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The Yellow River Basin is an important ecological barrier for China; the ecology there is sensitive and fragile and ecological problems are severe in some regions. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a systematic planning of ecological management and address prominent problems for the basin. To further promote the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, this article analyzes the major challenges regarding ecological protection in the region and summarizes the major problems there from the aspects of investment in ecological management, construction of ecological monitoring networks, and modernization of ecological management capacities. Based on this, we propose a strategic system framework for integrated ecological governance in the Yellow River Basin led by major projects. The integrated ecological governance should consider the spatial differentiation of upper, middle, and lower reaches and adhere to the principle of systematic design. Moreover, measures need to adapt to local conditions, and land and water should be linked for joint prevention and control. Additionally, major projects are required to lead the integrated governance, including mountain–river–forest–farmland–lake–grass–sand integrated protection, environmental pollution comprehensive control, and ecological management modernization projects. Considering the urgency and necessity of solving current ecological problems, we propose the following suggestions: (1) establishing an ecological management project library, (2) implementing major projects in stages and in batches, (3) conducting entire-process supervision and effectiveness evaluation of major projects, and (4) strengthening scientific and technological support for the major projects.

The ecological environment of the Yellow River Basin is sensitive and fragile. Affected by climate change and large-scale, high-intensity human development for a long time, the overall and systemic ecological degradation of the basin is prominent, and the ecological security situation is unoptimistic. To effectively promote ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin and build a strong ecological security barrier, we systematically evaluate the current status and changes of the Yellow River Basin ecosystem in terms of structure and quality in the past two decades, and summarize the main problems and deficiencies existing in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yellow River, including the ecological fragility of the basin, prominent systemic degradation, and the constraints of the current work in terms of institutional mechanism, investment, and implementing effect. Then we propose future ecological protection and restoration strategies. Our research shows that the ecosystem of the Yellow River Basin has maintained a stable structure in the past two decades, but its types have changed significantly; cities and towns have expanded significantly, forest, grasslands, and wetlands have increased, and the desertified area has been significantly reduced. The overall quality of the ecosystem, particularly in the middle reaches, has improved, and degradation still exists in some regions, particularly in the lower reaches. Therefore, we propose that ecological protection and restoration of the Yellow River Basin should be strengthened through three aspects: (1) systematically evaluating the implementing effect of ecological projects, (2) promoting ecological protection and restoration according to local conditions, and (3) innovating the value realization mechanism of ecological products, so as to ensure the ecological security of the region.

Large amount of data are exchanged and the internet is turning into twenty-first century Silk Road for data. Machine learning (ML) is the new area for the applications. The artificial intelligence (AI) is the field providing machines with intelligence. In the last decades, more developments have been made in the field of ML and deep learning. The technology and other advanced algorithms are implemented into more computational constrained devices. The online English test system based on ML breaks the shackles of the traditional paper English test and improves the efficiency of the English test. At the same time, it also maintains the fairness of English test and improves the marking speed. In order to realize an online English test system based on ML and facilitate the assessment of students’ college English courses, this paper mainly adopts relevant research and design on the main functional modules, key technologies, and functional realization of the online English test. The brand-new powerful teaching software and the online examination system can help schools to conduct more systematic and scientific management. The conclusion shows that as brand-new and powerful teaching software, the online examination system can help schools to conduct more systematic and scientific management.

As an important ecosystem and valuable natural resources, desert has great potential for industrial development. Exploring the path to realize the value of ecological products in desert areas can stimulate the endogenous driving force of sand industry. This article takes the Ulanbuhe Desert (within Dengkou County) as the research area, constructs an ecological product value realization effectiveness evaluation model based on Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) accounting, and conducts evaluation research. The results show that the GEP of the County in 2020 is 10.705 billion yuan, which is 1.85 times of the GDP of that year; wind and sand control is the core service function of the ecosystem, accounting for 66.05% of the GEP of that year. From 2010 to 2020, GEP increased by 1.74 times, with the fastest growth rate in ecological and cultural values (182%) and the largest increase in ecological regulation values (3.024 billion yuan); the main driver of the expanding GEP values and scope was the increase in forest and grassland areas in areas such as the Sargent Settlement Sumu. Over the past 10 years, the average values of green gold index (1.77), primary conversion rate of ecological products (23.07%), value of ecological products (21.27%) and value of ecological culture (1.80%) are seriously low, which indicate that the value realization of ecological products needs to be improved. In addition, this article further explores the impact of land use change on the value of ecological products, in order to reveal the root causes of GEP changes, which can effectively protect the ecological environment and achieve coordination between regional economic development and ecological construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of value realization mechanism of ecological products, the quaternary industry of ecological products supply and value realization is merging. It is expected to become a new driving force for high-quality economic development and a new mode of eco-civilization construction. Based on the classification of ecological products and the value accounting system of ecological products, this paper preliminarily formed the indicators system of the quaternary industry of ecological products in China from five dimensions including: industrial scale, industrial change, industrial structure, the extent of ecological products value realization and industrial relevance. Based on GEP accounting results, the development situation of the quaternary industry of ecological products in China was preliminary assessed and analyzed. The results showed that: ➀ In terms of industrial scale, the production of the quaternary industry of ecological products in 2019 was 92 trillion yuan, with an average five-year growth rate of 6.9%, which was basically equal to the GDP growth rate during the same time span. ➁ In terms of industrial structure, the ratio of China's ecological product supply service (EPV), regulating service (ERV) and cultural service (ECV) was 18:65:17 in 2019. Compared with the year of 2015, the proportion of primary ecological products increased by 5%, and the degree of marketization of ecological products also increased. From the perspective of ecosystem, wetland and forest ecosystems were the largest suppliers of ecological products, contributing 55% and 11% of the total output value respectively. ➂ In terms of the realization degree of ecological products value, China's average Green Gold Index was 0.96, and the primary productivity of ecological products was on the rise. ➃ In terms of industrial relevance, the degree of geographic spatial agglomeration of the quaternary industry of ecological products was increasing, and the spatial distribution was uneven. The per-capita GEP was relatively high in the western region, while the unit area of GEP in the eastern region was relatively high. However, the quaternary industry of ecological products is in the early stage of formation, and the theory and practice still need to be explored. It is suggested that we should further clarify the boundaries of the quaternary industry of ecological products, standardize the industrial classification system, improve the development index system, and integrate with the national economic accounting system, which is vital to improve the statistical investigation system of this industry, evaluating the development performance, and scientifically standardizing the collection of industrial data, so as to promote the healthy development of the quaternary industry of ecological products and the construction of ecological civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China stated that it was necessary to establish and practice the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, treat the ecological environment as life, and coordinate the management of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands. In recent years, China has organized a series of pilot projects for the ecological protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands, breaking the boundary between administrative divisions, departmental management and ecological elements, and implementing conservation and restoration oriented towards the improvement of ecosystem services, so as to solve the problem of the lack of overall planning for ecological protection and restoration projects and the separated management of ecological elements. This study systematically elaborated the theoretical basis and connotation characteristics of ecological protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands. It proposed the implementation path of ecological protection and restoration project of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands by taking the water source conservation area of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei as a case, so as to provide reference for the implementation and decision-making management of ecological protection and restoration projects in various regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]