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This paper first analyzes the causes of phonological and lexical changes in English linguistics and discusses the main manifestations of English phonological changes and phonological and lexical changes. Then, it constructs the evaluation model of English linguistics using the dominant correlation method based on the entropy value, approximation ideal, and gray correlation methods. Finally, data on phonological and lexical changes are analyzed about the development of English linguistics in the past sixty years. From the analysis of factors affecting English vocabulary change, the historical factor responsible for vocabulary change is the development of human society, and the factor value currently stands at 0.428. In comparison, the social, psychological, cultural and foreign language factor values reach 0.654, 0.458, 0.512 and 0.461, respectively.

Biogas is a renewable gas produced by the fermentation of biomass and is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fossil fuels. To overcome the problems of traditional biogas burner, such as unstable combustion, easy flameout and backfire, and low thermal intensity, a new water-cooled biogas burner based on fully premixed combustion technology was designed and developed. Then, numerical simulations and experimental investigations were conducted to explore the effects of CO2 content, excess air coefficient, heat load, and cooling water temperature on the combustion characteristics of the burner. The results revealed that the designed burner exhibited good adaptability to simulated biogas with methane concentrations ranging from 55 % to 80 %. Increasing CO2 content resulted in decreased combustion temperatures and reduced NOx and CO emissions concentration at the burner outlet. In addition, reducing the excess air coefficient enhanced the combustion heat intensity and reduced combustion heat loss. Nevertheless, excessively low excess air coefficients yielded elevated levels of NOx and CO in the flue gas. The results showed that the designed burner demonstrated stable operation at a minimum heat load of 35 %, exhibited a favorable load regulation ratio, and had low emissions. It is a promising solution for utilizing biogas as a clean and sustainable energy source.

The majority of a coal mine's goaf is semi-closed complex porous medium space, which is a critical place for coal spontaneous combustion disasters. To investigate the flow diffusion pattern of inorganic compounds in fractured coal in the goaf, as well as the capacity to put out coal fires. It examine the viscosity properties of an inorganic material slurry as a function of water/material ratio and time. By building a three-dimensional grouting test platform in the lab, simulating the broken coal body with sand and gravel, designing orthogonal tests to run multiple groups of grouting tests, and analyzing the effects of factors besides grouting pressure, water/material ratio, and air space ratio on the slurry diffusion radius. The effect of grouting pressure on the pattern of slurry diffusion radius of inorganic material and the water/material ratio under the action of grouting pressure is studied. The test of inorganic materials to extinguish coal pile fire is done, and the fire extinguishing and cooling ability is assessed in comparison to mud of the same grade, based on a prior research of inorganic materials to suppress CO formation in coal oxidation warming. According on the findings, the three-dimensional grouting test platform can pass the grouting test of loose sand and gravel bodies at various grouting pressures. The effects of grouting pressure, water/material ratio, and air space ratio on slurry dispersion are discovered to be multivariate power function relationships rather than linear correlations. The related slurry diffusion radius equation is established, and the variables impacting the parameters of the slurry diffusion range are evaluated, with the grouting pressure and water/material ratio having a substantial impact on slurry diffusion. Inorganic materials, as opposed to mud, require less time to extinguish coal pile fires and are less prone to scatter. It can form an oxygen barrier through continually covering the surface of coal. The study's findings might give a solid foundation for the avoidance of slurry and fire suppression of inorganic materials in the goaf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, based on the OI135.6 nm night airglow data of the FY‐3D Ionospheric Photometer (IPM) during the 2018–2021 geomagnetically quiet period, the global wavenumber 4 longitudinal structure of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) at 2:00 local time was discovered, and the component of the wavenumber 4 was extracted from these structures. Compared with the OI135.6 nm night airglow data of the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) F18 during 2011–2014, there were significant differences in the variation pattern of the relative amplitude of the two versus solar activity and the seasonal variation in the proportion of the component of the wavenumber 4. Based on the neutral wind speed observation results of the Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐Resolution Thermospheric Imaging on board the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) from 2020 to 2021, the longitudinal structures of the 4 ionospheric waves after midnight are related to the cross‐equatorial meridional wind. We believe that the wavenumber 4 longitudinal structures after midnight originate from the semidiurnal eastward‐propagating with zonal wavenumber 2 (SE2) nonmigrating tide in the cross‐equatorial neutral wind rather than the diurnal eastward‐propagating with zonal wavenumber 3 (DE3) nonmigrating tide in from the zonal wind, which modulates the daytime wavenumber 4 longitudinal structures. Plain Language Summary: The longitudinal structures of EIA have been extensively studied by using satellite data. However, there are few observations and studies, due to the weak ionosphere near midnight. In this paper, we studied the longitudinal structures of EIA at 02:00 local time during geomagnetically quiet period, benefitted from the satellite orbits and high sensitivity of FY‐3D IPM. We found that the wavenumber 4 longitudinal structures of EIA still exist at 02:00 local time and are obvious at equinoxes. Compared with SSUSI F18 data, FY‐3D IPM data showed different characteristics of wavenumber 4 component of EIA longitudinal structures. Because of the different local time of data between SSUSI F18 and FY‐3D IPM, we consider that the longitudinal wavenumber 4 structures of EIA after midnight originated from the cross‐equatorial neutral wind rather than the electric field modulated by zonal neutral wind in daytime. Key Points: The wavenumber 4 longitudinal structures of equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) still exist after midnight and are more obvious at equinoxesThe wavenumber 4 component of EIA after midnight is positively correlated with the solar activity levelThe origin of the wavenumber 4 longitudinal structures of EIA after midnight is the modulation of the cross‐equatorial neutral wind [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar eclipse traveled across South China in the afternoon on 21 June 2020. Five ionosondes located from mid‐to low‐latitudes and on both north and south of the eclipse path were applied to investigate the ionospheric responses. Both the zonal and meridional ranges of the observation region have exceeded 1,000 km. All the five ionosondes had observed the Intermediate Descending Layers (IDLs) simultaneously just after the eclipse maximum and this is a very small probability event. During the solar eclipse, the multi‐hop echoes above the Es, the rising Es to 150 km altitude, the plasma flux from above F2‐layer were also observed and analyzed. The descending trend of the IDLs and the peak height of F2‐layer (hmF2) shows great consistency, indicating the close relationship between the eclipse induced plasma flux and the IDLs. The traces of gravity waves were also found in the IDLs and F‐layer. The plasma flux may carry the ions to valley region and the eclipse produced gravity waves were responsible for the formation of the IDLs. Key Points: Five ionosondes observed the intermediate descending layers simultaneously just after the solar eclipse maximumThe descending trend of the intermediate layers is very similar to that of the F2‐layer peak heightsPlasma flux and gravity waves associated with the solar eclipse are suggested to induce the intermediate descending layers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]