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Research has shown that an effective peer critique process improves the quality of student assignments in various disciplines. Despite its benefits, peer critique is not without challenges. The major concern is the quality of the feedback. Students are not willing to take critical stances in reviewing their peers' work and they tend to give more positive comments on their peers' work. Students often complain that most feedback is not useful. Due to poor feedback, students do not feel they have learned from their experiences. This paper reports a longitudinal study investigating peer critique conducted in the online learning environment. The purpose of this study is to observe how students conduct peer critique in an online environment, where interventions are infused and applied to promote group dynamics. Student online critiques were archived. Content analysis was applied in coding student critiques. Student-written reflections were collected to obtain student perceptions about online peer critique.

High Fischer ratio oligopeptides (HFOs) have a variety of biological activities, but their mechanisms of action for anti-fatigue are less systematically studied at present. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the anti-fatigue efficacy of HFOs from Antarctic krill (HFOs-AK) and explore its mechanism of action through establishing the fatigue model of endurance swimming in mice. Therefore, according to the comparison with the endurance swimming model group, HFOs-AK were able to dose-dependently prolong the endurance swimming time, reduce the levels of the metabolites (lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, and blood ammonia), increase the content of blood glucose, muscle glycogen, and liver glycogen, reduce lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase extravasation, and protect muscle tissue from damage in the endurance swimming mice. HFOs-AK were shown to enhance Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities and increase ATP content in muscle tissue. Meanwhile, HFOs-AK also showed significantly antioxidant ability by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the liver and decreasing the level of malondialdehyde. Further studies showed that HFOs-AK could regulate the body's energy metabolism and thus exert its anti-fatigue effects by activating the AMPK signaling pathway and up-regulating the expression of p-AMPK and PGC-α proteins. Therefore, HFOs-AK can be used as an auxiliary functional dietary molecules to exert its good anti-fatigue activity and be applied to anti-fatigue functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online discussion had been proliferating on university campuses in U.S. higher education. Nevertheless, the quality of student postings had been a concern. Research showed that assessment played an important role in promoting the success of online discussion. This article reported a design-based research on designing, implementing, and investigating assessment rules in online discussion. The study was conducted in discussion-based online courses at a large urban university in the United States. Participants were graduate students who were studying for their master's degree. The majority of the participants were currently school teachers. Student discussion postings and written reflections were collected over the time span of three semesters. Content analysis was applied in analyzing student postings. Student written reflections were analyzed to corroborate the results of the content analysis. Suggestions for the next cycle of redesign were discussed.

Online discussions have been proliferating in US higher education. Due to its widespread incorporation into university courses, instructors have been making efforts to design effective online discussions to enhance student learning. Ground rules play an important role in regulating student behaviors and performance in online discussions. This study reports how graduate students in education perceive ground rules designed for online discussions. The findings of the study provide insights on the role of ground rules in promoting student learning through online discussions.