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Aim: Insulin icodec is a first once‐weekly administration basal insulin analogue for type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the price range of icodec for type 2 diabetes in the Chinese market, taking insulin degludec as reference. Materials and Methods: Long‐term health outcomes and costs for icodec and degludec were simulated using the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Outcomes Model (version 2.1) over 40 years from the Chinese healthcare provider's perspective. The efficacy and safety data were obtained from the ONWARDS 2 trial (Switching to once‐weekly insulin icodec versus once‐daily insulin degludec in individuals with basal insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes (ONWARDS 2): a phase 3a, randomised, open label, multicentre, treat‐to‐target trial). Cost–utility analysis and a binary search were used to investigate the price range of icodec. Sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the robustness of the base‐case analysis results. Results: After a 40‐year simulation, the quality‐adjusted life years (QALY) of icodec and degludec were 10.32 and 10.28 years, respectively. At the initial assumption of the same annual costs of icodec and degludec of $455.40, icodec was the dominant therapy compared with degludec, with higher QALYs and lower total cost. After the binary search, we observed that the annual cost range of icodec was $625.17–$855.25. This cost range was finally adjusted to be $597.66–$736.34 using one‐way sensitivity analysis and confirmed using probabilistic sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis. The scenario analysis revealed that the annual cost range of icodec could be $506.70–$736.34 if the price of degludec decreased by 20% in the future. Conclusion: Insulin icodec appears to be more cost effective than degludec if the annual cost of icodec ranges from $597.66 to $736.34 for patients with type 2 diabetes in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converting clean solar energy into chemical energy through artificial photosynthesis is an effective solution to solve the energy and environmental issues. Here, we report a Cs3Bi2Br9/Bi2WO6 (CBB/BWO) Z‐scheme heterojunction constructed via electrostatic self‐assembly, which facilitates efficient separation of photogenerated carriers and ensures the corresponding redox capacity of both components. By sharing Bi atoms, a Br−Bi−O bond is established between CBB and BWO, serving as an "electron bridge". The electrons generated by BWO are efficiently channeled to CBB through the heterojunction‐formed "electron bridge", thereby achieving effective photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Under simulated sunlight conditions, it exhibits the highest CO yield of 72.52 μmol g−1 (without the addition of any precious metal, photosensitizers or sacrifices), which is approximately 7‐fold and 18‐fold greater than that of pure CBB and BWO, respectively. This work provides a more profound comprehension of the regulation of electron transfer through interfacial chemical bonds, thereby proposing a promising strategy for the development of efficient heterojunction photocatalysts for CO2 photoreduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have introduced the weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI) as a viable obesity indicator that may better reflect centripetal obesity and its associated risks. In examining the connection between WWI and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), this study leveraged data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2010, including 5732 participants. Our initial analysis indicated a significant positive association between WWI and PSA levels. However, subsequent models that adjusted for covariates such as age, race, and a range of metabolic and cardiovascular health-related factors revealed that the strength and significance of this relationship were attenuated. Model 1 showed a highly significant correlation (p < 0.0001). Yet, in Model 2, which accounted for age and race, the association softened (p = 0.0520). Moreover, when a full spectrum of health covariates was included in Model 3, the association was no longer significant (p = 0.9775). These findings suggest that while an unadjusted correlation exists, its potential use as a diagnostic predictor is limited without considering the broader health context. Therefore, it is crucial to review such data with multiple considerations in mind, and extensive attention should be paid to the evaluation of covariates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A regioselective synthesis of 2‐amino‐para‐iminonaphthoquinones and 4‐amino‐1,2‐naphthoquinones was described via the substrate‐dependent divergent multi‐functionalization of β‐tetralone with primary and secondary amines under metal‐free conditions. This developed strategy features extremely green and mild conditions (O2 as oxidant, ethanol as solvent under ambient temperature), broad substrate scope, and various pharmaceutical derivatizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The main research purpose is to compare the long‐term cost‐effectiveness of semaglutide (SEMA) with that of dulaglutide (DULA) for patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes throughout their lifetime. If necessary, the second aim is to investigate a further price cut for SEMA to provide sound advice for government drug price adjustments. Methods: Cost‐utility analysis was performed by the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Outcomes Model 2 (UKPDS OM2) from the perspective of health care providers in China. Baseline characteristics and clinical efficacy of SEMA and DULA were sourced from the high‐dose comparison in the SUSTAIN‐7 trial. A binary search was used to identify the scope for further reduction in the price of SEMA. The impact of individual parameters was assessed with sensitivity analyses. Results: Main analysis (SEMA vs. DULA) revealed a mean difference in quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) of 0.04 QALYs and costs of $1132.29. The incremental cost‐utility ratio was $26 957.44/QALY, showing that SEMA was a better option compared with DULA. In sensitivity analyses, the discount rate made the greatest contribution to the incremental cost‐utility ratio. In the binary search, there was still scope to reduce the SEMA cost further by approximately 6.83% to be cost‐effective, taking DULA as a reference. Conclusion: After its addition to the National Medical Insurance System in China, SEMA is expected to be a cost‐effective choice compared with DULA for patients with type 2 diabetes with inadequately controlled from the cost‐utility analysis. However, there is still scope to reduce the annual cost of SEMA further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]