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27. Investigation of the mechanical properties, surface quality, and energy efficiency of a fused filament fabrication for PA6

Author

Mushtaq Ray Tahir, Wang Yanen, Rehman Mudassar, Khan Aqib Mashood, Bao Chengwei, Sharma Shubham, Eldin Sayed M., and Abbas Mohamed

Subjects
fused filament fabrication, additive manufacturing, mechanical properties improvement, surface roughness, print time, energy efficiency, Technology, Chemical technology, TP1-1185
Abstract

Practitioners in the industry are developing predictive methods for assessing key parameters and responses of engineering materials. The aim of this research is to optimize the average surface roughness (R a), flexural strength (FS), tensile strength (TS), print time (T), and print energy consumption (E) of 3D printed Nylon 6 (PA6). Quantitative parameters for infill density (ID), layer thickness (LT), and print speed (PS) were selected. Employing the central component design (CCD)-response surface methodology (RSM) for investigational design, statistical analysis, and multi-objective optimization, a total of 20 samples were produced and analyzed to develop prediction models. The implication of the selected parameters was confirmed through variance analysis (ANOVA), and the models were validated using confirmatory trial tests. It was found that LT was essential in achieving appropriate R a and T values, while ID was a crucial factor in obtaining the necessary mechanical properties. RSM optimization led to an FS of 70.8 MPa, TS of 40.8 MPa, lowest T of 53 min, lowest possible R a of 8.30 µm, and 0.203 kW·h “E” at ID = 84%, LT = 0.21 mm, and PS = 75 mm·s−1. The study also revealed weak bond strength between layers and layers debonding after bending tests, as shown in SEM micrographs. The PA6 material exhibited flexibility during tensile testing, going into plasticity before breaking. The created numerically optimized model is anticipated to benefit manufacturers and practitioners in predicting the required surface quality for various factors before conducting experiments, ultimately improving 3D printing (3DP) processes and outcomes. Despite limitations such as limited parameter selection, small sample size, and material-specific focus, this research presents valuable insights for the 3DP industry.

Published
2023
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44. Modification of Hydrogels and Their Applications in Biomedical Engineering.

Author

Wang, Yanen, Wang, Yanen, and Wei, Qinghua

Subjects
History of engineering & technology, Materials science, Technology: general issues, Grey relational analysis, PNIPAM, RGD motif, Taguchi's method, Warner-Braztler shear test, adipose mesenchymal stromal cells, antibacterial, biocompatibility, biomaterial, cartilage regeneration, ceramic, chondrogenic differentiation, conductivity, drug delivery, drug delivery system, dynamic mechanical analysis, electron beam irradiation, fibroblast growth factor-2, freeze-drying, gelatin, growth factor, hardness, horseradish peroxidase, hyaluronic acid-collagen hybrid hydrogel, hydrogel, hydrogel beads, hydrogel characterization, hydrogel electronic skin, hydrogel sheet dressings, hydrogels, materials, mechanical properties, mimicking, myoblast, n/a, phytosomes, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, poly(vinyl alcohol), polymer, polyurethane-62, pulp regeneration, reactive oxygen species, self-healing properties, semi-IPN, shape memory gel, silver nanoparticles, skeletal muscle, smart polymer, soft tissues, tissue, tissue engineering, tissue scaffolding, tobacco leaf, viscoelasticity, wound healing
Abstract

Summary: This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Gels (ISSN 2310-2861). This reprint focuses on the modification of hydrogels and their applications in biomedical engineering, aiming to provide a reference for scholars in related fields. It mainly involves the applications of hydrogels in biomedical fields such as phantoms, wound healing, skin, cartilage, muscle, and drug loading. We believe this reprint can provide a valuable reference for scientific and technological workers in the fields of materials science, tissue engineering, biological manufacturing, biomedical engineering, and so on.

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