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Summary: Sesame seed hull contains a substantial concentration of minerals. During the roasting, these minerals assume a catalytic function in the degradation of the sesame seed hull pectin. In this work, the effect of four inorganic chloride salts on the structure and thermal degradation products of sesame hull pectin during heating was investigated. The results indicated that, during roasting, chloride salts catalysed the degradation of pectin polysaccharide side chain regions more than the linear main chain. The introduction of chloride salts reduced the rate of mass loss from sesame hull pectin and resulted in a shift of the main peak towards a lower temperature range. The introduction of KCl and NaCl resulted in a significant decrease in the yield of furans and an increase in the proportion of small molecules such as acids and aldehydes in the thermal degradation products of sesame peel pectin, suggesting that the presence of KCl and NaCl facilitated the fragmentation of the sugar units. In contrast, MgCl2 and CaCl2 clearly facilitated the formation of furans and exhibited a discernible catalytic effect on the degradation of acidic substances. This study contributes to the understanding of the effect of minerals on the degradation behaviours of pectin in sesame hulls during sesame processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some fungi during crop growth.They are highly toxic and widely exist in plant,seriously polluting food,and have been a significant threat to human health.Edible vegetable oil,as a necessities of daily consumption,is easy to be polluted by mycotoxins in itself and its source (oil seeds) which has been widely concerned by public.This article generalized the types and characteristics of primary mycotoxins and their pollution in oil commodities,the current common detoxification methods were further summerized.

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) have potential carcinogenic and mutagenic activity and are generated in cooked protein‐rich foods. Adding proanthocyanidins (PAs) to these foods before frying is an effective way to reduce HCAs. In this study, polymeric PAs (PPA) and ultrasound‐assisted acid‐catalyzed/catechin nucleophilic depolymerized PAs (UAPA, a type of oligomeric PA) were prepared from Chinese quince fruits (CQF). Different levels of PPA and UAPA (0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.15%) were added to chicken meatballs and tofu; then these foods were fried, and the content of HCAs in them after frying was investigated. The results showed that PPA and, particularly, UAPA significantly inhibited the formation of HCAs in fried meatballs and tofu, and this inhibition was dose‐dependent. The inhibition of HCAs by both PPA and UAPA was stronger in the chicken meatballs than in fried tofu. The level of total HCAs was significantly reduced by 57.84% (from 11.93 to 5.03 ng/g) after treatment of meatballs with 0.15% UAPA, with inhibition rates of 78.94%, 50.37%, and 17.81% for norharman, harman, and 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), respectively. Of note, there was a negative correlation between water, lipid, protein, creatine, and glucose content and HCA content in the crust, interior, and whole (crust‐plus‐interior) measurements of all fried samples. Interestingly, PPA and UAPA were found more effective in inhibiting HCAs in the exterior crust than in the interior of the fried chicken meatballs. These results provide evidence that further studies on the reduction of the formation of harmful HCAs in fried foods by adding CQF PAs could be valuable to the fried food industry. Practical Application: Chinese quince proanthocyanidins treatments significantly inhibited the generation of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in chicken meatballs and tofu when deep‐fried. These results suggest that Chinese quince proanthocyanidins can be used as natural food additive for reducing HCAs in fried foods, laying the foundation for using Chinese quince fruit proanthocyanidins for HCA inhibition in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abilities of Chinese quince free proanthocyanidins (FP) and bound proanthocyanidins (BP) at different levels (0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.3%) to mitigate heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formation in fried chicken patties were investigated for the first time and compared with vitamin C (Vc). FP and BP reduced HAAs in a dose‐dependent manner. Significantly, high concentrations of FP (0.3%) resulted in a reduction of PhIP, harman, and norharman levels by 59.84%, 22.91%, and 38.21%, respectively, in chicken patties. The addition of proanthocyanidins significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the weight loss of fried chicken patties. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed among pH, weight loss, and total HAA formation in all three groups (FP, BP, and Vc). Multivariate analysis showed that FP had a more pronounced effect than BP from the perspective of enhancing the quality of fried chicken patties and reducing the formation of HAAs. These results indicate that proanthocyanidins, both BP and FP, but especially FP, from Chinese quince can inhibit the formation of carcinogenic HAAs when added to protein‐rich foods that are subsequently fried. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study analysed the impact of adding different amounts (5–25%) of defatted tigernut flour (DTF) to frozen wheat dough at different freezing periods. The chemical composition and freeze–thaw stability of the composite flour, as well as the physicochemical properties (e.g., textural, tensile, and rheological properties) of the dough after being frozen, were assessed. It was found that the addition of DTF enhanced the nutritional value of the dough and improved quality characteristics such as texture and tensile properties of the dough after it had been frozen and thawed. With increasing DTF, the content of dietary fibre (8.69–9.63%) and ash (0.54–1.05%) increased significantly, but the content of starch (58.56–54.96%) and protein (11.03–10.35%) decreased as compared to that of wheat flour alone. The thermal and freeze–thaw stability of composite flour was greatly improved with increasing amounts of DTF, and the retrogradation of the dough was delayed. DTF (5–15%) proportionately delayed deterioration of springiness and retarded hardening of the frozen dough. In addition, the extensibility of the frozen dough was significantly increased by adding 10–25% DTF. The results suggest that DTF has the potential to positively influence the quality of frozen wheat dough, while at the same time increasing the high‐value utilisation of tigernut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]