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C22H22N2O9, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 7.7374(3) Å, b = 29.1082(11) Å, c = 8.7595(3) Å, β = 96.853(3)∘$96.853{(3)}^{\circ }$, V = 1958.74(13) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0520, wRref (F2) = 0.1501, T = 100 K.

C18H17N3O9, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 15.3768(3) Å, b = 7.4510(2) Å, c = 15.6673(5) Å, β = 102.700(3)∘, V = 1751.13(8) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0405, wRref(F2) = 0.1157, T = 100 K.

C22H24N2O12S, orthorhombic, Fdd2 (no. 43), a = 38.8080(3) Å, b = 33.3993(3) Å, c = 7.16660(10) Å, V = 9289.06(17) Å3, Z = 16, Rgt(F) = 0.0432, wRref(F2) = 0.1223, T = 99.98(11) K.

Objective: To understand bacterial composition and obtain isolated fermentative strains found in kombucha. Methods: The bacterial composition and dominant strains were analyzed using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology and traditional microbial culture method. Results: High-throughput sequencing showed that the bacterial community is richer and more diverse than the fungi community. Komagataeibacter, Acetobacter and Lactobacillus were the dominant bacterial strains, while Dekkera and Zygosacchaormyces were the dominant fungal strains. At the same time, 7 strains of acetic acid bacteria, 3 strains of yeast and 1 strain of lactic acid bacteria were isolated by traditional plate culture method, including 1 strain of Komagataeibacter saccharivorans, 1 strain of Acetobacter malorum, 4 strains of Komagataeibacter xylinus, 1 strain of Acetobacter, 2 strains of Zygosaccharomyces bailii, 1 strain of Dekkera bruxelensis and 1 strain of Lactobacillus plantarum. Conclusion: The results from high throughput sequencing were consistent with those obtained from traditional culture method.

C19H14N4O11, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 17.855(4) Å, b = 18.214(4) Å, c = 14.193(3) Å, β = 124.32(3)°, V = 3812.3(17) Å3, Z = 8, R gt(F) = 0.0639, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1897, T = 100.01(10) K.

C21H22NNaO12S, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 7.6850(1) Å, b = 10.8030(1) Å, c = 25.9262(2) Å, V = 2152.42(4) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0309, wRref(F2) = 0.0818, T = 100.0(4) K.

Spodoptera frugiperda poses a severe threat to crops, causing substantial economic losses. The increased use of chemical pesticides has led to resistance in S. frugiperda populations. Micro ribonucleic acids (MicroRNAs or miRNAs) are pivotal in insect growth and development. This study aims to identify miRNAs across different developmental stages of S. frugiperda to explore differential expression and predict target gene functions. High-throughput sequencing of miRNAs was conducted on eggs, 3rd instar larvae, pupae, and adults. Bioinformatics analyses identified differentially expressed miRNAs specifically in larvae, with candidate miRNAs screened to predict target genes, particularly those involved in detoxification pathways. A total of 184 known miRNAs and 209 novel miRNAs were identified across stages. Comparative analysis revealed 54, 15, and 18 miRNAs differentially expressed in larvae, compared to egg, pupa, and adult stages, respectively. Eight miRNAs showed significant differential expression across stages, validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses predicted target genes' functions, identifying eight differentially expressed miRNAs targeting 10 gene families associated with detoxification metabolism, including P450s, glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and sodium channels. These findings elucidate the species-specific miRNA profiles and regulatory mechanisms of detoxification-related genes in S. frugiperda larvae, offering insights and strategies for effectively managing this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology has evolved rapidly in recent years,as a result,many organizations and enterprises have started using decentralized applications (DApps) based on blockchain and smart contracts to enhance the functionality and security of their information systems,or to expand new businesses.However,DApps may also introduce new problems due to the possible security and performance issues of blockchain and smart contracts.In order to deeply study and analyze the data and behavioral phenomena of DApps so as to help users better apply blockchain and DApps,a total of 2 565 DApps in 21 categories are first collected,as well as data related to these DApps from July 30,2015 to May 4,2020 (about 10 million block heights),including 16 302 smart contracts,7 678 185 EOA,95 889 930 external transactions,and 30 833 719 internal transactions.Then the DApp distribution is deeply analyzed from four perspectives:number,time,category,and smart contract,and some findings are summarized from them,which can provide valuable references for DApp developers and blockchain researchers.

The notion of c-differential uniformity was proposed by Ellingsen et al., which generalizes the classical differential uniformity measuring the resistance against differential cryptanalysis. Since then, the research of functions with low c-differential uniformity over finite fields attracted many researchers’ attention. However, it seems that there is no study of function with low c-differential uniformity over integer rings modulo n. In this paper, we give an extension of the c-differential uniformity concept to rings of integers module some n > 0, and we present several perfect c-nonlinear polynomial functions on the integer ring ℤn for the different integer n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive systems play an important role in the ecological function of species, but little is known about how climate change, such as global warming, may affect the reproductive systems of microbes. In this study, 116 Phytophthora infestans isolates sampled from five different altitudes along a mountain were evaluated under five temperature regimes to determine the effects of historical and experimental temperature on the reproductive system of the pathogen. Both altitude, a proxy for historical pathogen adaptation to temperature, and temperature used in the experiment affected the sexual reproduction of the pathogen, with experimental temperature, that is, contemporary temperature, playing a role several times more important than historical temperature. Furthermore, the potential of sexual reproduction, measured by the number of oospores quantified, increased with the temperature breadth (i.e., difference between the highest and lowest temperature at which sexual reproduction takes place) of the pathogen and reached the maximum at the experimental temperature of 21°C, which is higher than the annual average temperature in many potato‐producing areas. The results suggest that rising air temperature associated with global warming may increase the potential of sexual reproduction in P. infestans. Given the importance of sexuality in pathogenicity and ecological adaptation of pathogens, these results suggest that global warming may increase the threat of P. infestans to agricultural production and other ecological services and highlight that new epidemiological strategies may need to be implemented for future food security and ecological resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]