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Large-area -based blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on sapphire substrates with an omnidirectional nanostructure consisted of nanoparticles and Bragg reflector were fabricated. For the LEDs without the omnidirectional nanostructure, the spectra of the P- and S-polarization light are lightly different and the peak wavelength of P- and S-polarization light was estimated to be 464 nm and 463 nm, respectively at forward current of 20 mA. In contrast, for the LEDs with the omnidirectional nanostructure, the spectra of the P- and S-polarization light are nearly the same at forward current of 20 mA and 100 mA. Large-area GaN-based blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on sapphire substrates with an omnidirectional nanostructure consisted of Ag nanoparticles and TiO2/SiO2 Bragg reflector were fabricated. At low injection current, the light output power of the LED with the omnidirectional nanostructure consisted of Ag nanoparticles and SiO2/TiO2 Bragg reflector higher than that of the control sample. However, with the increase of injection current, the output intensity of LED with the omnidirectional nanostructure will be less than that of the control sample, with the injection current over 100 mA. This degradation of the light output power of the LED with the omnidirectional nanostructure is caused by a thermal effect owing to the LED with the omnidirectional nanostructure was included a SiO2/TiO2 Bragg reflector of dielectric materials such that the thermal resistivity increases. The polarization ratio r ( ITE/ ITM) of LEDs at injection current of 10-100mA are ranging of 1.4-2.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To elucidate clinical and pathological features of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) in order to improve clinician's awareness of this rare disease., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical data and follow-up information of 27 PSC patients who were admitted to Beijing Friendship Hospital from January 1990 to November 2009. The patients were classified into classic PSC and small-duct PSC according to biochemistry and imaging results. After 3 to 6 months of therapy, those patients with serum ALT < or = 1.5, TBil < or = 2 and ALP < or = 2.5 ULN were determined as good responders. The treatment results between the two groups were compared., Results: 9 out of 27 cases of PSC were small duct PSC and 18 cases were large bile duct or classic PSC. Male patients (7) were less than females (20) and the average age was 47.6 years. Main clinical symptoms included jaundice (85.2%), pruritis (48.1%),fatigue (68.4 %), abdominal pain (40.7%) and fever (14.8%), main physical sign included hepatomegaly (44.4%), splenomegaly (48.1 %) and ascites (14.8%). Laboratory features included elevated IgG (81.8%), positive ANA (69.6%) and pANCA (52.9%). 22% of these PSC patients had ulcerative colitis or Sjogren's syndrome. A small percentage of patients were responsive to standard therapy, of which small duct PSC had a better response than classic PSC (66.7 % vs 33.3%, P = 0.041)., Conclusions: Ulcerative colitis (22.2%) is not as common as reported by western countries. Small duct PSC has a better treatment response. Searching of effective treatment regimen for large bile duct PSC is warranted in future studies.