicine, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a self-administered questionnaire to investigate the relationship between HIV/AIDS knowledge, social discrimination, HIV self-efficacy, sexual behavioral characteristics and HIV testing behavior among young students with a history of sexual activity in Chongqing. Propensity score matching was used to construct a control group with similar demographic characteristics to the HIV testing group, only without HIV testing behaviors. Structural equation modeling was used to conduct chain-mediated effect analysis. The HIV testing rate among young students with a history of sexual behavior was 17.16%. Young students with HIV testing behavior had higher levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge, lower social discrimination, better self-efficacy, and no difference in sexual behavior characteristic scores between the two groups (P = 0.062). The mediated effect values of social discrimination and self-efficacy were 0.022 and 0.063, respectively, while their chain mediated effect value was 0.007. There was no mediated effect of sexual behavior characteristics. The level of young students' HIV/AIDS knowledge does not directly influence their HIV testing behavior but plays a complete chain mediating effect on HIV testing behavior through social discrimination and self-efficacy. HIV testing behavior should be promoted through the perspectives of enhancing HIV/AIDS knowledge level, reducing social discrimination, and improving self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equol is the most potent soy isoflavone metabolite and is produced by specific intestinal microorganisms of mammals. It has promising application possibilities for preventing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and prostate cancer due to its high antioxidant activity and hormone-like activity. Thus, it is of great significance to systematically study the efficient preparation method of equol and its functional activity. This paper elaborates on the metabolic mechanism of equol in humans; focuses on the biological characteristics, synthesis methods, and the currently isolated equol-producing bacteria; and looks forward to its future development and application direction, aiming to provide guidance for the application and promotion of equol in the field of food and health products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]