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Background Chronic kidney disease(CKD) is one of the most prevalent non-communicable health concerns in children and adolescents worldwide; however, data on its incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and trends in the population are limited. We aimed to assess the global, regional and national trends in CKD burden in children and adolescents. Methods In this trend analysis based on the 2019 Global Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, CKD incidence, prevalence and DALYs rates per 100 000 population for children and adolescents were reported at the global, regional and national levels, as well as the average annual percentage change (AAPC). These global trends were analyzed by age, sex, region and socio-demographic index (SDI). Results Globally, the overall incidence of CKD (all stages including kidney replacement therapy) in children and adolescents showed an increasing trend [AAPC 0.44 (95% confidence interval 0.36–0.52)] between 1990 and 2019. Similarly, the overall prevalence of CKD also showed an upward trend [AAPC 0.46 (0.42–0.51)]. However, the DALYs of CKD showed a continuous decreasing trend [AAPC –1.18 (–1.37 to –0.99)]. The population aged 15–19 years had the largest CKD incidence increase during this period. The largest increase in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was in middle SDI countries [AAPC 0.56 (0.45–0.67)]. The relationship between the ASIR and SDI showed an inverse U-shaped correlation while the relationship between the age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) and SDI showed an inverse trend with SDI. Among adolescents (15–19 years), the ASIR continued to increase for five causes of CKD, owing to type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Most of the disease burden was concentrated in countries with a lower SDI. Andean Latin America and Central Latin America showed the largest increases in CKD ASIR between 1990 and 2019. Conclusion The burden of CKD in children and adolescents has increased worldwide, especially in regions and countries with a lower SDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive use of antibiotics in the medical and aquaculture industries has led to antibiotic resistance, be a global public health concern. Compared with soil and water, there are few reports on antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the air. To provide theoretical support for scientific and effective response to the cross-media migration of microbial resistance, this paper comprehensively reviewed the occurrence status, influencing factors and transmission mechanism of ARB and ARGs in different types of ambient air at home and abroad. The results showed that the abundance of ARB and ARGs in the air was affected by environmental conditions and sampling factors. The pollution was more serious in typical polluted areas such as animal farms, sewage treatment plants and hospitals. The dominant types of ARGs in the above environment were tetracyclines, sulfonamides and β-lactams. Among them, the abundance of ARGs in the air of animal farms was about 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than that in other environments. The highest abundance was found in pig farm compared to other animal houses. At present, there was still no standard for the sampling requirements of ARB and ARGs in the air. The sampling season, duration, particle size and coexisting pollutants all affected their detection. Air pollution, soil water content, rainfall and air mass movement were proved to play a certain role in affecting the spread of ARB and ARGs in the air. Based on it, the research on the migration mechanism of ARB and ARGs at the soil-air interface needs to be further intensified. The review aimed to comprehensively reveal the occurrence characteristics of ARB and ARGs in the air, and provide theoretical support for the scientific and effective response to the cross-media migration of microbial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Several studies have reported increased serum/plasma adiponectin levels in SLE patients. This study was performed to estimate the causal effects of circulating adiponectin levels on SLE. Methods We selected nine independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms that were associated with circulating adiponectin levels (P  < 5 × 10−8) as instrumental variables from a published genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis. The corresponding effects between instrumental variables and outcome (SLE) were obtained from an SLE GWAS analysis, including 7219 cases with 15 991 controls of European ancestry. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses with inverse-variance weighted, MR-Egger regression, weighted median and weight mode methods were used to evaluate the causal effects. Results The results of inverse-variance weighted methods showed no significantly causal associations of genetically predicted circulating adiponectin levels and the risk for SLE, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.38 (95% CI 0.91, 1.35; P  = 0.130). MR-Egger [OR 1.62 (95% CI 0.85, 1.54), P  = 0.195], weighted median [OR 1.37 (95% CI 0.82, 1.35), P  = 0.235) and weighted mode methods [OR 1.39 (95% CI 0.86, 1.38), P  = 0.219] also supported no significant associations of circulating adiponectin levels and the risk for SLE. Furthermore, MR analyses in using SLE-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms as an instrumental variable showed no associations of genetically predicted risk of SLE with circulating adiponectin levels. Conclusion Our study did not find evidence for a causal relationship between circulating adiponectin levels and the risk of SLE or of a causal effect of SLE on circulating adiponectin levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the clinical significance of the ratio of T helper cell 17 (Th17) cells to single immunoglobulin IL-1-related receptor (SIGIRR)+ cluster of differentiation (CD4)+ T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), novel data and data from previous studies were analyzed. The frequency of Th17 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and their correlation with clinical data were evaluated in 48 patients with SLE and 38 healthy controls through flow cytometry. Compared with healthy controls, the percentage of Th17 cells was significantly increased in the PBMCs of patients with SLE (Z=−5.82, P<0.001). Compared with inactive SLE (ISLE), the percentage of Th17 cells in active SLE (ASLE) were significantly increased (Z=−4.26, P<0.0001). Compared with patients without lupus nephritis, the frequency of Th17 cells was significant increased (Z=−2.20, P=0.028). The frequency of Th17 cells was inversely correlated with the frequency of SIGIRR+CD4+ T cells (r=−0.61, P<0.001). The ratio of Th17 cells to SIGIRR+CD4+ T cells in ASLE was significantly increased compared with healthy controls or patients with ISLE (P<0.001) and was inversely correlated with complement component 3 and complement component 4, and positively correlated with SLE disease activity index and 24-h proteinuria (P<0.05). In summary, increased numbers of Th17 cells and decreased numbers of SIGIRR+CD4+ T cells in patients with SLE suggested that SIGIRR+CD4+ T and Th17 cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The associations between rs6887695 and 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) withininterleukin-12B(IL-12B) and autoimmune diseases (ADs) remain controversial and inconclusive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association betweenIL-12B(3′-UTR A/C and rs6887695 C/G SNPs) and ADs by meta-analysis.Methods: PubMed and EMBASE were exhaustively searched for studies on the association betweenIL-12BSNPs and ADs. Publication bias was examined by a funnel plot and Egger’s test. The robustness of the pooled results was assessed by sensitivity analysis. A fixed- or a random-effects model was applied to calculate the pooled odds ratios (ORs).Results: A total of 34 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results demonstrated thatIL-12Brs6887695 SNPs were significantly associated with the risk of ADs. However, there was no significant association betweenIL-12B3′-UTR SNPs and ADs. When the studies were stratified by ethnicity, significant association betweenIL-12B3′-UTR SNPs and ADs was observed in both Asian and European population. In addition, allele A within 3′-UTR ofIL-12Bgene was found to be a protective factor for T1DM, but a risk factor for psoriasis.Conclusion:TheIL-12B3′-UTR and rs6887695 SNPs are associated with susceptibility to ADs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Members of B7 family are reported to regulate lymphocytes activation, transmit both costimulatory and co-inhibitory signals, control T cell-mediated immune responses and tolerance. Among which B7-H4 is reported to regulate the immune response negatively., Objective: To investigate the plasma concentration of soluble B7-H4 (sB7-H4) and its clinical significance in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)., Methods: Fifty-six SLE patients with or without active SLE (ASLE) and 29 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers were recruited. Plasma concentration of sB7-H4 was measured using sandwich ELISA kits., Results: Compared with healthy subjects, the concentration of sB7-H4 was significantly higher in patients with SLE (p=0.006). Plasma sB7-H4 concentration in patients with lupus nephritis (LN) were also significantly higher than healthy subjects (p=0.008), but no difference was found between LN and SLE patients without LN (non-LN). Additionally, the sB7-H4 concentration in patients was negatively correlated with the SLE disease activity index score (SLEDAI) (r=-0.3055, p=0.022). Compared with inactive disease, the concentration of sB7-H4 in ASLE patients was significantly lower (p=0.002). There were statistical significances between the positive and negative groups with decreased leukocytes or thrombocytes (p=0.012; p=0.033; respectively), but no statistically significant difference was found in other positive and negative serum laboratory indicators., Conclusions: The increased level of sB7-H4 in patients suggests that this pathway might be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. However, the exact mechanism or physiological role of sB7-H4 in SLE pathogenesis remains to be investigated.

To investigate the clinical significance of the ratio of T helper cell 17 (Th17) cells to single immunoglobulin IL-1-related receptor (SIGIRR) + cluster of differentiation (CD4) + T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), novel data and data from previous studies were analyzed. The frequency of Th17 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and their correlation with clinical data were evaluated in 48 patients with SLE and 38 healthy controls through flow cytometry. Compared with healthy controls, the percentage of Th17 cells was significantly increased in the PBMCs of patients with SLE (Z=-5.82, P<0.001). Compared with inactive SLE (ISLE), the percentage of Th17 cells in active SLE (ASLE) were significantly increased (Z=-4.26, P<0.0001). Compared with patients without lupus nephritis, the frequency of Th17 cells was significant increased (Z=-2.20, P=0.028). The frequency of Th17 cells was inversely correlated with the frequency of SIGIRR + CD4 + T cells (r=-0.61, P<0.001). The ratio of Th17 cells to SIGIRR + CD4 + T cells in ASLE was significantly increased compared with healthy controls or patients with ISLE (P<0.001) and was inversely correlated with complement component 3 and complement component 4, and positively correlated with SLE disease activity index and 24-h proteinuria (P<0.05). In summary, increased numbers of Th17 cells and decreased numbers of SIGIRR + CD4 + T cells in patients with SLE suggested that SIGIRR + CD4 + T and Th17 cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Aim: To investigate the relationship between insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) G1057D polymorphism and the risk of gastric cancer (GC) in a Chinese population., Methods: A case-control study with 197 GC patients and 156 age- and sex- matched control subjects was conducted. The genotypes of polymorphism were assessed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism., Results: The genotype frequencies of IRS-2 G1057D polymorphism in cases were obviously different from those in the control group (P = 0.031). Compared with GG genotype carriers, the risk for GC was significantly higher (adjusted odds ratio = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.03-5.23, P = 0.042) in the individuals with the IRS-2 DD genotype. Furthermore, stratified analysis was performed based on age, sex, smoking status and residence, but no significant difference between the two groups was found. In addition, no significant association between genotypes and clinicopathological features was observed either., Conclusion: This study demonstrates that IRS-2 G1057D is involved in susceptibility to GC, although further large-sample studies are still needed.

Aim: To evaluate the impact of the ITGA2 gene polymorphism on gastric cancer risk., Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted, including 307 gastric cancer patients and 307 age- and gender-matched control subjects. The genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay., Results: The frequencies of the wild and variant genotypes in cases were significantly different from those of controls (P = 0.019). Compared with individuals with the wild genotype CC, subjects with the variant genotypes (CT + TT) had a significantly higher risk of gastric cancer (adjusted odds ratio = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.13-2.17, P = 0.007). In stratified analyses, the elevated gastric cancer risk was especially evident in older individuals aged > 58 years, nonsmokers and rural subjects. Further analyses revealed that the variant genotypes were associated with poor tumor differentiation and adjacent organ invasion in the sub-analysis of gastric cancer patients., Conclusion: The ITGA2 gene C807T polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, differentiation and invasion of gastric cancer.

Aim: To evaluate the possible relationship between the Ku80 gene polymorphism and the risk of gastric cancer in China., Methods: In this hospital-based case-control study of gastric cancer in Jiangsu Province, China, we investigated the association of the Ku80 G-1401T (rs828907) polymorphism with gastric cancer risk. A total of 241 patients with gastric cancer and 273 age- and sex-matched control subjects were genotyped and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism., Results: The frequencies of genotypes GG, GT and TT were 65.6%, 22.8% and 11.6% in gastric cancer cases, respectively, and 75.8%, 17.6% and 6.6% in controls, respectively. There were significant differences between gastric cancer and control groups in the distribution of their genotypes (P = 0.03) and allelic frequencies (P = 0.002) in the Ku80 promoter G-1401T polymorphism., Conclusion: The T allele of Ku80 G-1401T may be associated with the development of gastric cancer.

Objective: To investigate the effect and mechanism of tranilast on the adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome of rats., Methods: Twenty four rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control group, model group, irbesartan treatment group and tranilast treatment group. The rats in normal control group were injected with normal saline via the tail vein. The rats in the other groups were uninephrectomized and injected with adriamycin 5 mg/kg via the tail vein one week later. Rats in model group underwent gavage to receive the sodium carboxymethylcellulose, rats in irbesartan treatment group to receive the irbesartan with 10 mg/kg x d, and rats in tranilast treatment group to receive the tranilast with 400 mg/kg. Rats were then sacrificed at the end of week 8. The body weight, 24 hours urinary protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr) of each group rats were measured for the study. Renal pathological changes were evaluated. And immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1). In situ hybridization was used to measure the expression of a-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) mRNA in the kidney., Results: Compared with the untreated nephrotic syndrome rats, the proteinuria and Scr of rats treated with tranilast were significantly reduced (P < 0.05); Compared with model group, the renal pathological changes of rats in tranilast treatment group were decreased, with glomerular sclerosis to be markedly lower; Tranilast could decrease the expression of TGF-beta1, TIMP-1 and alpha-SMA mRNA in the kidney of rats with adriamycin nephropathy., Conclusions: Tranilast has a renoprotective effect on adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome in rats, of which the mechanism may be related to that tranilast can depress the expression of TGF-beta1, and TIMP-1 in the kidney, with result in decreasing the synthesis and secretion of extracellular matrix. And tranilast inhibits the transdifferentation of renal primary cells, regulates the synthesis and degradation system of extracellular matrix.

Objective: To Observe the effect caused by matrine's used on the reversion of obtained multi-drug resistance of mice S180's tumour cell induced by chemotherapy of Cisplatin + 5-FU + Cytoxan (PFC) and discuss its molecular mechanism., Methods: Patterned the methods of PFC chemotherapy in clinic, the mice were given Cisplatim 3 mg/kg x ip once a week and Cytoxan, CTX and 5-FU 3 mg/kg x ip once everyday for 4 weeks to set up the mice models of multi-drug resistance of S180 tumor cell. At the same time, gave the mice models matrine 4 weeks, and observed the P170, LRP, TOPO II by flow cytometry., Results: matrine could obviously reduce the express of P170, LRP and the activiation of TOPO II, correlated with mulit-drug resistance tumour cells which were induced by chemotherapy., Conclusion: Matrine, with its adjustment of correlated biotic active matter, can intervene the ocurrence of the multidrug resistance of tumor cells induced by chemotherapy.

Objective: To observe the base of the interference in correlated biotic active matter obtained multi-drug resistance induced by chemotherapy for different alkaloid, and to supervise the use in clinic to restrain the multi-drug resistant of chemotherapy, and thereby to improve the curative effect., Method: After bestowing subter-dosage unite chemotherapeutant to ascites S180 mouse to set up the mouse models of multi-drug resistance of S180 tumour cell, and giving the mouse matrine, terandrine, oxymatrine and berberine hydrooh loride for 4 weeks, the P170, LRP, TOPOII, Fas and apoposis were determined by flow cytometry., Result: Matrine and terandrine could obviously reduce the express of P170, LRP and the activation of TOPOII, and increase the ratio of the express of Fas and the apoposis of drug resistant tumour cell. And at the same time it could obviously reduce the express of intercellular adhesion molecule(CD54)., Conclusion: Matrine and terandrine can interfere in MDR which results from chemotherapeutics by the adjustment of correlated biotic active matter, besides, the different degree of alkaloid effect with different configuration.