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Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (GFAP ⁃ A) is a novel autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system first reported in 2016. The predominant clinical syndrome of GFAP ⁃A is one or more of meningitis, encephalitis and myelitis. The initial symptoms are fever, headache, disturbance of consciousness and positive meningeal irritation. However, the pathogenesis of GFAP ⁃ A is unknown and there are no uniform diagnostic criteria for it. At present, it is generally accepted that positive glial fibrillary acidic protein ⁃immunoglobulin G (GFAP ⁃ IgG) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the diagnostic standard. The positive predictive value of GFAP ⁃ IgG in CSF is higher than that in serum. Cell ⁃ based assay (CBA) and tissue ⁃ based assay (TBA) are both recommended methods for detecting GFAP ⁃ IgG. GFAP ⁃ IgG positive in serum and/or CSF is used to distinguish it from other autoimmune diseases in central nervous system, intracranial inflammatory and neoplastic disease. Most patients respond well to steroid therapy although a small number of patients may leave sequelae or relapse. This paper makes a systematic review on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this disease, hoping that this review can deepen clinicians' understanding of the disease, discover and treat the disease in time.

An efficient palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of aryl fluorosulfates with aryl formates for the facile synthesis of esters was developed. The cross-coupling reactions proceeded effectively in the presence of a palladium catalyst, phosphine ligand, and triethylamine in DMF to produce the corresponding esters in moderate to good yields. Of note, functionalities or substituents, such as nitro, cyano, methoxycarbonyl, trifluoromethyl, methylsulfonyl, trifluoromethoxy, fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, methoxy, N,N-dimethyl, and [1,3]dioxolyl, were well-tolerated in the reactions, which could be kept for late-stage modification. The reactions employing readily available and relatively robust aryl fluorosulfates as coupling electrophiles could potentially serve as an attractive alternative to traditional cross-couplings with the use of aryl halides and pseudohalides as substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a case study of a lithium battery and fuel cell integrated powertrain system for a renewable energy vehicle. The performance analysis includes evaluating the energy consumption of the vehicle and the efficiency of the power generation components. When driven solely by the lithium battery at average speeds of 15 km/h and 20 km/h, it was observed that speed significantly influences the travel distance of the vehicle, with higher speeds resulting in lower mileage. The energy efficiency rates were found to be 89.3% and 85.7% at speeds of 15 km/h and 20 km/h, respectively, indicating an 18.1% decrease in efficiency from low to higher speeds. When the lithium battery is solely charged by the hydrogen fuel cell, the efficiency under test conditions reaches approximately 32.5%. In the "FC + B + SC" driving mode, which combines the use of the lithium battery, fuel cell, and solar panel to power the vehicle, the travel range can be extended to 50.62 km and 42.05 km, respectively, representing an increase of over 50%, with overall efficiencies of 63.8% and 60.7%, respectively. This hybrid powertrain system exhibits rapid dynamic response, high energy and power density, and enables longer travel distances for the renewable energy vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A previous study found that an indigenous endoparasitic wasp Cotesia ruficrus, has a good control effect on the invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda. Understanding the molecular mechanism of host recognition of C. ruficrus would help improve its biological control effect. Chemoreceptor proteins (CSPs) play a crucial role in insect olfactory perception. The CrufCSP1 protein was obtained via prokaryotic expression, and its binding properties were evaluated using fluorescence binding assays. Molecular docking was used to verify the function of CrufCSP1. The findings revealed that CrufCSP1 has the ability to bind with seven host-related compounds. This information serves as a crucial reference for developing natural enemy attractants for pest control. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are a class of soluble proteins that facilitate the recognition of chemical signals in insects. While CSP genes have been identified in many insect species, studies investigating their function remain limited. Cotesia ruficrus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) holds promise as an indigenous biological control agent for managing the invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China. This study aimed to shed light on the gene expression, ligand binding, and molecular docking of CrufCSP1 in C. ruficrus. A RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the expression of CrufCSP1 was higher in the wings, with male adults exhibiting significantly higher relative expression levels than other developmental stages. A fluorescence competitive binding analysis further demonstrated that CrufCSP1 has a high binding ability with several host-related volatiles, with trans-2-hexenal, octanal, and benzaldehyde showing the strongest affinity to CrufCSP1. A molecular docking analysis indicated that specific amino acid residues (Phe24, Asp25, Thr53, and Lys81) of CrufCSP1 can bind to these specific ligands. Together, these findings suggest that CrufCSP1 may play a crucial role in the process of C. ruficrus locating hosts. This knowledge can contribute to the development of more efficient and eco-friendly strategies for protecting crops and managing pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented wheat bran polysaccharides (FWBPs) on rumen fermentation parameters of lamb in vitro. The experiments utilized an in vitro batch culture method. The rumen fluid was collected from four lambs (Dorper x Small-tailed Han Sheep) with the same body condition were selected as rumen fluid donors. A single-factor experimental design was employed, and the study was divided into one control group and four test groups, each group with three replicates. The fermentation substrate of the control group was basal diet, and group I, group II, group III and group IV were supplemented with 0.5‰, 1.0‰, 2.0‰ and 4.0‰ FWBPs in the basal diet, respectively. The pH value, NH3-N concentration, BCP content and gas production were measured at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h after culture. The results showed that the pH value of rumen fluid of lambs in experimental group II and group IV was significantly lower than that in control group and experimental group I at 3 h of fermentation (P<0.05). The pH value of rumen fluid of lambs in experimental group II, group III and group IV was significantly lower than that in control group and experimental group I at 6, 9, 12 and 24 h of fermentation (P<0.05). After 3 h of fermentation, the pH value of NH3-N concentration in rumen fluid of lambs in experimental group II and group IV was significantly lower than that in experimental group I (P<0.05). After 12 h of fermentation, the concentration of NH3-N in rumen fluid of lambs in experimental group II was significantly lower than that in experimental group I and group IV (P<0.05). The content of BCP in rumen fluid of lambs in control group, experimental group I and group IV was significantly lower than that in experimental group I and group II at 3 and 6 h of fermentation (P<0.05). The content of BCP in experimental group II was significantly lower than that in control group and experimental group I at 24 h of fermentation (P<0.05). At 9 and 12 h of fermentation, the gas production of rumen fluid of lambs in experimental group II and group III was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05). At 24 h of fermentation, the gas production of rumen fluid of lambs in experimental group III was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05). Combined MFAEI, FWBPs supplementation level was 2.0‰, which had a better promotion effect on rumen fermentation in vitro. The experiment indicates that under in vitro culture condition, the addition of FWBPs can effectively regulate the rumen fermentation of lamb, and the suitable additive is 2.0‰. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium polypyridine complexes are the most effective catalysts for the water oxidation reaction (WOR), but the catalytic activity still has a large room for improvement. Herein, a fullerol‐based ruthenium complex was prepared by the covalent grafting of the polypyridyl ruthenium complex of water oxidation catalyst (WOC) with fullerol, and the (fullerol)‐Ru‐based WOCs anchored on the surface of nano‐TiO2 were prepared through a sensitization strategy. The synthesized heterogeneous nano‐catalysts are fully characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area and pore size distribution, and diffusion reflection ultraviolet‐visible spectrum (DRS). The chemical oxygen evolution experiments reveal that the WOR catalyzed by the catalyst is a first‐order reaction with respect to Ce (NH4)2(NO3)6 (denoted as CAN) concentration when using CAN as the sacrificial oxidant under acidic conditions. The anchoring of Ru‐based WOC to TiO2 result in a decrease in the redox potentials of RuIV/III couples, which decrease the barrier of the crucial O−O bond‐forming step, and the heterogeneous nano‐catalyst exhibit a high catalytic activity with a turnover frequency of 13.4 s−1 and more excellent stability with a 15‐min‐turn over number of 1054 for TiO2‐fullerol‐based ruthenium complex WOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]